Right visual double lumen endotracheal tube versus common right double lumen endotracheal tube lung isolation technique: A randomized controlled study / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To compare the clinical efficacy between right visual double lumen tube (VDLT) intubation and right common double lumen tube (DLT) intubation in lung isolation technique. Methods    A total of 57 patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery with right DLT lung isolation technique in the First People's Hospital of Chenzhou City and West China Hospital from June 2020 to June 2021 were randomly divided into two groups: a DLT group (n=29, 16 males and 13 females, with a mean age of 54.3±13.2 years) and a VDLT group (n=28, 18 males and 10 females, with a mean age of 55.1±13.7 years) at 1 : 1 with random number table generated by the computer. The clinical data of the two groups were compared. Results    Compared with the DLT group, the catheter positioning time in the VDLT group was statistically shorter (74.9±47.5 s vs. 151.6±88.9 s, P<0.001), the right upper lung occlusion rate (21.4% vs. 51.7%) and the intraoperative re-adjustment catheterization rate (14.3% vs. 48.3%) were lower (P<0.05). The quality of lung collapses immediately after thoracotomy (67.9% vs. 24.1%) and 20 minutes after thoracotomy (100.0% vs. 75.9%) were improved (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of fiberoptic bronchoscope assistance for positioning, or the incidence of pharynx pain and hoarseness between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion    Compared  with common DLT, VDLT is more efficient, accurate and intuitive in the location of right bronchial intubation.

Construction and application of a screening system for neonatal congenital heart disease in Hainan Province / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To assess the efficacy of the newly constructed system for screening, managing and monitoring congenital heart disease (CHD) in neonates of Hainan Province, thus providing references for a further promotion.Methods:Clinical data of neonatal CHD in Hainan Province from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, including screening, diagnosis and treatment, prognosis and follow-up.Relying on Hainan Women and Children′s Medical Center as the leading unit, a neonatal CHD screening, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring system was established.A dual-indicator method was adopted, that was, screening staffs in Hainan Province performed CHD screening in living neonates by cardiac auscultation and pulse oximetry (POX) within 6-72 h after birth.Echocardiographic examinations for the screened living neonates were performed in the 31 authorized diagnosis institutions.Evaluations, interventions and treatment of living neonates with CHD were performed in 6 authorized tertiary hospitals.Data of screening, diagnosis, evaluation and treatment were filled in, uploaded and managed online through the neonatal CHD screening information management system.The research team of our hospital was responsible for the data management and monitoring.Results:From January 1 st, 2019 to December 31 st, 2021, there were 329 387 living neonates in Hainan Province, and 321 447 (97.59%) were screened for CHD, and the annual screening rate increased year by year.The positive rate of CHD screening was 2.50%(8 032/321 447). The rate of cardiac ultrasound examination within 1 week of CHD positive screening was 94.66%(7 603/8 032). The referral rate of severe CHD was 100.00%(154/154). The overall prevalence of CHD in neonates of Hainan Province was 3.419‰ (1 099/321 447). Atrial septal defect was the most common CHD lesion, with a proportion of 38.40%(422/1 099). The sensitivity of cardiac auscultation, POX and their combination for CHD detection were 69.15%, 33.49% and 91.90%, respectively, and the specificity were 98.36%, 99.43% and 97.81%, respectively.At the initial screening, the ratio of dual-positive of cardiac auscultation and POX in neonates with severe CHD (serious and critical CHD) was significantly higher than that of a single positive indicator ( χ2=36.502, 46.214, respectively; all P<0.001). All neonates with CHD were evaluated.Fifteen neonates with severe CHD died.From 2019 to 2021, the standardized mortality rate of children aged 0-1 years with CHD in Hainan province was 4.67/100 000 (15/321 447). Conclusions:Dual-indicator screening for CHD (cardiac auscultation plus POX) is reliable, non-invasive, and simple, which is conducive to be clinically promoted.Introducing and promoting an appropriate technology for screening, diagnosis, and evaluation of neonatal CHD are extremely significant since they may have contributed to the timely diagnosis and treatment of CHD, especially severe CHD, thus lowering the mortality.

Worked example como método de ensino da ausculta cardíaca pediátrica para estudantes de Medicina / Worked example as a method for teaching pediatric cardiac auscultation to Medical students

Resumo: Introdução: A performance e a acurácia da ausculta cardíaca de médicos recém-formados estão aquém do esperado, o que resulta em excesso de encaminhamentos para o cardiologista, solicitação de exames desnecessários e atraso diagnóstico. O desenvolvimento de metodologias de ensino eficazes é necessário para melhorar a ausculta cardíaca e a capacidade diagnóstica dos médicos recém-graduados. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a eficácia do uso da metodologia do worked example, comparada ao ensino tradicional de aulas expositivas da semiologia do aparelho cardiovascular. Método: Participaram do estudo 56 alunos do quarto ano da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Trata-se de um estudo experimental que comparou a eficácia do modelo de ensino baseado na metodologia do worked example com a metodologia tradicional de aula expositiva sobre ausculta cardíaca pediátrica. Os alunos foram randomizados em grupo experimental e grupo de controle, e avaliados em fases distintas - pré-teste, pós-teste imediato e pós-teste tardio. Resultado: A partir da Análise de Variância de Medidas Repetidas, houve efeito significativo em ambos os métodos de treinamento quando se considerou a fase do estudo (p < 0,001). Os dois grupos obtiveram desempenhos semelhantes independentemente do método de treinamento (p = 0,863). Conclusão: A metodologia ativa conhecida como worked example pode ser tão eficaz quanto uma metodologia tradicional no ensino e aprendizagem da ausculta cardíaca pediátrica.

