ABSTRACT
We present the case of an infant with oral cancer that developed in the 3rd month of life, following which oral feeding became difficult. In the 11th month of life, the right side of the mandible was resected surgically and movement on the right side of the mandible was restricted because of the compression caused by the rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap used for reconstruction. We initiated rehabilitation for the initial acquisition of eating functions so that the patient would be able to ingest baby food despite having an organic disorder in the oral cavity.Postoperative dysphagia in adult oral cancer is an organic disorder that occurs after acquisition of a normal swallowing pattern, whereas postoperative dysphagia in pediatric oral cancer is an organic disorder that occurs during the initial acquisition of eating functions. At present, the rehabilitation approach has not been established.From 12 months of age in this patient, we evaluated training methods that were easily accepted by children, including postoperative oral function evaluation, with the goal of the initial acquisition of eating functions. We approached postoperative wound contracture prevention with a focus on approaches to lip insufficiency, predation, and tongue/mandibular movements. In addition, we focused on family guidance and tried to support the caretaker's correct use of methods established during training.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of brand image of baby food on brand relationship quality and reuse intentions. METHODS: A total of 211 questionnaires completed by customers who bought Brand B baby food were obtained from empirical research. SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 23.0 were employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Customers perceived Brand B baby food as “Convenient”, “Professional”, “Reliable”, “Famous”, and “Healthy”. Overall, the results indicate that perceived image for Brand B baby food had a significantly positive effect on brand relationship quality in terms of self-concept connection, commitment, and partner quality and intimacy. In addition, commitment and partner quality and intimacy had significantly positive effects on reuse intentions for Brand B baby food. CONCLUSION: The results of this study reveal the importance of brand image in baby food to improve brand relationship quality in terms of commitment and partner quality and intimacy as well as reuse intentions. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize positive brand image as a key factor in forming relationships between consumers and brands as well as search for ways to apply marketing strategies based on brand image.
Subject(s)
Empirical Research , Intention , MarketingABSTRACT
Aliphatic amines in infant food packaging materials were extracted and concentrated by 0 . 5 mL of acidified methanol using gas purge microsyringe extraction ( GP-MSE ) . Pre-column fluorescence labeling of amines was achieved in mild conditions with 10-ethyl-acridine-2-sulfonyl chloride ( EASC ) as labeling reagent. The derivatization was carried out at 60℃ and pH 10. The derivatives were successfully separated on a Hypersil GOLD column with excitation and emission wavelengths of 262 and 430 nm, respectively. The detection limits were in the range of 0. 4-0. 6 μg/kg, and the quantitation limits were in the range of 1. 2-2. 1 μg/kg. All analytes were in good linearity in the concentration range of 2. 0-2000 μg/L with correlation coefficients of higher than 0. 998. The developed method was characterized by celerity, accuracy and high sensitivity. It was successfully applied to the determination of aliphatic amines in infant food packaging materials.
ABSTRACT
“Assessment of benefits and risks of probiotics in processed cereal-based baby foods supplemented Bifidobacteriumn lactis Bb12” from 2010 answered a request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority focusing on the age groups 4-6 months, 6-12 months and 1-3 years. However, the use of infant formula intended for newborns, supplemented with this probiotic, was neither asked by the NFSA nor assessed by VKM. The notifier of the baby foods intended for infants and small children has provided information on three different cereal-based products intended for age-groups over 4 months and one infant formula intended for newborns, all supplemented with B. lactis. In its letter the company concludes that their products supplemented with B. lactis do not pose any health and safety risk. Regarding health effect, we have already mentioned in our assessment (Halvorsen et al. 2010) that: “It is not the mandate of this report to evaluate the health claims related to the products as these health claims are assessed by EFSA.” Our main conclusions regarding safety were as follows: “No serious adverse events are reported, but neither has the effect of long-term intake of a single bacterial strain been studied. Furthermore, cereals supplemented with B. lactis Bb12 intended for infants and toddlers have not been studied regarding safety. We are not aware of any in vivo studies explicitly concerning the ability of B. lactis Bb12 to influence gene expression of epithelial cells”. Furthermore, we were concerned regarding presence of antibiotic resistance gene against tetracycline (tetW) in the B. lactis Bb12. In the answer to the question from NFSA regarding antibiotic resistance gene in L. lactis Bb12, we concluded that: “Consumption of probiotic microororganism B. lactis Bb12 that harbour gene encoding resistance against tetracycline (tetW) may increase the risk of the transfer of such genes to the resident microbiota and pathogenic bacteria and hence increase development of bacterial resistance. High similarity has been observed between tetW gene in bacteria of human and