Screening and evaluation of the biocontrol efficacy of a Trichoderma brevicompactum strain and its metabolite trichodermin against banana Fusarium wilt / 生物工程学报

The banana Fusarium wilt (BFW) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race4 (FocTR4) is difficult to control worldwide, which causes a huge economic losse to banana industry. The purpose of this study was to screen Trichoderma strains with antagonistic activity against FocTR4, to isolate and purify the active compound from the fermentation broth, so as to provide important biocontrol strains and active compound resources. In this work, Trichoderma strains were isolated and screened from the rhizosphere soil of crops, and the strains capable of efficiently inhibiting FocTR4 were screened by plate confrontation, and further confirmed by testing inhibition for the conidial germination and mycelial growth of FocTR4. The phylogenetic tree clarified the taxonomic status of the biocontrol strains. Moreover, the active components in the fermentation broth of the strains were separated and purified by column chromatography, the structure of the most active component was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), the BFW control effect was tested by pot experiments. We obtained a strain JSHA-CD-1003 with antagonistic activity against FocTR4, and the inhibition rate from plate confrontation was 60.6%. The fermentation broth of JSHA-CD-1003 completely inhibited the germination of FocTR4 conidia within 24 hours. The inhibition rate of FocTR4 hyphae growth was 52.6% within 7 d. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the ITS and tef1-α gene tandem sequences, and JSHA-CD-1003 was identified as Trichoderma brevicompactum. Purification and NMR identification showed that the single active compound was trichodermin, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 25 μg/mL. Pot experiments showed that the fermentation broth of strain JSHA-CD-1003 was effective against BFW. The control rate of leaf yellowing was 47.4%, and the rate of bulb browning was 52.0%. Therefore, JSHA-CD-1003 effectively inhibited FocTR4 conidial germination and mycelium growth through producing trichodermin, and showed biocontrol effect on banana wilt caused by FocTR4, thus is a potential biocontrol strain.

Identification of banana ADA1 gene family members and their expression profiles under biotic and abiotic stresses / 生物工程学报

The Spt-Ada-Gcn5-acetyltransferase (SAGA) is an ancillary transcription initiation complex which is highly conserved. The ADA1 (alteration/deficiency in activation 1, also called histone H2A functional interactor 1, HFI1) is a subunit in the core module of the SAGA protein complex. ADA1 plays an important role in plant growth and development as well as stress resistance. In this paper, we performed genome-wide identification of banana ADA1 gene family members based on banana genomic data, and analyzed the basic physicochemical properties, evolutionary relationships, selection pressure, promoter cis-acting elements, and its expression profiles under biotic and abiotic stresses. The results showed that there were 10, 6, and 7 family members in Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana and Musa itinerans. The members were all unstable and hydrophilic proteins, and only contained the conservative SAGA-Tad1 domain. Both MaADA1 and MbADA1 have interactive relationship with Sgf11 (SAGA-associated factor 11) of core module in SAGA. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that banana ADA1 gene family members could be divided into 3 classes. The evolution of ADA1 gene family members was mostly influenced by purifying selection. There were large differences among the gene structure of banana ADA1 gene family members. ADA1 gene family members contained plenty of hormonal elements. MaADA1-1 may play a prominent role in the resistance of banana to cold stress, while MaADA1 may respond to the Panama disease of banana. In conclusion, this study suggested ADA1 gene family members are highly conserved in banana, and may respond to biotic and abiotic stress.

Genome-wide identification of the banana GLR gene family and its expression analysis in response to low temperature and abscisic acid/methyl jasmonate / 生物工程学报

Glutamate receptor-like (GLR) is an important class of Ca2+ channel proteins, playing important roles in plant growth and development as well as in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this paper, we performed genome-wide identification of banana GLR gene family based on banana genomic data. Moreover, we analyzed the basic physicochemical properties, gene structure, conserved motifs, promoter cis-acting elements, evolutionary relationships, and used real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to verify the expression patterns of some GLR family members under low temperature of 4 ℃ and different hormone treatments. The results showed that there were 19 MaGLR family members in Musa acuminata, 16 MbGLR family members in Musa balbisiana and 14 MiGLR family members in Musa itinerans. Most of the members were stable proteins and had signal peptides, all of them had 3-6 transmembrane structures. Prediction of subcellular localization indicated that all of them were localized on the plasma membrane and irregularly distributed on the chromosome. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that banana GLRs could be divided into 3 subclades. The results of promoter cis-acting elements and transcription factor binding site prediction showed that there were multiple hormone- and stress-related response elements and 18 TFBS in banana GLR. RT-qPCR analysis showed that MaGLR1.1 and MaGLR3.5 responded positively to low temperature stress and were significantly expressed in abscisic acid/methyl jasmonate treatments. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that GLR, a highly conserved family of ion channels, may play an important role in the growth and development process and stress resistance of banana.