Abstract: Introduction: The cardiac auscultation performance of newly graduated physicians is below expectations, which results in excessive referrals to cardiologists, requests for unnecessary tests and delays in diagnosis. The development of effective teaching methodologies is necessary to improve cardiac auscultation and the diagnostic capacity of newly graduated physicians. Methods: 56 students from the 4th year of Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, participated in an experimental study to compare the effectiveness of the pedagogical model based on the worked example methodology when compared to the traditional methodology of lectures on pediatric cardiac auscultation. The students were randomized into an experimental group and a control group and evaluated in different phases - pre-test, immediate post-test and later post-test. Results: From the Analysis of Variance of Repeated Measures, there was a significant effect observed in both training methods when considering the study phase (p < 0.001). Both groups obtained similar performances regardless of the training method (p = 0.863). Conclusion: This study suggests that an active methodology can be as effective as a traditional methodology in teaching and learning Pediatric Cardiac Auscultation.

Correlação entre ausculta cervical e eletromiografia de superfície na fase faríngea da deglutição / Correlation between cervical auscultation and electromyography in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing / Correlación entre auscultación cervical y electromiografía de superficie en la fase faríngea de la deglución

Objetivo: Correlacionar os dados acústicos da ausculta cervical com a atividade elétrica dos músculos envolvidos na fase faríngea da deglutição. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, aprovado em janeiro pelo CEP/UFSCPA (número 1.389.050). Todos os participantes do estudo assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. A fase faríngea da deglutição foi avaliada por meio de ausculta cervical e eletromiografia de superfície. Os indivíduos ingeriram 90 ml de água. Os dados da ausculta foram transferidos para o DeglutiSom® software, a duração e amplitude da atividade eletromiográfica foram mensuradas durante a deglutição com aparelho de eletromiografia de superfície Miotec®. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados:Cinquenta e sete mulheres participaram deste estudo. A média de idade foi de 23,4 anos. Ressalta-se que quanto maior a frequência média do pico da ausculta, menor é a média do pico do músculo supra-hióideo e quanto maior a intensidade, maior é o pico, assim como a média dos picos supra-hióideos. Foi possível demonstrar que o pico de atividade do músculo supra-hióideo foi significativamente maior do que o pico de atividade do músculo infra-hióideo para a deglutição de 90 ml de água. Conclusão:Os parâmetros acústicos da deglutição em indivíduos saudáveis estão correlacionados com a atividade elétrica dos músculos envolvidos na fase faríngea da deglutição.

Objective: Correlate the acoustic data of cervical auscultation to the electrical activity of the muscles involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional study involving a quantitative approach and was approved on January by CEP/UFSCPA (number 1.389.050). All participants of the study signed an informed consent form. The pharyngeal phase of swallowing was assessed by employing auscultation and surface electromyography. Individuals ingested 90 ml of water. The auscultation data were transferred to DeglutiSom® software, the duration and amplitude of electromyographic activity was measured during swallowing using a Miotec® surface electromyography device. The level of significance adopted was 5%. Results: Fifty-seven women participated in this study. The average age was 23.4 years on average. It must be highlighted that the greater the average peak frequency of auscultation, lower was the average peak of the suprahyoid muscle and the greater the intensity, the greater was the peak, as well as the average of the suprahyoid peaks. It was possible to demonstrate that the peak of suprahyoid muscle activity was significantly higher than the peak of infra hyoid muscle activity for swallowing 90 ml of water. Conclusion: The acoustic swallowing parameters in healthy individuals are correlated with the electrical activity of muscles involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.

Objetivo: Correlacionar los datos acústicos de la auscultación cervical con la actividad eléctrica de los músculos involucrados en la fase faríngea de la deglución. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio observacional, transversal, de abordaje cuantitativo y aprobado en enero por CEP/UFSCPA (número 1.389.050). Todos los participantes del estudio firmaron un formulario de consentimiento informado. La fase faríngea de la deglución se evaluó mediante auscultación y electromiografía de superficie. Los individuos ingirieron 90 ml de agua. Los datos de auscultación fueron cargados em el software DeglutiSom®, la duración y la amplitud de la actividad electromiográfica se midió durante la deglución utilizando un dispositivo de electromiografía de superficie Miotec®. El nivel de significancia adoptado fue del 5%. Resultados: Cincuenta y siete mujeres participaron en este estudio. La edad promedio fue 23,4 años. Cabe destacar que a mayor frecuencia de pico promedio de auscultación, menor fue el pico promedio del músculo suprahioideo y a mayor intensidad, mayor fue el pico, así como el promedio de los picos suprahioideos. Fue posible demostrar que el pico de actividad del músculo suprahioideo era significativamente más alto que el pico de actividad del músculo infrahioideo para tragar 90 ml de agua. Conclusión: Los parámetros de deglución acústica en individuos sanos se correlacionan con la actividad eléctrica de los músculos involucrados en la fase faríngea de la deglución.

The study of auscultation-assisted bedside blind placement of the nasojejunal feeding tube in oldest-old patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To evaluate the success rate and influencing factors of auscultation-assisted bedside blind placement of the spiral nasojejunal feeding tube in oldest-old patients.Methods:A case series study was conducted in those elderly hospitalized patients who met the indications for naso intestinal intubation from January 2019 to May 2021 in China-Japan Friendship Hospital. Auscultation-assisted bedside blind placement of the spiral nasojejunal feeding tube was implemented. In addition, abdominal X-ray imaging was performed to confirm the location of the catheter tip. The primary indicators included were the success rate and the first attempt success rate of nasojejunal tube placement;, while the secondary indicators included were the number of attempts and the time of insertion. The rate of operational-related adverse events was ustreated as to evaluate the indicator of safety. Logistic regression analysis was used to conduct multi factor analysis.Results:The total success rate and the first-attempt success rate of tube implantation reached were 90.1%(73/81) and 85.2%(69/81), respectively. The mean attempt per individual patient was (1.2 ± 0.2) times for each patient. The median length of operation time was 40.0(27.0, 45.0) minutes, more specifically, among which the median length time of nasogastric and gastrojejunal placement was 20.0(15.0, 25.0) and 18.0(12.5, 20.0) minutes, respectively; while the median lengthtime of nasogastric placement was greaterhigher than that of gastrojejunal placement ( Z = -2.78, P<0.05). As suggested by multivariate analysis, indicated that the conscious conditions of patients had a signific antlyimpact affect on the success rate of for tube implantation ( OR = 19.25, 95% CI 1.24-299.63, P<0.05). In addition, the incidence rate of operational-related adverse events was 37.0%(30/81). By contrast, there were no serious adverse events occurring during the study period. Conclusions:The auscultation-assisted bedside blind placement of the nasojejunal feeding tube technique is effective and safe for early nutrition support in oldest-old patients in terms of early nutritionsupport, the success rate of which is significant largely affected by the patients′ conscious conditions of patients.

