ABSTRACT
Aim of this article is to provide an overview of modifiable and nonmodifiable factor in the development of Nosocomial Infections (NIs) in the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs).Endotracheal tube intubation/Mechanical ventilation is a lifesaving invasive procedure which is associated with their own potential complications, like ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), sepsis, Ventilator associated-tracheo-bronchitis(VAT), acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, Barotrauma and pulmonary edema, which can occur among the patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Among the above listed complication, Neonatal sepsis is the most common and VAP is the second most common encountered Nosocomial infection, which account for the most of the morbidity and mortality in the NICUs and ventilated patients. PubMed, Embase and google scholar have been searched for the articles meeting our criteria,total fourteen articles have been used. Neither any alterations or modifications nor any Software’s were used in this article. In some recent research article and literature, some strategy have been mentioned, which are resulting in better control of Nosocomial infection due to ventilator or endotracheal tube intubation. Gram-negative bacteria are most prevalent in the developing countries and Gram-positive in the developed countries, Klebsiella pneumonia, E. coli and staphylococcus aureus are the most common reason for NIs. Increasing number of NIs and multidrug resistance bacteria are matter of concern for Neonatologist around the world.
ABSTRACT
O estudo da prevalência de bactérias e suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos é fundamental para o entendimento dos riscos e das medidas preventivas que devem ser tomadas em relação aos processos infecciosos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar aprevalência bacteriana, a partir de amostras biológicas de urina, e a suscetibilidade aos antibióticos comumente utilizados na prática clínica. Foram analisadas 226 uroculturascom crescimento microbiano acima de 100.000 UFC/mL, em um laboratório privado, durante o período de abril de 2008 a agosto de 2009, na cidade de Uruguaiana, RS. Para este estudo, foram considerados os dados: espécie encontrada e sexo dos pacientes. Foram analisados, separadamente, os índices de resistência da bactéria Escherichiacoli aos antimicrobianos: amoxacilina, ampicilina, sulfametoxazol + rimetroprima, cefaclor, cefadroxil, norfloxacina, amoxacilina + ácido clavulâmico e tetraciclina. E. coli foi abactéria mais isolada nas ITU comunitárias. Os antibióticos cefaclor e norfloxacina foram considerados os mais adequados para o tratamento empírico de pacientes adultos, naregião geográfica avaliada.
The verification of the prevalence of bacteria and antimicrobialsusceptibility are essential to raise awareness of the risks andpreventive measures to be taken in relation to infections that theycause. This study aimed to evaluate bacterial prevalence from urinesamples and the susceptibility of microorganisms to antimicrobialagents commonly used in clinical practice. Were analyzed 226 urinecultures with microbial growth above 100,000 CFU/mL in a privatelaboratory, during the period April 2008 to August 2009 in the city ofUruguaiana, RS. For this study were considered: species found andpatient sex. We analyzed separately the rates of resistance of thebacterium Escherichia coli to antimicrobials: amoxicillin, ampicillin,sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim, Cefaclor, Cefadroxil, Norfloxacin,amoxicillin+clavulanic acid and tetracycline. E. coli bacteria werethe most isolated from UTI community. Antibiotics cefaclor andnorfloxacin have the appropriate therapeutic profile for the empiricaltreatment of adult patients in evaluated geographic region.