Proximate Composition of Banana and Pineapple Wine Fermented by Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Pichia guilliermondii

Wine is an alcoholic beverage produced from juices of a variety of fruits by the fermentative action of microorganisms. There is a quest for alternative sources of must for wine fermentation, however, the proximate composition should be known to ascertain how nutritious it is. The study was thus aimed at determining the proximate composition of the wines fermented by Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Pichia guilliermondii. Two isolates identified as Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S were used for the fermentation of the substrates obtained from a mixture of pineapple and banana pulp. The fermentation process was for 28 days, followed by a series of racking, clarification, and aging process which was for 2 months. The fermentation process comprised two setups: one was fermented by Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and the other by Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S. The process was monitored and the proximate analysis of the wines was ascertained. The wine produced by Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 had a moisture content of 82.56 %, ash content of 1.41 %, fat content of 0.08 %, protein content of 1.43%, and carbohydrate content of 9.77%. The wine produced by Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S had a moisture content of 79.51%, ash content of 1.19%, fat content of 0.15%, protein content of 0.49%, and carbohydrate content of 10.49%. Although this study is not exhaustive, it shows that wines with good nutritional composition can be successfully produced using Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain 1621 and Pichia guilliermondii strain PAX-PAT 18S.

Morphological Diversity of Fungal Strains Responsible for Dessert Banana Rot, Musa Sapientum (Musaceae) Produced in the South Comoe Region on Ivory Coast

Aims: The banana dessert grown in different regions of the world, encounters important difficulties that cause it to lose its marketability especially because of the diseases related to conservation. The objective here is to identify the strains responsible for fungal diseases of bananas when it is stored. Study Design: This study was undertaken in order to ensure the competitiveness of the dessert banana from Ivory Coast on the international market which is threatened by the recurrent problem of post-harvest rot. Place and Duration of Study: Agrovalorisation Laboratory, Agroforestry Training and Research Unit, Université Jean Lorougnon GUEDE Daloa Côte d'Ivoire, between February 2021 and March 2022. Methodology: The study involved 120 bananas divided into two batches of 10 hands each, one with signs of necrosis and the other with no signs. Banana fragments (crown, epicarp and explant) were deposited on the growing media at several distinct points and slightly embedded in the agar. The resulting colonies were transplanted successively until a pure strain was obtained from a single mushroom colony per petri dish. Results: A total of 11 different genera were identified from 105 isolates. 57 are from necrotic bananas and 36 from bananas with no signs of necrosis. Fungal strains isolated there are: Trichoderma sp. (15%), Fusarium sp. (1%), Scytalidium sp. (39%), Mucor sp. (1%), Scopulariopsis sp. (1%), Alternaria sp. (4%), Aureobasidium sp. (1%), Aspergillus of the Glaucus group (10%), Cladosporium sp. (2%), Pseudallescheria sp. (6%) and Chrysosporium sp. (20%). No strains of the genus Colletotrichum musea responsible for anthracnose that can develop on both green and ripe fruit have been isolated. However, morphological characterization has not among to identify several other species (12) especially those not sporulating. Conclusion: This diversity of isolated strains in this work is identical to that most frequently isolated and cited in the literature.

Respuesta del banano clon Valery en alta densidad a la inoculación con micorrizas y fósforo en Apartadó - Colombia

El cultivo de banano en el Urabá Antioqueño viene presentando disminución en los rendimientos, lo que exige la búsqueda de alternativas para incrementar o mantener la producción actual, entre las cuales, se encuentra el aumento en la proporción de fertilizantes inorgánicos, conllevando a sobrecostos y problemas ambientales. En vista de esta situación, se ha generado un interés por el uso de biofertilizantes, como el caso de las micorrizas (HFM), con las que se han demostrado beneficios al sistema suelo-planta. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de los HFM con la disminución de la dosis fosforada en el clon de banano Valery, en un sistema de alta densidad, bajo condiciones edafoclimáticas de Apartadó-Antioquia. Para ello, en los tratamientos, al momento de la siembra, se realizaron inoculaciones de 100 g de HFM comercial con 5 dosis de fósforo, que correspondieron a: 0, 25, 50, 75 y 100 kg*ha-1. Se midieron variables morfológicas, rendimiento y simbiosis micorrízica. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con 3 repeticiones; cada unidad experimental estuvo constituida por 10 plantas contenidas en 5 sitios. La información se procesó con el programa estadístico SAS 9.1, se obtuvo el análisis de varianza y una prueba de comparación de medias (Tukey), con un nivel de significancia del 95 %. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables morfológicas, pero sí en las variables productivas, siendo el tratamiento HFM + 50 kg P2O5*ha-1 el de mejor resultado y, además, presentó el mayor porcentaje de colonización micorrízica, con 59,5 %.