Instrumentos para captação e análise acústica dos sinais de ausculta cervical na prática clínica fonoaudiológica: uma revisão integrativa de literatura / Instruments for acoustic capture and analysis of cervical auscultation signals in speech-language pathology clinic practice: an integrative literature review

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever os instrumentos utilizados para captação e análise acústica dos sinais de ausculta cervical e identificar aqueles com maior potencial para aplicação na clínica fonoaudiológica. Estratégia de pesquisa Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de literatura. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science, a partir da combinação de termos de relevância e operadores booleanos, durante o mês de novembro de 2020. Critérios de seleção Artigos científicos publicados nos idiomas português, espanhol ou inglês, nos últimos cinco anos (2016-2020) e que apresentassem estudo da ausculta cervical. Resultados Foram encontrados 98 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios de seleção, 26 artigos foram selecionados para esta revisão. Para captação dos sinais de ausculta cervical, o microfone foi o instrumento mais utilizado, seguido pela técnica de ausculta cervical de alta resolução, que combina sinais acústicos e vibratórios registrados por um microfone e um acelerômetro, respectivamente. Softwares e/ou algoritmos foram selecionados para análise acústica dos sinais, de acordo com o objetivo de cada estudo. Conclusão O método de ausculta cervical de alta resolução e a análise acústica por meio de algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina apresentaram grande potencial para utilização na prática clínica fonoaudiológica para avaliação e monitoramento da deglutição.

ABSTRACT Purpose Describe the instruments used to capture and analyze the acoustic signals obtained from cervical auscultation, and identify those with the greatest potential for application in the speech pathology clinic. Research strategy This is an integrative literature review. Searches were performed in the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases in November 2020, using relevant keywords combined with Boolean operators. Selection criteria Scientific articles published in Portuguese, Spanish or English in the last five years (2016-2020) and that presented a study of cervical auscultation. Results Ninety-eight articles were found. After the application of selection criteria, 26 articles were selected for this review. Microphones were the most common instruments used to perform cervical auscultation, followed by high-resolution cervical auscultation techniques, which combine acoustic and vibrational signals recorded by a microphone and an accelerometer, respectively. Acoustic analysis was performed using different software packages and/or algorithms depending on the goals of each study. Conclusion The combination of high-resolution cervical auscultation and machine learning for acoustic analysis has great potential for utilization in the clinical assessment and monitoring of swallowing in speech pathology.

Ausculta cervical en el paciente pediátrico con parálisis cerebral Revision narrativa / Cervical auscultation in pediatric patient with cerebral palsy Narrative review

Dentro de la atención clínica, el profesional de la fonoaudiología cuenta con recursos evaluativos para describir la biomecánica secuencial de la ingesta; uno de los recursos utilizados es la Auscultación Cervical (AC). (Dudik et al., 2016) Teniendo en cuenta la descripción de la importancia de la intervención oportuna y efectiva de los procesos de alimentación en los niños con parálisis cerebral, se considera necesario resolver aspectos relevantes alrededor de la relación de las características clínicas de estos niños en su proceso de deglución y los registros del perfil espectrográfico en su fase faríngea de la deglución a partir de la aplicación de la AC. La organización de la revisión establece la búsqueda de artículos científicos en la utilización de la AC en la evaluación clínica de la deglución en sujetos pediátricos y diagnosticados con Parálisis Cerebral. La información encontrada muestra cómo en ausencia de procesos instrumentales de evaluación deglutoria, la AC aporta como beneficio la accesibilidad del procedimiento, además de características de temporalidad en la secuencia de los sonidos deglutorio, sin ningún tipo de factor adverso para su realización. Es por ello que la auscultación es un recurso importante en la evaluación clínica y se puede establecer como un primer paso en el análisis de los aspectos fisiológicos de la fase faríngea de la deglución, pone a la auscultación en una posición privilegiada, pero que debe ser estandarizada por los estudiosos y teóricos del tema.

In the clinical care, the speech language pathologist has evaluative resources to describe the biomechanics of swallowing; one of the resources used is Cervical Auscultation (CA). (Dudik et al., 2016) Taking into account the description of the importance of the timely and effective intervention of the swallowing processes in children with cerebral palsy, it is considered necessary to solve relevant aspects around the relationship of the clinical characteristics of these children in their swallowing process and the records of the spectrographic profile in their pharyngeal phase of swallowing from the application of CA. In the absence of instrumental swallowing evaluation processes, CA provides the accessibility of the procedure as a benefit, in addition to temporality characteristics in the sequence of swallowing sounds, without any type of adverse factor for its performance. The CA is an important resource in clinical evaluation, it establishes a first step in the physiological analysis of swallowing with the physiological aspects of the pharyngeal phase. This puts auscultation in a privileged position, but it must be standardized by cientifics and theorists on the subject.