environment origin and B. lactis Bb12. This suggests the spread of tetracycline resistance gene (tetW) between bacteria of various origins. However, the transfer of tetracycline resistance gene (tetW) to other bacteria as a consequence of consumption of Bb12 has not been studied.” As we have already mentioned in our assessment (Halvorsen et al. 2010). “It is important to note that the infant’s diet comprises a restricted variety of foods, which often are taken several times a day during a period of life when a stable intestinal flora is not yet established. The establishment of a normal intestinal microbiota takes at least two years and thus the intake of large numbers of probiotic bacteria in monoculture during the first years of life may greatly influence this process.” According to the “Guideline for evaluation of probiotics in food” (FAO/WHO 2002): ‘‘….the onus is on the producer to prove that any given probiotic strain is not a significant risk with regard to transferable antibiotic resistance or other opportunistic virulence properties.” The tet(W) gene in Bifidobacterium seems to be integrated in the chromosome and its surrounding regions vary depending on the strain, but very often the gene is flanked by transposase target sequences or genes coding for transposase, an enzyme that catalyzes the movement of DNA fragments between different locations by recognizing specific target sequences, suggesting that, under adequate conditions, the gene could be transferred (Gueimonde et al. 2013). The presence of a tetracycline resistance gene, tet(W), flanked by a putative transposase gene in B. animalis subsp. lactis was also confirmed in other strains of Bifidobacterium than Bb12 (Stahl & Barrangou 2012). Among the data provided by the notifier, we could not identify any new studies regarding the above mentioned concerns. As already mentioned, our assessment from 2010 did not include probiotic-supplemented infant formula intended for use by newborns. It seems likely that the same concerns as for the cerealbased products will be valid in this age group and possibly of even greater importance. Among the literature provided by the notifier was also the position paper from 2011 of the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition (ESPGHAN 2011). Among their general conclusions are: • (Conclusion 1): “For healthy infants, the available scientific data suggest that the administration of currently evaluated probiotic-supplemented formula to healthy infants does not raise safety concerns with regard to growth and adverse effects”. But none the less: • (Conclusion 5): “In general, there is a lack of data on the long-term effects of the administration of formula supplemented with probiotics. Such data would be of particular importance if the effects persisted after the administration of the probiotics has ceased.” And concludes lastly; • (Conclusion 6): “Considering the above, the Committee does not recommend the routine use of probiotic-supplemented formula in infants.” Our view is in accordance with these conclusions.
ABSTRACT
The Norwegian Scientific Commitee for Food Safety (VKM) has appointed a working group of experts to answer a request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority regarding risk assessment of Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 in infant formula intended for use from birth (0 month) and in infant formulae and follow-on formulae intended for children after the age of 6 month. The mandate of this risk assessment was not to evaluate the health claims related to the products as such health claims are assessed by EFSA. However, in the EFSA opinions so far (November 2009), a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of L. fermentum CECT5716 containing products and the claimed effects. In the assessment of L. fermentum CECT5716 by the expert committee in EFSA, the panel considered that the strain is sufficiently characterized. We are not aware of any data indicating that this strain has been the cause of human disease. Its potential toxicity and ability to translocate has been studied in adult mice after oral administration of doses 10 000 times greater than those normally consumed by humans without observing any bacteremia or translocation to spleen or liver. However, strains of Lactobacillus have from time to time been isolated from human blood cultures and may therefore, although seldom, translocate. L. fermentum CECT5716 is fully susceptible to all antibiotics that are recommended by the Panel on additive and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP) of EFSA and is considered safe with respect to absence of antimicrobial resistance genes. DNA-sequence data do not imply the presence of any gene(s) coding for toxin production, but confirming in vitro-studies are missing. The FBO refers to two randomized clinical studies in healthy infants of 1-6months of age with respect to possible safety aspects, concluding that the L. fermentum CECT5716 was well tolerated and safe for the groups examined. However, data concerning safety aspects specifically concerned with new-borns, or for immunocompromised infants are lacking. The FBO has submitted some data regarding possible long-term adverse effects of giving the strain daily as a “monoculture” over a prolonged period of time. These data are not sufficient to draw any conclusion regarding long-term safety of the strain. It is supposed that the early composition of the human gastro-intestinal tract microbiota can have long-lasting functional effects. If that is the case, a daily supply of a “monoculture” of a single, specific strain such as L. fermentum CECT 5716, in large quantities over a prolonged period of time to age groups where the intestinal flora is still developing may therefore have unknown, but possible long-lasting adverse effects.