The banana crop in Uraba Antioqueño has been presenting a decrease in the yields, which requires the search for alternatives to increase or maintain current production, among which is the increase in the proportion of inorganic fertilizers leading to cost overruns and environmental problems. In view of this situation, there has been a growing interest in the use of biofertilizers such as mycorrhiza (HFM) with which multiple benefits to the soil-plant system have been demonstrated. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of HFM with the reduction of phosphorus dose in the Valery banana clone under a high-density system under edaphoclimatic conditions of Apartado-Antioquia. For this purpose, 100 g of commercial HFM were inoculated with 5 doses of phosphorus at time of sowing, corresponding to: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg*ha-1. Morphological variables, performance and mycorrhizal symbiosis were measured. The experimental design was completely random with 3 repetitions, each experimental unit was made up of 10 plants contained in 5 sites. The information was processed with the statistical program SAS 9.1, variance analysis was obtained and a mean comparison test (Tukey) with a significance level of 95 %. No significant differences were found in the morphological variables, but in the productive variables, the HFM + 50 Kg P2O5*ha-1 treatment was the best and also presented the highest percentage of mycorrhizal colonization with 59.5 %.

Identification and verification of key salt-tolerant amino acid sites of banana MaNHX5 / 生物工程学报

In order to improve the salt tolerance of banana NHX genes, we cloned a MaNHX5 gene from Musa acuminata L. AAA group and predicted the key salt-tolerant amino acid sites and mutant protein structure changes of MaNHX5 by using bioinformatics tools. The 276-position serine (S) of MaNHX5 protein was successfully mutated to aspartic acid (D) by site-directed mutagenesis, and the AXT3 salt-sensitive mutant yeast was used for a functional complementation test. The results showed that after the mutated MaNHX5 gene was transferred to AXT3 salt-sensitive mutant yeast, the salt tolerance of the mutant yeast was significantly improved under 200 mmol/L NaCl treatment. It is hypothesized that Ser276 of MaNHX5 protein plays an important role in the transport of Na+ across the tonoplast.

Validación de un Modelo de Medición de Responsabilidad Social: un Estudio Multivariado Transeccional del Sector-Bananero / Validation of a Social Responsibility Measurement Model: a Multivariate Cross-Sectional Study of the Banana Sector / Validação de um modelo de mensuração de responsabilidade social: um estudo transversal multivariado do setor de banana

Resumen Introducción. Esta investigación constituye el resultado de una revisión bibliográfica y una validación estadística multivariante. En esta se plantean las aristas de medición del estado actual de responsabilidad social. Objetivo. Diseñar un instrumento de diagnóstico de la gestión de responsabilidad social para el sector agrícola. El instrumento de diagnóstico de la responsabilidad social se estableció en referencia a la ISO 26000 en el sector bananero de la provincia de Los Ríos, República del Ecuador. Materiales y métodos. El presente estudio fue de tipo no experimental. El método teórico utilizado fue el inductivo-deductivo a partir del análisis de cinco modelos de responsabilidad social. El método empírico ejecutado fue de recolección de información con un instrumento estructurado por escalas de Likert de 5 opciones. El procedimiento estadístico empleado en la medición de la calidad instrumental estuvo conformado por análisis de fiabilidad y análisis factorial. Resultados. Los indicadores de fiabilidad evidencian un Alfa de Cronbach de 0,754 y un Alfa de Cronbach de dos mitades de 0,852 y 0,783. Los indicadores del análisis factorial muestran un KMO de 0,788, Prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett con un CHI-cuadrado de 1644,521, grados de libertad de 210 y una significancia estadística de 0,000; Una varianza total explicada de 7 grupos con una varianza acumulada del 80,76 %. Conclusión. El constructo en estudio y las siete aristas en cuestión poseen un alto grado de fiabilidad y validez. Además, el instrumento es apto para su aplicación en las empresas del sector bananero.

Abstract Introduction. This research is the result of a literature review and a multivariate statistical validation. This raises the edges of measurement of the current state of social responsibility. Objective. Design a diagnostic tool for the management of social responsibility for the agricultural sector. Therefore, the social responsibility diagnostic instrument was established in reference to ISO 26000 in the banana sector of the province of Los Ríos, Republic of Ecuador. Materials and methods. This study was not experimental. The theoretical method applied corresponded to inductive deductive analysis from five models of social responsibility. The empirical method was used. The information was collected with an instrument structured by Likert scales of 5 options. The statistical procedure used to measure the quality of the instrument was made up of reliability analysis and factor analysis. Results. Reliability indicators show a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.754 and a Cronbach's Alpha of two halves of 0.852 and 0.773. The indicators of the factor analysis show a KMO of 0.788, Bartlett's sphericity test with a Chi square of 1644.521, degrees of freedom of 210 and a statistical significance of 0.000; A total variance explained that shows 7 groups with an accumulated variance of 80.76 %. Discussion and Conclusion. The construct under study and the seven edges in question have a high degree of reliability and validity. In addition, the instrument is suitable for application in companies in the banana sector.