René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781-1826). Doscientos años del uso del estetoscopio. Una breve reseña / René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnec (1781-1826). Two hundred years of the stethoscope. A brief overview

Se han cumplido doscientos años desde la publicación en la que se dio a conocer la aplicación clínica del estetoscopio. Esta fue realizada en 1819 por René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnec. El Dr. Laënnec vivió su infancia en la efervescencia social de la Revolución francesa y estudió Medicina en París, donde se graduó en 1804. Su experiencia clínica en el Hospital Necker culminó con la invención del estetoscopio en 1816. Tres años después, la publicación de su obra maestra De l'auscultation médiate enfatizó un enfoque clínico-patológico más racional, en especial, para el entendimiento de las enfermedades cardiorrespiratorias. Sin duda, el Dr. Laënnec revolucionó la medicina al perfeccionar el arte de la semiología torácica, que permitió al médico transformar los sonidos que escuchaba en una imagen, la cual podía visualizar.Con ocasión del bicentenario de este trascendental hito de la medicina moderna, se recuerda su historia

Two hundred years have passed since the publication that revealed the clinical use of the stethoscope. René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnec published it in 1819. Laënnec spent his childhood in the social effervescence of the French Revolution and studied medicine in Paris, where he graduated in 1804. His clinical experience at Necker Hospital peaked with the invention of the stethoscope in 1816. Three years later, he published his masterpiece De L'Auscultation Médiate, which underlined a more rational clinical-pathological approach, especially in the understanding of cardiopulmonary diseases. Undoubtedly, Laënnec revolutionized medicine by perfecting the art of thoracic semiology, which allowed him to translate the sounds he heard into an image that could be visualized.In the bicentennial of the invention of such fundamental milestone in modern medicine, the purpose of this article is to go over its history

La auscultación pulmonar en el siglo 21 / Lung auscultation in the 21th century

La auscultación pulmonar es parte fundamental del examen físico para el diagnóstico de las enfermedades respiratorias. La estandarización que ha alcanzado la nomenclatura de los ruidos respiratorios, sumado a los avances en el análisis computacional de los mismos, han permitido mejorar la utilidad de esta técnica. Sin embargo, el rendimiento de la auscultación pulmonar ha sido cuestionado por tener una concordancia variable entre profesionales de la salud. Aun cuando la incorporación de nuevas herramientas diagnósticas de imágenes y función pulmonar han revolucionado la precisión diagnóstica en enfermedades respiratorias, no existe tecnología que permita reemplazar la técnica de auscultación pulmonar para guiar el proceso diagnóstico. Por una parte, la auscultación pulmonar permite seleccionar a aquellos pacientes que se beneficiarán de una determinada técnica diagnóstica, se puede repetir cuantas veces sea necesario para tomar decisiones clínicas, y frecuentemente permite prescindir de exámenes adicionales que no siempre son fáciles de realizar o no se encuentran disponibles. En esta revisión se presenta el estado actual de la técnica de auscultación pulmonar y su rendimiento objetivo basado en la nomenclatura actual aceptada para los ruidos respiratorios, además de resumir la evidencia principal de estudios de concordancia de auscultación pediátrica y su análisis objetivo a través de nueva tecnología computacional.

Lung auscultation is an essential part of the physical examination for diagnosing respiratory diseases. The terminology standardization for lung sounds, in addition to advances in their analysis through new technologies, have improved the use of this technique. However, traditional auscultation has been questioned due to the limited concordance among health professionals. Despite the revolu tionary use of new diagnostic tools of imaging and lung function tests allowing diagnostic accuracy in respiratory diseases, no technology can replace lung auscultation to guide the diagnostic process. Lung auscultation allows identifying those patients who may benefit from a specific test. Moreover, this technique can be performed many times to make clinical decisions, and often with no need for- complicated and sometimes unavailable tests. This review describes the current state-of-the-art of lung auscultation and its efficacy based on the current respiratory sound terminology. In addition, it describes the main evidence on respiratory sound concordance studies among health professionals and its objective analysis through new technology.

Artificial intelligence technology in cardiac auscultation screening for congenital heart disease: present and future / 浙江大学学报·医学版

The electronic stethoscope combined with artificial intelligence (AI) technology has realized the digital acquisition of heart sounds and intelligent identification of congenital heart disease, which provides objective basis for heart sound auscultation and improves the accuracy of congenital heart disease diagnosis. At the present stage, the AI based cardiac auscultation technique mainly focuses on the research of AI algorithms, and the researchers have designed and summarized a variety of effective algorithms based on the characteristics of cardiac audio data, among which the mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) is the most effective one, and widely used in the cardiac auscultation. However, the current cardiac sound analysis techniques are based on specific data sets, and have not been validated in clinic, so the performance of algorithms need to be further verified. The lack of heart sound data, especially the high-quality, standardized, publicly available heart sound database with disease labeling, further restricts the development of heart sound diagnostic analysis and its application in screening. Therefore, expert consensus is necessary in establishing an authoritative heart sound database and standardizing the heart sound auscultation screening process for congenital heart disease. This paper provides an overview of the research and application status of auscultation algorithm and hardware equipment based on AI in auscultation screening of congenital heart disease, and puts forward the problems to be solved in clinical application of AI auscultation screening technology.