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of sn-2 palmitic acid-fortified vegetable oil (Sn2PA) on calcium absorption and to confirm the synergistic effects of fructooligosaccharide on calcium absorption. Male SD rats were fed 6 kinds of casein based diets containing vegetable oil (control), sn-2 palmitic acid-fortified vegetable oil (Sn2PA) and Sn2PA with fructooligosaccharide(Sn2PAFO) in two levels of calcium (normal 0.5% and high 1.0%) for 3 weeks. Total lipids, cholesterol, triglyceride and calcium in blood were measured. Feces were collected using cages for 4 days. Serum concentrations of total lipids and calcium were not significantly different among groups. However, serum triglyceride was significantly decreased by fructooligosaccharide supplementation regardless of dietary calcium level. The lipid absorption was not significantly different among experimental groups. Calcium absorption was significantly higher in Sn2PAFO group than other groups. Calcium solubility of intestine was increased by sn-2 palmitic acid supplementation. These results suggest that sn-2 palmitic acid and fructooligosaccharide supplementation could be beneficial for baby foods including infant formula, with regard to increasing absorption of calcium by more soluble calcium in the small intestinal content.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Absorption , Calcium , Calcium, Dietary , Caseins , Cholesterol , Diet , Feces , Gastrointestinal Contents , Infant Formula , Intestines , Lipid Metabolism , Oligosaccharides , Palmitic Acid , Solubility , VegetablesABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The appropriate age and amount that whole cow's milk and commercial baby food can be introduced safely into the infant diet are unknown and remains an area of controversy. Early feeding of excessive amount of whole cow's milk has been associated with iron deficiency anemia and nutritional deficiency. We studied the present status and problems on the feedig of whole cow's milk and commercial baby food in children. METHODS: This survey was done through questionnaire to the 541 out patients who visited Seoul, Chun An and Eum Sung Soon Chun Hyang University Hospitals during the period from Jun. 1994 to Fab. 1995. RESULTS: 1) Feeding patterns according to age of children: Infants were fed prepared milk(63.6%), human milk(16.2%), whole cow's milk(8.1%), commercial baby food(7.1%) and rice(5.0%) in the order of frequency. Children between 1 and 2 years of age were fed rice(37.1%), whole cow's milk (34.3%), prepared milk(17.1%), commercial baby food(7.4%) and human milk(4.0%) in the order of frequency. 2) Whole cow's milk feeding was started at 3 to 6 months of age in 11.5%, at 7 to 12 months of age in 59.6% and after 12months of age in 28.9%. 3) The daily feeding amounts of whole cow's milk was less than 500 ml in 48.2%, 500 to 999 ml in 36.2%, and more than 1000 ml in 15.6%. Suprisingly 49.7% of them were fed more than 500 ml a day. 4) About iron content in whole cow's milk, only 25.9% of mothers gave the correct answer. 5) 62.5% of mothers considered that whole cow's milk was the best food in infant period. 6) Only 19.1% of subjects used commercial baby food properly in method and amount. CONCLUSIONS: Whole cow's milk was introduced during early months of life and fed in excessive amount. There was a lack of maternal knowledge about iron content in whole cow's milk. The improper use of commercial baby food produced the numerous nutritional problems. Thus, we need education about whole cow's milk and commercial baby food to mothers.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Infant , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency , Diet , Education , Feeding Behavior , Hospitals, University , Iron , Malnutrition , Milk , Mothers , Outpatients , Surveys and Questionnaires , Seoul , WeaningABSTRACT
An improved method for the determination of Vitamin D2 in baby food (fortified dried milk) was established by using two steps of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sample was directly saponified and extracted with benzene. The extracted unsaponifiable matter was firstly subjected to preparative HPLC using a Nucleosil 5C18 column (reversed-phase type) with acetonitrile-methanol (3:2) as a mobile phase. This first step was for the purpose of clean-up, and a fraction containing Vitamin D2 was collected. The separate fraction was subsequently subjected to analytic HPLC with a Zorbax SIL column (straight-phase type) with isopropanol-hexane (0.8 : 99.2) as a mobile phase. The Vitamin D2 was separated from other contaminants and determined with ultraviolet spectrograph by the peak height estimated. The recovery rate was 84%, standard deviation 12.57 and coefficient of variation 4.57%. The proposed method was rapid, accurate, and suitable for the determination of baby food.