Resumo Introdução. Esta pesquisa é resultado de uma revisão de literatura e de uma validação estatística multivariada. Isso eleva os limites da medição do estado atual da responsabilidade social. Objetivo. Elaborar uma ferramenta de diagnóstico para a gestão da responsabilidade social para o setor agrícola. Portanto, o instrumento de diagnóstico de responsabilidade social foi estabelecido com referência à ISO 26000 no setor de bananas da província de Los Ríos, República do Equador. Materiais e métodos. Este estudo não foi experimental. O método teórico aplicado correspondeu à análise dedutiva indutiva de cinco modelos de responsabilidade social. O método empírico foi utilizado. As informações foram coletadas com um instrumento estruturado em escalas Likert de 5 opções. O procedimento estatístico utilizado para medir a qualidade do instrumento foi constituído por análise de confiabilidade e análise fatorial. Resultados. Os indicadores de confiabilidade mostram um alfa de Cronbach de 0,754 e um alfa de Cronbach de duas metades de 0,852 e 0,773. Os indicadores da análise fatorial mostram um KMO de 0,788, teste de esfericidade de Bartlett com um quadrado de Qui de 1644,521, graus de liberdade de 210 e significancia estatística de 0,000; Uma variação total explicou que mostra 7 grupos com uma variação acumulada de 80,76 %. Discussão e conclusão. O construto em estudo e as sete arestas em questão têm um alto grau de confiabilidade e validade. Além disso, o instrumento é adequado para aplicação em empresas do setor de banana.

Influence of high density planting and spatial arrangement on growth and development in Musa AAA Simmonds / Influencia de altas densidades de siembra y distribución espacial sobre el crecimiento y desarrollo en Musa AAA Simmonds

ABSTRACT Banana is after apple, the most consumed fruit in the world for its nutritional contribution. Given its importance, it is necessary to advance in the development of agronomic management strategies that contribute to increase productivity and offer alternatives to regulate the consequences derived from the seasonality of production in the Urabá area (Colombia). For this, the clone Williams (Musa AAA Simmonds), at different planting densities (2000, 2500, 3000 and 3500 plants ha-1), different population arrangements (triangle, rectangle and double furrow), compared with a relative control (1700 plants ha-1 in triangle) was evaluated. The design used was randomized complete blocks in factorial arrangement of 4 x 3 + 1 (densities x arrays + control). The variables height and perimeter of the pseudostem, number of leaves from planting to harvest, leaf area index (IAF), light extinction coefficient, number of suckers and developmental stages (days elapsed after flowering and harvest) were determined. An analysis of general variance was carried out and another one excluding the control. The Tukey test (P <0.05) was applied to the qualitative variables and contrasts of orthogonal polynomials were made to test the linear and quadratic effects of the population density factor. The results indicated that the high planting densities and the population arrangements had a negative effect on the perimeter of the pseudostem and the height of the main sucker, favored the LAI, influenced the extinction coefficient, but did not affect the development of the plants.

RESUMEN El banano es después de la manzana la fruta más consumida en el mundo, por su aporte nutricional. Dada su importancia, se requiere avanzar en el desarrollo de estrategias de manejo agronómico, que contribuyan a incrementar la productividad y ofrezcan alternativas para regular las consecuencias derivadas de la estacionalidad de la producción, en la zona del Urabá (Colombia). Para ello, se evaluaron en el clon Williams (Musa AAA Simmonds), diferentes densidades de plantación (2.000, 2.500, 3.000 y 3.500 plantas ha-1), distintos arreglos poblacionales (triángulo, rectángulo y doble surco) y un testigo relativo (1.700 plantas ha-1 en triángulo). El diseño utilizado fue de bloques completos al azar en arreglo factorial, de 4 x 3 + 1 (densidades x arreglos + testigo). Se determinaron la altura y perímetro del pseudotallo, el número de hojas de siembra a cosecha, el índice de área foliar (IAF), el coeficiente de extinción de luz, el número de hijos y fases de desarrollo: días transcurridos a floración y cosecha. Se realizó un análisis de varianza general y otro excluyendo el testigo. Se aplicó la prueba de Tukey (P<0,05) a las variables cualitativas y se hicieron contrastes de polinomios ortogonales, para probar los efectos lineal y cuadrático del factor densidad de población. Los resultados indicaron que las altas densidades de plantación y los arreglos poblacionales tuvieron un efecto negativo sobre el perímetro del pseudotallo y la altura del hijo a parición, favorecieron el IAF, influyeron en el coeficiente de extinción, pero no afectaron el desarrollo de las plantas.

Determination of bioactive compounds, antimicrobial activity, and the phytochemistry of the organic banana peel in Thailand

Banana fruit is enriched with phytonutrients, minerals, and its peel, which is mostly discarded as waste. This research aimed to study its bioactive compound properties, antimicrobial activity, and identify and characterize the constituents of organic banana peel extract (BPE), composed of six species (i.e., Kluai Homthong, Kluai Namwa, Kluai Kai, Kluai Hukmook, Kluai Lebmuernang, and Kluai Homtaiwan). Total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant content, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were important in BPE of Kluai Kai. BPE of Kluai Hukmook could inhibit Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum exposed diverse compounds of primary and secondary phytochemicals. Four main constituents, including acetic acid, formic acid, 1,2-benzenediol,3-methyl-, and 4-hydroxy-2-methylacetophone derived from gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), demonstrated their antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity. This result suggests that organic banana peel can both be applied as an antioxidant and antimicrobial substance. BPE increases the value of banana peels (BPs) and reduces the burden of its waste disposal in the environment.