Análise da concordância da ausculta epigástrica e mensuração do pH na confirmação do posicionamento de sonda nasoenteral / Analysis of epigastric auscultation agreement and pH measurement in the confirmation of nasoenteral tube placement

Justificativa: A sonda nasoenteral é a principal via de escolha para administração de nutrição enteral, líquidos e medicamentos diretamente no trato gastrointestinal. A inserção da sonda naosoenteral às cegas, à beira leito, é um procedimento comum nas instituições de saúde. A confirmação do seu correto posicionamento pode evitar eventos adversos graves, principalmente, os respiratórios. Embora o exame de raios X seja o método de primeira linha para confirmar o posicionamento das sondas nasoenterais, existem restrições quanto ao seu uso. Dentre os métodos clínicos não radiológicos, a ausculta epigástrica é a mais utilizada. Contudo, evidências científicas disponíveis a contraindicam. A mensuração do pH do aspirado gástrico é o método não radiográfico mais recomendado na literatura internacional por apresentar alta sensibilidade, apesar das suas limitações. A partir do exposto, observou-se, no hospital participante deste estudo, práticas não baseadas nas melhores evidências científicas para confirmar o posicionamento de sondas nasoenterais recém inseridas às cegas, à beira leito. A ausculta epigástrica é o método mais utilizado na instituição, seguida pelo exame de raios X. Objetivo: avaliar a concordância entre os métodos clínicos (ausculta epigástrica e mensuração do pH) na confirmação do posicionamento de sonda nasoenteral. Método: estudo transversal realizado em um hospital privado de médio porte do interior do estado de São Paulo. Participaram 49 pacientes que foram submetidos a 90 procedimentos de inserção e confirmação do posicionamento da sonda. Os métodos clínicos foram realizados na seguinte ordem: ausculta epigástrica e mensuração do pH. Em seguida, todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame de raios X. Os dados foram coletados por meio de dispositivo móvel e foram inseridos na plataforma on-line Survey Monkey®. Variáveis demográficas, clínicas e terapêuticas foram obtidas do prontuário médico. Foram avaliados parâmetros de sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo. A concordância, entre os métodos clínicos e o resultado do exame de raios X, foi analisada por meio da estatística AC1, desenvolvida por Gwet. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes foi do sexo feminino (67,3%), idosa (95,9%), com média de 82 anos de idade, branca (93,8%), aposentada (95,9%) e procedente do estado de São Paulo. O diagnóstico mais frequente, segundo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10), foi a colocação de sonda gástrica ou duodenal, e a indicação principal foi a disfagia, seguida de inapetência. Todas as sondas inseridas eram de fino calibre, medidas para serem posicionadas no intestino. A ausculta epigástrica foi o método que apresentou maior sensibilidade (100,0%), porém menor especificidade (2,0%). A ausculta sugeriu que a sonda estava no estômago, quando de fato estava posicionada no intestino, em 51,1%. Ainda, em 2,2%, a ausculta foi positiva para posição gástrica. Contudo, a extremidade distal estava posicionada na junção esofagogástrica. A mensuração do pH apresentou sensibilidade menor (63,0%) que a ausculta, porém, maior especificidade (58%). Entretanto o valor é considerado regular. Ademais, o valor preditivo positivo da mensuração do pH foi de 55% e o negativo, de 66%. Não houve concordância entre a ausculta epigástrica e o exame de raios X (AC1 = 0,109; p = 0,372) e entre o método de mensuração do pH e o exame de raios X (AC1 = 0,206; p = 0,066). Conclusão: Os métodos clínicos avaliados, neste estudo, apresentaram limitações importantes que podem expor os pacientes a riscos. A ausculta epigástrica deve ser abolida da prática clínica e o exame de raios X permanece o método de primeira linha na confirmação do posicionamento de sondas nasoenterais recém inseridas às cegas, à beira leito. Implicações para a prática: Espera-se que os resultados deste estudo possam ser utilizados pelas lideranças do hospital e incorporados ao protocolo institucional para reduzir os riscos relacionados ao mau posicionamento de sondas nasoenterais.

Justification: The nasoenteral tube is the main passage of choice to nutrition management of enteral nutrition, liquids and medication straight to gastrointestinal tract. The blindly insertion of nasoenteral tube at the bedside is an ordinary procedure in health institutions. The confirmation of its correct positioning may prevent adverse events especially respiratory ones. Although the X-ray examination is the first-line method to confirm the placement of nasoenteral tubes, there are restrictions on their use. Among the non-radiological clinical methods, epigastric auscultation is the most used. However, available scientific evidences contraindicate it. The measurement of the gastric aspirated is the non-radiographic method most recommended in the international literature because of its high sensitivity, despite its limitations. From the above, it was observed in the hospital participating in this study, practices non based in the best scientific evidences to confirm the positioning of nasoenteral tubes recently inserted blindly at the bedside. The epigastric auscultation is the most used method in the institution, followed by the X-ray examination. Objective: to evaluate the agreement between the clinical methods (epigastric auscultation and pH measurement) in the confirmation of the nasoenteral tube placement. Method: cross-sectional study carried out in a medium-sized private hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo. Forty-nine patients who were submitted to ninety insertion procedures and confirmation of tube placement. The clinical methods were performed in the following order: epigastric auscultation and pH measurement. Next, all the patients were submitted to X-ray examination. The data were collected through a mobile device and were inserted in the on-line platform Survey Monkey ®. Demografic, clinical and therapeutic variables were obtained from medical records. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values parameters were evaluated. The agreement of clinical methods and the result of the X-ray examination was analyzed through the AC1 statistics developed by Gwet. Results: most of the patients were female (67.3%), elderly (95.5%), with an average of 82 years old, white (93.8%), retired (95.9%) and from the State of São Paulo. The most frequent diagnosis, according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD10), was the gastric or duodenal tube placement, and the main indication was dysphagia, followed by inappetence. All the tubes inserted were fine caliber, measured to be placed in the intestine. The epigastric auscultation was the method with highest sensitivity (100.0%), but the lowest specificity (2.0%). The auscultation suggested the tube was in the stomach, when in fact was placed in the intestine, at 51.1%. Still, at 2.2% auscultation was positive for gastric position. However, the distal was placed at the esophagogastric junction. The pH measurement was less sensitive (63.0%) than auscultation, but more specific (58%). However, the value is considered regular. Moreover, the positive predictive value of the pH measurement was 55% and the negative, 66%. There was no agreement between epigastric auscultation and X-ray examination (AC1 = 0,109; p = 0,372) and between the pH measurement method and X-ray examination (AC1 = 0,206; p = 0,066). Conclusion: The clinical methods evaluated in this study presented important limitations that can expose patients to risks. The epigastric auscultation should be abolished from clinical practice and X-ray examination remains the first-line method in confirmation of tube placement of newly-inserted nasoenteral tubes blindly at the bedside. Implication for practice: It is hoped that the results of this study can be used by hospital leadership and incorporated to institutional protocol to reduce the risks related to the wrong position of nasoenteral tubes.

