ABSTRACT
Objectives: To assess the proportion of children, symptomatic for urinary tract infection (UTI), with urine culture showing single bacterial species >104 CFU/mL, and to compare patient and disease characteristics between children having low counts (from >104-105 CFU/mL) and those with counts >105 CFU/mL. Methods: Prospective observational study, enrolling symptomatic children aged 1 month to 12 years. Mid-stream clean-void or catheter collected urine were cultured. Children with single species >104 CFU/mL were scheduled for imaging studies, following age criteria of Indian Society of Pediatric Nephrology guidelines. The main outcome was proportion with single bacterial species >104 CFU/mL in urine culture. Results: Of 216 children (132 males) with median (IQR) age of 24 (12, 48) months, 38 (17.6%) showed single species growth >104 CFU/mL. Of these, 29 (13.4%) were diagnosed as UTI at cutoff >105 CFU/mL, and an additional 9 (4.2%) were found to have ‘probable low-count UTI’ (from >104 to 105 CFU/mL). One child in the latter group had bilateral hydroureteronephrosis, vesico-ureteral reflux and renal scarring. There was largely no difference in parameters between children with low counts and those with counts >105 CFU/mL. Conclusion: An additional proportion of symptomatic children with probable urinary tract infection and possible underlying urological abnormalities may be identified by lowering bacterial colony count cutoff to >104 CFU/mL, in clean-voided and catheter-based urine samples.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the effect of strengthening nosocomial infection control measures on reducing the distribution of pathogenic bacteria in hospital environment during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), so as to provide support for epidemic prevention and safety. Methods A total of 160 sampling sites (45 by plate sedimentation method and 115 by swab method) were randomly selected as the control group before strengthening nosocomial infection control measures (from Dec. 21, 2019 to Jan. 21, 2020). After strengthening the measures (from Jan. 24 to Feb. 24, 2020), 160 sampling sites (64 by plate sedimentation method and 96 by swab method) were selected as the observation group. The changes of pathogenic bacteria distribution in the hospital environment before and after strengthening nosocomial infection control measures were compared. Results Before strengthening nosocomial infection control measures, 39 (24.4%) of 160 sampling sites were positive for pathogenic bacterial colonies, including seven (15.6%) positive in 45 by plate sedimentation method and 32 (27.8%) positive in 115 by swab method. After strengthening nosocomial infection control measures, 18 (11.2%) of 160 sampling sites were positive, including four (6.2%) positive in 64 by plate sedimentation method and 14 (14.6%) positive in 96 by swab method. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the positive rate of pathogenic bacteria by plate sedimentation method after strengthening nosocomial infection control measures than that before strengthening nosocomial infection control measures. However, the positive rates of swab method and total pathogenic bacterial colonies were both significantly lower than those before strengthening nosocomial infection control measures (P=0.020 and 0.002). The pathogenic bacterial colony number sampled by plate sedimentation method after strengthening nosocomial infection control measures was (0.69±0.09) CFU/cm2, which was similar when compared with that before strengthening nosocomial infection control measures ([0.85±0.15] CFU/cm2). The pathogenic bacterial colony number sampled by swab method after strengthening nosocomial infection control measures was (0.19±0.06) CFU per plate, which was significantly lower than that before strengthening nosocomial infection control measures ([0.32±0.08] CFU per plate) (P=0.001). Conclusion During the outbreak of COVID-19, strengthening disinfection and improving disinfection quality can effectively reduce the pathogenic bacterial colonies in the hospital environment, reducing the risk of infection exposure of medical staff.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the status of hand hygiene(HH) among patients hospitalized in departments of infectious diseases and their families in Yantai City, and provide reference for HH intervention.Methods Patients and their families(n=221) in departments of infectious diseases of secondary and above levels of hospitals as well as infectious diseases hospitals in Yantai in July-August 2015 were selected for questionnaire survey, education and implementation status of HH were investigated;hand bacteriological sampling was performed on some patients and their families (n=62) to investigate effect of hand-washing.Results 61.99% of patients and their families had received verbal HH education, only 18.55% indicated to have seen health care workers(HCWs) to perform the six step hand-washing method;50.68% of the respondents didn't understand the six step hand-washing method, and 85.52% never performed the six step hand-washing, the main reason is that they didn't know how to perform.93.21% of patients(n=206) and their families believed that hand-washing was important.The cognition of HH opportunities in daily life was relatively higher(61.54%-94.51%),and in hospital environment was relatively lower(36.15%-49.23%),only 36.15% of the families washed hands before left the hospital.Unqualified rate of detection results of sampling of hands of patients with infectious diseases and their families was 83.87%.Conclusion Patients with infectious diseases and their families are deficient in HH knowledge and behavior, medical institutions should carry out systematic and standard HH education to reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infection.