Antagonistic activity of bacteria from wild honey against Colletotrichum musae, and testing of wild honey as biopesticide spray to control banana anthracnose

Anthracnose is a foliar and fruit disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. affecting a wide range of crops. Infection occurs early followed by quiescence in fruits, such as in banana, where chemical-based pesticides are used as a dependable fungal control for many years. There is an increasing need for a safe control and as implicated in the Organic Agriculture Act of 2010 (RA 10068) in the Philippines. This scenario drove the use of alternative pest control such as the use of biologicals and natural products. In this study, seven bacteria were isolated from wild honey, produced by Apis mellifera, wherein four (BC2, BC3, BC6 and BC7) were found to be an effective antagonist against Colletotrichum musae in in vitro conditions. These bacteria were identified to belong to the genus Lactobacillus spp. (BC2, BC3, BC7) and Bacillus spp. (BC6) based on sugar utilization tests, morphological and cultural growth in PDPA. For the in vivo test, different dilutions of wild honey were used and it was found out that lower concentrations were effective as biopesticide spray to prevent anthracnose infection. Lastly, we report herewith the first isolation of bacteria with biological control potential from wild honey, and to apply the raw or natural product as biopesticide in postharvest fruits.

Biological aspects of Caligo teucer (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with banana tree leaves

ABSTRACT Caligo teucer (Linnaeus, 1758) is widely distributed in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Ecuador. The objective was to study biological aspects of Caligo teucer japetus Stichel, 1903 with banana leaves, Musa sapientium L. (Zingiberales: Musaceae), in the butterfly garden, under environmental conditions, and in the laboratory of biological control of insects at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa in Viçosa, Minas Gerais state, Brazil at 24 ± 2 oC, 68 ± 10% relative humidity and 12 hours photophase. The duration of the egg incubation, larvae, pupa and egg to adult periods of C. teucer japetus were, respectively, 11.8 ± 0.1; 53.9 ± 0.9; 17.9 ± 0.3 and 82.6 ± 1.0 days for females, and 11.8 ± 0.1; 50.3 ± 0.6; 18.4 ± 0.3 and 79.4 ± 0.6 days for males in cages in the laboratory. The longevity of C. teucer japetus adults was 26.0 ± 10.4 and 47.5 ± 8.7 for females and 24.7 ± 3.5 and 35.4 ± 15.7 for males in the butterfly garden and in laboratory cages, respectively. The high survival and the relatively short period of development of its immature stages confirm that banana leaves are an adequate food substrate for the development and survival of Caligo teucer japetus.

Determinación social de la salud en el territorio: miradas de los trabajadores bananeros en Tenguel (Ecuador) / Social Determination of Health at the Territory: Perspectives from the Banana Workers in Tenguel (Ecuador) / Determinação social da saúde no território: olhares dos trabalhadores bananeiros em Tenguel (Equador)

Resumen Introducción: desde inicios del siglo XX, Ecuador exporta banano, en su mayoría, a los países del Cono Sur. A partir de 1948, y con el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, el país ganó importancia como uno de los mayores proveedores de la fruta en el mercado global. Sin embargo, la producción y comercialización del banano ecuatoriano a escala mundial ha modificado de forma mínima la calidad de vida de los trabajadores de las bananeras para su bienestar. De hecho, su salud se ha visto afectada, a lo largo de la historia, por los procesos estructurales propios de una economía dependiente y capitalista. Desarrollo: primero se desarrolló, de forma breve, la base teórica utilizada para el análisis propuesto. Posteriormente, se interpretaron las representaciones sociales de los trabajadores de los cultivos de banano sobre cómo su salud se determina socialmente en los territorios, a la vez que se integró el análisis de información cuantitativa e histórica sobre la salud pública en el país; el rol del país en el comercio mundial del banano; y las dinámicas territoriales nacionales que permiten comprender la determinación social de la salud y del territorio desde las escalas nacionales e internacionales. Conclusiones: la salud de los trabajadores de los cultivos de banano en Tenguel se configura territorialmente debido a las relaciones políticas y económicas globales, locales y nacionales mediadas por el Estado-nación. A estas fuerzas globales, que estructuran y configuran lo local, se suman las relaciones patriarcales. Ante este escenario, los trabajadores, en conjunto con la población local, han generado un tejido social que aporta con procesos que protegen su salud y sus vidas.

Abstract Introduction: Ecuador exports bananas since the beginning of the 20th century, mainly to the countries of the Southern Cone. From 1948 and with the end of World War II, the country reached importance as one of the largest suppliers of this fruit in the global market. However, the production and marketing of Ecuadorian banana globally have minimally changed the quality of life of banana workers. Their health has historically been affected by structural processes typical of a capitalist dependent economy. Development: First, it develops briefly the theoretical basis used for the proposed analysis. Next, I interpret the banana workers social representations about how socially territories determine their health. At the same time, I include a quantitative and historical information analysis of Ecuadorian public health, the role of the country in the banana world trade, and the national territorial dynamics, which help to understand health's social determination and territory at national and global scales. Conclusion: Banana workers' health in Tenguel is territorially shaped by global, local, and national political and economic relations mediated by the nation-state. To these structural and configurational global forces of the local, patriarchal relations are added. In this scenario, the workers, together with the local population, have generated a social fabric that contributes protective processes to their health and lives.