Auscultação dos sons da deglutição de crianças com bronquiolite / Auscultation of swallowing sounds of children with bronchiolitis

RESUMO Objetivo verificar as características acústicas dos sons de deglutição de lactentes com bronquiolite. Métodos estudo retrospectivo por análise de banco de dados aprovado pelo CEP sob o número 1499.911. Os sinais acústicos foram coletados por meio dos estetoscópios eletrônicos da marca Littmann®, modelo 4100. A amostra foi composta por sons da deglutição de lactentes com diagnóstico de bronquiolite viral aguda, internados em um hospital infantil do Sul do país. Os sons armazenados em arquivo digital foram abertos e rodados no software Deglutisom®, sendo verificados e confirmados por dois avaliadores independentes. Estabeleceu-se o pico de frequência, intensidade e intervalos de deglutição. Resultados a amostra de sons da deglutição de 22 crianças, sendo 31,8% do gênero feminino e 68,2% do masculino, apresentou mediana de idade de 81 dias. Encontrou-se diferença entre as características acústicas da deglutição comparadas ao gênero, com maior número de deglutições no gênero feminino (p=0,033). Não houve associação entre as variáveis pico de frequência (m=744 Hz), intensidade (m=52 dB) e tempo de deglutição (5,3s). Conclusão as características acústicas da deglutição da auscultação cervical de lactentes com bronquiolite, analisadas neste estudo, são de pico de frequência grave, intensidade forte, média de duas deglutições por sucção e tempo de deglutição de 5,3 s, havendo diferença entre os gêneros, em relação ao número de deglutições, maior no feminino.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the acoustic characteristics of swallowing noise in an infant with bronchiolitis. Methods A retrospective study was performed by database analysis approved by the ERC under the number 1499.911; the acoustic signals were collected through Littmann® model 4100 electronic stethoscopes. The sample was composed of a bank of infants swallowing sounds, diagnosed with acute viral bronchiolitis, children under 12 months-old, hospitalized in a children's hospital in the south of the Country. The sound file storage was opened, and it was rotated in the Deglutisom® software, being verified and confirmed by two independent judges. The peak of frequency, intensity, and swallowing intervals were established. Results The sample totalized a group of 22 babies, 31.8% of the female gender, and 68. 2% of males with a median age of 81 days. There was a difference between the acoustic characteristics of swallowing compared to the gender, regarding the number of swallows, with the highest number of swallows in the female gender (p=0.033). There was no association between the peak frequency (m=744 Hz), intensity (m=52 dB), and swallowing time (5.3s). Conclusion The acoustic characteristics of cervical auscultation swallowing of Infants with bronchiolitis are bass frequency peak, a strong intensity, a mean of two swallows, and a swallowing time of 5.3 s, with the difference between genders concerning the number of swallows, highest in the female.

Relation between acoustic analysis of swallowing and the presence of pharyngeal residue and penetration/aspiration in resistant hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea

ABSTRACT Purpose: to evaluate the relationship between acoustic analysis of swallowing sounds and the presence of pharyngeal residue and penetration/aspiration detected by fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in resistant hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: an observational study in which resistant hypertensive individuals diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea participated through the all-night polysomnography exam. The participants underwent an acoustic analysis of swallowing sounds, using a Doppler sonar and simultaneously a fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. The acoustic parameters analyzed were initial frequency, initial intensity, first peak frequency, second peak frequency, final intensity and swallowing time. Independent samples of t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used for statistical analysis. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%. Results: eighty five participants with average age of 58.3±6.3 years were evaluated. There was a statistically significant difference between groups with and without pharyngeal residue, in relation to the following parameters of swallowing acoustic signal: initial frequency and intensity, second peak frequency, final intensity and swallowing time. Only 10 milliliters of pudding consistency showed a statistically significant difference in the second peak frequency of the acoustic signal of swallowing between groups with and without penetration/aspiration. Conclusion: a relationship between measurements of swallowing acoustic signal and pharyngeal residue in this population was found, but not between swallowing sounds and penetration/aspiration.

A prospective randomized controlled double-blind study comparing auscultation and lung ultrasonography in the assessment of double lumen tube position in elective thoracic surgeries involving one lung ventilation at a tertiary care cancer institute / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: As lung ultrasound (LUS) can be used to identify regional lung ventilation and collapse, we hypothesize that LUS can be better than auscultation in assessing lung isolation and determining double lumen tube (DLT) position. METHODS: A randomized controlled study was conducted in tertiary care cancer institute from November 2014 to December 2015, including 100 adult patients undergoing elective thoracic surgeries. Patients with tracheostomy, difficult airway and pleural-based pathologies were excluded. After anesthesia induction and DLT insertion, patients were randomized into group A (auscultation) and group B (LUS). Regional ventilation was assessed by experienced anesthesiologists using the respective method for each group. Final confirmation of DLT position with a bronchoscope was performed by a blinded anesthesiologist. Contingency tables were plotted to determine sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy for each method. RESULTS: Data from 91 patients were analyzed (group A = 47, group B = 44). Compared with auscultation, LUS had significantly higher sensitivity (94.1% vs. 73.3%, P = 0.010), PPV (57.1% vs. 35.5%, P = 0.044), NPV (93.8% vs. 75.0%, P = 0.018), accuracy (70.5% vs. 48.9%, P = 0.036) and required longer median time (161.5 vs. 114 s, P < 0.001) for assessment of DLT position. Differences in specificity (55.6% vs. 37.5%, P = 0.101) and area under curve (0.748; 95% CI: 0.604–0.893 vs. 0.554, 95% CI: 0.379–0.730; P = 0.109) were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to auscultation, LUS is a superior method for assessing lung isolation and determining DLT position.

Blood Pressure Reference Values for Normal Weight Korean Children and Adolescents: Data from The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1998–2016: The Korean Working Group of Pediatric Hypertension

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hypertension is becoming one of the most common health conditions in children and adolescents due to increasing childhood obesity. We aimed to provide the auscultatory blood pressure (BP) normative reference values for Korean non-overweight children and adolescents. METHODS: BP measurements in children and adolescents aged 10 to 18 years were performed in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 1998 to 2016. BP was measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer. Sex-, age- and height-specific systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) percentiles were calculated in the non-overweight children (n=10,442). We used the General Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape method to calculate BP percentiles. RESULTS: The 50th, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles of SBP and DBP tables and graphs of non-overweight children and adolescents aged 10 to 18 years were presented by age and height percentiles. We found that the SBP and DBP at the 95th percentile were well correlated with height. The BP tables presented by height contained BP values from 124 cm to 190 cm for boys and from 120 cm to 178 cm for girls. Boys had higher SBP and DBP. CONCLUSIONS: We provided the sex-, age- and height-specific auscultatory BP values using the KNHANES big data. These may be useful in diagnosis and treatment of hypertension in Korean children and adolescents.

Discussion on "Mai Dong (bing) Fa" (pathogenesis of meridian disorders) in book Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) / 针刺研究

The "Mai Dong (bing) Fa" (pathogenesis of channel or meridian disorders) was proposed in the concept by Huangfu MI (from the Jin Dynasty), and was classified and elaborated according to the characteristics and comprehensive analysis of symptoms and signs collected by inspection, auscultation and olfaction, inquiry and pulse taking and palpation in his book Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing (A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion). In-depth exploration on the academic origin of "pathogenesis of meridian disorders" may help us understand the connotation of meridian problems once again. Firstly, when the meridian falls in disorder, resulting in abnormal functional changes and then a series of symptoms and signs arose. Secondly, generally, not just one meridian falls in disorders, but more meridians are simultaneously involved, which needs to be differentiated through comprehensive analysis of the four diagnostic methods and meridian identification. Thirdly, based on the diagnosis of the disorders of the related meridians, appropriate acupoints are selected. Correct understanding about the "pathogenesis of meridian disorders" is definitely helpful to our observation and summarization of modern clinical diseases and theoretical sublimation, and also favorable to guide our clinical practice and clarification of meridian-collateral's implications.

Classification of heart sound signals in congenital heart disease based on convolutional neural network / 生物医学工程学杂志

Cardiac auscultation is the basic way for primary diagnosis and screening of congenital heart disease(CHD). A new classification algorithm of CHD based on convolution neural network was proposed for analysis and classification of CHD heart sounds in this work. The algorithm was based on the clinically collected diagnosed CHD heart sound signal. Firstly the heart sound signal preprocessing algorithm was used to extract and organize the Mel Cepstral Coefficient (MFSC) of the heart sound signal in the one-dimensional time domain and turn it into a two-dimensional feature sample. Secondly, 1 000 feature samples were used to train and optimize the convolutional neural network, and the training results with the accuracy of 0.896 and the loss value of 0.25 were obtained by using the Adam optimizer. Finally, 200 samples were tested with convolution neural network, and the results showed that the accuracy was up to 0.895, the sensitivity was 0.910, and the specificity was 0.880. Compared with other algorithms, the proposed algorithm has improved accuracy and specificity. It proves that the proposed method effectively improves the robustness and accuracy of heart sound classification and is expected to be applied to machine-assisted auscultation.

Caracterización y Clasificación de Señales de Auscultación Cervical Adquiridas con Estetoscopio para Detección Automática de Sonidos Deglutorios / Characterization and Classification of Cervical Auscultation Signals Acquired with Stethoscope for Automatic Detection of Swallowing Sound

Resumen: La evaluación automática de sonidos de auscultación cervical (AC) es una herramienta no invasiva para evaluación de la deglución. Sin embargo, los eventos deglutorios pueden verse enmascarados por fuentes de ruido. Este trabajo propone una metodología de caracterización y clasificación de señales de AC con alta resolución temporal a partir de estetoscopio, para discriminar entre sonidos deglutorios y asociados a ruido. Se adquirieron señales de AC en 10 sujetos sanos durante tres pruebas: toma de líquido, pronunciación del fonema /a/ y aclaramiento de garganta. Se extrajeron características de la señal de AC basadas en coeficientes cepstrales en la escala Mel, transformada wavelet discreta y entropía de Shannon. Las características con mayor relevancia fueron utilizadas como entrada a una máquina de vectores de soporte. Utilizando ventanas de 60 ms - alta resolución temporal - y validación cruzada, se obtuvieron exactitudes del 97.7% para detección de eventos acústicos y 91.7% para sonidos deglutorios. El método propuesto permite clasificación de sonidos deglutorios utilizando estetoscopio -dispositivo común en la práctica clínica- con exactitud comparable a otros trabajos que tienen menor resolución temporal o que utilizan otro tipo de sensores. Este trabajo constituye una primera etapa en el desarrollo de un algoritmo robusto para clasificación de sonidos deglutorios asociados a desórdenes de la deglución, a partir de auscultación cervical, para fines de diagnóstico automático.