Resumo Introdução: Equador exporta banana desde inícios do século XX maiormente aos países do cone sul-americano. A partir de 1948 e com o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial o país alcançou importância como um dos maiores fornecedores da fruta no mercado global. No entanto, a produção e comercialização da banana equatoriana no nível mundial tem modificado minimamente a qualidade de vida dos trabalhadores de banana. E sua saúde tem sido historicamente afetada pelos processos estruturais próprios de uma economia dependente capitalista. Desenvolvimento: se desenvolve brevemente a base teórica utilizada para a análise proposta. A seguir, se interpretam as representações sociais dos trabalhadores de banana sobre como a sua saúde é determinada socialmente nos territórios; ao mesmo tempo integra-se a análise de informação quantitativa e histórica sobre a saúde pública no país, o papel do país no comércio mundial da banana e as dinâmicas territoriais nacionais que permitem compreender a determinação social da saúde e o território desde as escalas nacionais e globais. Conclusão: a saúde dos trabalhadores de banana em Tenguel é configurada territorialmente por relações políticas e económicas globais, locais e nacionais mediadas pelo estado-Nação. A estas forças globais estruturais e configuradoras do local se somam relações patriarcais. Ante este cenário, os trabalhadores em conjunto com a população local têm gerado um tecido social que aporta com processos protetores à sua saúde e a suas vidas.

Banana Peel Flakes Alleviate Blood Glucose And Stress In A Dose-Dependent Manner

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic and antidepressant effects of banana peel flakes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Twenty-five male Wistar rats were classified into five groups with different treatments. Groups I to IV were diabetic rats model groups that consumed only standard diet, standard diet containing 5%, 10%, and 20% of banana peel flakes, respectively. While group V was a healthy control group fed a standard diet. Immunohistochemistry staining was measured to examine serotonin expression in the colon and pancreas. Results: The diabetic rats treated with 20% banana peel flakes had a lower blood glucose concentration (p<0.05) compared with diabetic control and showed a shorter duration of immobility time (p<0.05) than the healthy control. Additionally, compared with diabetic control, the diabetic rats treated with 5% banana peel flakes showed higher serotonin expression (p<0.05) in the colon. In contrast, serotonin expression in the pancreas did not show any significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: The present study disclosed that the banana peel flakes provided an antidepressant effect in the diabetic rats model, which might occur through the mechanism of controlling blood glucose concentration.

Seasonal impact on life-fertility table parameters of Oligonychus sapienticolus Gupta infesting banana under Gangetic Basin of West Bengal, India

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of seasonal variation on life-fertility table of Oligonychus sapienticolus Gupta.Methodology: Adult mite population were collected from infested banana leaves and reared under laboratory condition. A cohort of 100 eggs laid at a time by a population of 100 gravid females was considered for the experiment. This cohort was used for constructing of age specific life-fertility table. Seasonal impact on different life-fertility table parameters were studied by using different formulas. Results: The perusal of data showed that the net reproductive rate, finite rate of increase and innate capacity for increase in number were highest during summer months, but mean generation time, doubling time and corrected generation time declined with increase in temperature. Interpretation: The study concludes that this mite prefer hot and dry climatic condition for better growth and development. So, during this period appropriate management measures against this mite will avoid the chances of yield loss of banana plantation

Factores edáficos y nemátodos entomopatógenos en un agroecosistema neotropical de banano

Introducción: En Costa Rica el banano es uno de los cultivos más importantes en términos de producción y exportaciones, que requiere la aplicación de agroquímicos para controlar el efecto de plagas como el picudo negro, Cosmopolites sordidus. Debido a los efectos dañinos en la salud humana y ambiental, y la posibilidad de que las plagas presenten resistencia a estas sustancias, es necesario investigar alternativas amigables con el medio ambiente como potenciales controladores biológicos. Los nemátodos entomopatógenos (NEPs) de los géneros Heterorhabditis y Steinernema presentan una relación simbiótica con bacterias de los géneros Photorhabdus y Xenorhabdus respectivamente y este complejo ha sido ampliamente estudiado como controlador biológico debido a su capacidad de eliminar insectos hospederos en horas. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de nemátodos de los géneros Heterorhabditis y Steinernema en suelos de plantaciones de banano del Caribe costarricense y zonas aledañas y caracterizar su hábitat. Metodología: Se tomaron muestras de suelo en plantaciones y áreas circundantes, a partir de las cuales, se llevó cabo aislamiento de NEPs y análisis químicos, físicos y microbiológicos (pH, acidez, materia orgánica, Ca, K, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, textura del suelo, biomasa y respiración microbiana). Se encontraron diferencias entre sitios de muestreo, y muestras con presencia y ausencia de NEPs, y se realizó un análisis de componentes principales utilizando las variables con mayor influencia en ambas categorías para encontrar combinaciones de las mismas que explicaran la presencia según condiciones del hábitat. Se efectuó un análisis discriminante para determinar la eficiencia de las variables seleccionadas en el diagnóstico de presencia. Resultados: Se mostró que las variables relacionadas con la presencia de NEPs corresponden a materia orgánica, biomasa microbiana de carbono y respiración microbiana. Se encontró que el 38.4 % de las muestras fueron positivas con respecto a la presencia de los mismos, de las cuales el 95 % corresponde al género Steinernema y el 5 % restante a Heterorhabditis. Según la ecuación discriminante cuadrática, de un 81.2 % de las muestras sin nemátodos, seis deberían pertenecer al grupo con presencia de los mismos; mientras que para aquellas que contenían NEPs, un 55.0 % (nueve de 20) al grupo de ausencia. Conclusiones: No se observaron diferencias estadísticas entre los hábitats de muestreo seleccionados (P = 0.4296), por lo que se determinó que las tres variables mencionadas anteriormente influyen en la presencia de NEPs y valores altos indican condiciones favorables para su persistencia.