Abstract: Automatic evaluation of cervical auscultation sounds (AC) is a non-invasive tool for swallowing assessment. However, the swallowing events could be perturbed by acoustic noise. This paper proposes a methodology of characterization and classification of AC signals acquired by stethoscope with high temporal resolution, in order to discriminate between swallowing sounds and other acoustic noise. AC signals from 10 healthy individuals were acquired with stethoscope during three tasks: liquid ingestion, phoneme /a/ pronunciation and throat clearing. Features based in Mel frequency cepstral coefficients, discrete wavelet transform and Shannon entropy, were extracted. Features with highest Fisher's discriminant ratio were used as input of a support vector machine. By application of 60 ms windows and cross validation, the obtained accuracies were 97.7% for acoustic event detection and 91.7% for swallowing sound detection. The proposed method allows classification swallowing sounds with higher temporal resolution­ than other works but with comparable accuracy. Furthermore, the use of stethoscope could lead to better acceptation than other sensors by physicians, because it is a common device in clinical practice. This work is a first stage in the development of a robust classification algorithm for sounds in swallowing disorders, oriented to automatic diagnosis.

Valoracion del bloqueo pulmonar mediante ecografia en cirugia de tórax. primera experiencia en nuestro medio / Assessment of pulmonary blocking through ecography in torax surgery. first experience in our environment

Objetivo: evaluar validez y eficacia de la ecografía pulmonar frente al método clínico para corroborar intubación selectiva izquierda en cirugía de tórax. Material y Método: estudio transversal, observacional, prospectivo, doble ciego. Se incluyeron en forma consecutiva 59 pacientes en 2 etapas: (etapa 1- n 15 puesta a punto de la técnica; etapa 2- n 44) . Luego de la intubación con un tubo doble luz izquierdo, pinzamiento secuencial de ambas luces, evaluación de posición clínicamente y por ecografía con confirmación posterior por fibrobroncoscopia (gold estándar) . Resultados etapa 2: 56,8% (n=25) de los casos el tubo estaba bien colocado. Validez de la ecografía (correcta colocación): sensibilidad de 84,00% (IC 95%: 63,08-94,75), especificidad de 94,74% (IC 95%: 71,89-99,72), Valor predictivos positivo 95,45% (IC 95%: 75,12-99,76), Valor predictivo negativo de 81,82% ((IC al 95%: 58,99-94,01). Validez de la auscultación pulmonar: sensibilidad de 96,00% (IC al 95%: 77,68-99,79), especificidad de 100.00% (IC al 95%: 79,08-100.00), valor predictivos positivo de 100.00% (IC al 95%: 82,83-100.00) , Valor predictivo negativo de 95.00% ((IC al 95%: 73,06-99,74). Discusión: las diferencias de resultados con otros autores podrían responder a diferencias en la experticia (primera experiencia en nuestro medio), criterios de inclusión más amplios, número de pacientes. Se propone aumentar el tamaño de la muestra ''n '' e incorporar otros signos ecográficos de evaluación. Conclusión: la ecografía se presenta en forma prometedora como una herramienta complementaria a la evaluación clínica.

Goal: assessing the validity and effectiveness of pulmonary ultrasound against clinical method to corroborate left selective intubation on thorax surgery. Material and method: transversal study, observational, prospective, double blind. 59 patients in 2 different stages where included: (1-n 15 technique development; 2-n 44). After intubation with left double-lumen tube, sequential clamping of both lights, both clinically assessment of position and through ultrasound with subsequent confirmation through fibrobronchoscopy (reference standards). Stage 2 results: In 56.8% (n=25) of cases the tube was placed properly. Ultrasound validation (proper collocation): sensitivity of 84,00% (IC 95%:63.08-94.75), specificity of 94.74% (IC 95%: 71.89-99.72), Positive predictive values 95,45% (IC 95%: 75.12-99.76), Negative predictive value 81,82% ((IC at 95%: 58.99-94.01). Validity of pulmonary auscultation: sensitivity of 96.00% (IC at 95%: 77.68-99.79), Specificity of 100.00% (IC at 95%: 79.08-100.00), positive predictive values of 100.00% (IC at 95%: 82.83-100.00), Negative predictive value of 95.00% ((IC at 95%: 73.06-99.74). Discussion: the difference in results with other authors might respond to difference in expertise (first experience on our medium), wider inclusion criteria, and number of patients. We propose increasing the "n" and adding other ultrasonic signs of assessment. Conclusion: ultrasound is presented in a promising way as a complementary tool to clinic evaluation.

El corazón y sus ruidos cardíacos normales y agregados. Una somera revisión del tema / The heart, normal sounds and murmurs

Resumen Los ruidos cardíacos son la expresión sonora del cierre de las válvulas cardíacas, su funcionamiento fisiológico siempre es unidireccional, lo cual permite la correcta circulación de la sangre a través del circuito cardiovascular. La auscultación del área precordial permite la identificación de estos ruidos y sus matices en los 5 focos de auscultación. Existen ruidos que no son producidos por el cierre de las válvulas, por mencionar algunos podemos encontrar los llamados soplos y los ruidos de Korotkoff, ambos producidos por la interrupción del flujo natural de la sangre (flujo laminar) al convertirse en flujo turbulento cada vez que se encuentra una disminución del radio de los conductos por donde ésta circula.

Abstract The heart sounds are an audible expression of the heart valves closing. Their physiological function is always unidirectional, allowing the proper blood flow through the cardiovascular circuit. Listening - by auscultation- to the specific chest areas allows the identification of these sounds and nuances in the five auscultation areas. There are sounds that are not produced by the closing of the valves; to mention a few, we can find the so-called puffs and Korotkoff sounds, both produced by interrupting the natural flow of blood flow (laminar flow) that becomes a turbulent flow whenever there is a reduction of the radius of the conduits through which this the blood circulates.