Introduction: In Costa Rica the banana is one of the most important crops in terms of production and exports; the application of pesticides is hence necessary to control the effect of pests on the plantation, such as the Cosmopolites sordidus black weevil. Because of the harmful effects of pesticides on human and environmental health, and the possibility that pests become resistant to these substances, alternatives compatible with the environment, as potential biological controllers, have been investigated to complement the effect of agrochemicals. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) of genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema have become a focus of study in the field of biological control because of their symbiotic relation with bacteria of genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, which are a complex capable of eliminating host insects in hours. Objective: The objective was to determine the presence of EPN of genera Heterorhabditis and Steinernema in soil samples taken from banana plantations in the Caribbean region of Costa Rica, and to characterize their habitat. } Methods: Sampling points were selected within the plantations and surrounding areas; physicochemical and microbiological analyses were undertaken (pH, acidity, organic matter, Ca, K, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, texture, biomass and microbial respiration of the soil, EPN isolation). Variables were analyzed statistically to determine differences between them, in sampling sites, and samples with presence and absence of EPN. A principal-component analysis (PCA) was undertaken using the variables of greater influence in both categories to find their combinations that would explain their presence according to habitat conditions. A discriminant analysis was undertaken to determine the efficiency of the variables selected in the diagnosis of nematode occurrence. Results: The variables related to the presence of EPN were shown to correspond to organic matter, carbon biomass and microbial respiration. Of the samples 38.4 % were found to be positive with respect to the presence of EPN, of which 95 % correspond to genus Steinernema and the remaining 5 % to Heterorhabditis. According to the quadratic discriminant equation, from 81.2 % of the samples without nematodes, six belong to the group with their presence, whereas for those with EPN, 55.0 % (nine of 20) belong to the absence group. Conclusions: No statistical difference was found between the selected sampling habitats (P= 0.4296); the three variables mentioned above were thus determined have an influence on the presence of EPN; their large values indicate favorable conditions for their persistence.

Comparative Study of Methanolic Extract of Banana, Ranitidine and Omeprazole on Total Acid Secretion and Gastric Ulcer Healing Effect in Albino Rats

Introduction: The commonest day to day ailment of humanbeings is the gastrointestinal diseases. Apart from traditionaluses, there are several reports on important pharmacologicalactions of musa sapientum. Study aimed to compare acidsecretion and ulcer healing effect of methanolic extract ofbanana, ranitidine, and omeprazole.Material and methods: The present study was carried out on30 albino rats for a period of 7 days. The animals were dividedrandomly into 5 groups of 6 animals each. Group I or controlgroup received 3% gum acacia suspension orally for 7 days.Group II, III, IV and V received 100mg/kg of aspirin orally asa single dose the 7th day. Group III was pretreated with 100mg/kg of MSE orally for 7 days. Group IV was pretreated with 20mg/kg omeprazole and Group V was pretreated with 150mg/kg of ranitidine orally for 7 days. After the administration ofthe drugs on the 7th Day, the albino rats were fasted for 24 hrsand then sacrificed after 4 hrs of pyloric ligation.Results: In the control group (n=6) the values of ulcer index(µmol tyrosin/ml), free acidity (mEq/l), total acidity (mEq/l),and volume of gastric juice (ml/4 hrs) were 0.22±0.01,53.25±2.59, 72.24±4.19 and 5.1±0.32 respectively. Whencompared to aspirin treated group, the MSE pretreated group(100 mg/kg) single dose orally on 7th day showed significantreduction (p<0.01, n=6) of ulcer index, free and total acidity(mEq/l), and volume of gastric juice (ml/4 hrs), whosevalues were 5.3±0.46, 71.31±4.15, 72.24±4.19 and 65.4±2.9respectively.Conclusion: The present study suggests that themethanolic extract of musa sapientum possesses significantulceroprotective effect, which is comparable to omeprazoleand ranitidine, except for gastric juice, where the effect ofomeprazole was more. The observations of the present studyputs forward omeprazole as a promising ulceroprotectiveagent, but further studies with more refined extracts andtechniques on animal and human subjects are requiredto establish the true potential in terms of therapeutic andeconomic viability of this herbal plant.

Banana anaphylaxis in Thailand: case series

BACKGROUND: Banana fruit has been recognized as an important food allergen source. Nowadays banana hypersensitivity had been reported more frequently with various presentations from oral allergy syndrome to anaphylaxis.OBJECTIVE: This study aims to describe the pattern of banana hypersensitivity and the sensitivity of diagnostic test.METHODS: Six patients who experienced banana hypersensitivity were recruited from adult allergy clinic, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University between 2015–2018. Demographic data, pattern of banana allergy consisted of the onset of reaction, symptoms, severity, cross-reactivity to kiwi, avocado, latex including type and amount of banana were collected. Skin test, serum specific IgE to banana and open-label food challenge test had been applied.RESULTS: All patients experienced multiple episodes of banana anaphylaxis. Regarding the diagnostic investigation, prick-to-prick skin test had higher sensitivity (sensitivity, 100%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 54.07%–100%) than the commercial banana extract (sensitivity, 83.33%; 95% CI, 35.88%–99.58%) and serum specific IgE to banana (sensitivity, 50%; 95% CI, 11.81%–88.19%). The discordance between skin prick test using commercial banana extract and skin test was reported. The cross-reactivity between the species of banana, kiwi, the avocado was documented in all patients. Latex skin prick test and application test were applied with negative results. From the oral food challenge test, a case of banana anaphylaxis patient can tolerate heated banana.CONCLUSION: The various phenotypes of banana hypersensitivity were identified. The prick-to-prick test showed the highest sensitivity for diagnosis of banana allergy. However, component resolved diagnostics might be needed for conclusive diagnosis.

Antimicrobial Activity of Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum on Enterococcus faecalis Viability

@#Introduction: Root canal treatment often fails because of bacteria that grow back after obturation, such as Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). The previous study has found the percentage of root canal treatment failure as much as 32-70%. It was because the facultative anaerobic bacteria are able to penetrate into the dentinal tubules and found to be resistant. Ambonese banana stem is one of the herbal plants in Indonesia that has been widely used, including the sap on the stem. Active substances in the sap of Ambonese banana stems such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins have antimicrobial efficacy. The purpose of this study is to prove the antibacterial activity of Ambonese banana stems extract on E. faecalis and analyzing bacterial viability through a fluorescent microscope. Methods: The sample of this study was E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) which bred on BHIB media, then serially carried out dilution with Ambonese banana stem extract with a composition of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125 %, 1,563%. and 0.781%. Cultured in the Agar Mueller-Hinton medium and then calculate the number of bacterial colonies. This examination was continued using a fluorescent microscope for determining the viability of bacteria. Results: We obtained MIC at a concentration of 1.563% and MBC at a concentration of 3.125%. The ability of Ambonese banana stem extracts to kill E. faecalis in MIC was 92.22%, while in MBC it was 100%. Conclusion: Ambonese banana stem extract effectively inhibited the growth of E. faecalis bacteria.

Manejo integrado del mal de Panamá Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. sp. cubense (E.F. SM.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen: una revisión / Integrated management of Panama disease Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. f. sp. cubense (E.F. SM.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen: a review

RESUMEN El banano es un frutal muy importante, a nivel mundial y en Colombia es el tercer producto de exportación. Una de las enfermedades limitantes del cultivo es el mal de Panamá, ocasionado por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. La enfermedad es considerada devastadora, por las pérdidas que ocasionó en Gros Michel, obligando al reemplazo de este cultivar por Cavendish, el cual, está siendo amenazado por la raza tropical 4 del hongo que, aunque aún no se encuentra en el país, representa una amenaza mundial. El manejo de la enfermedad, se ha basado en la exclusión del patógeno, evitando el ingreso a áreas sanas y usando variedades resistentes, pero la naturaleza del patógeno ha demostrado que estas medidas no son suficientes y que es necesario considerar otras estrategias. El Manejo Integrado de Enfermedades MIE, en su filosofía, busca conjugar opciones en pro del cultivo para garantizar, además de la sanidad, altos rendimientos e inocuidad. Esta revisión compila información de los resultados de investigación, obtenidos mediante el uso de diferentes medidas y que sean factibles de incluirse dentro de un programa de manejo integrado del mal de Panamá, enmarcándolas dentro del modelo logístico propuesto por Van der Plank y enfatizando en la necesidad de realizar más investigación, para obtener materiales resistentes y llevar a cabo evaluaciones en el campo, que demuestren, de manera más efectiva, la viabilidad de las prácticas propuestas.

ABSTRACT Banana is a very important fruit worldwide and in Colombia it is the third export product. One of the diseases limiting the crop is the Panama disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense. The disease is considered devastating because of the losses it caused in Gros Michel, forcing the replacement of this cultivar by Cavendish, which is being threatened by the tropical race 4 of the fungus, which although not yet found in the country, represents a global threat. The management of the disease has been based on the exclusion of the pathogen, avoiding entry into healthy areas and using resistant varieties, but the nature of the pathogen has shown that these measures are not enough and that other strategies need to be considered. The Integrated Management of Diseases, MIE, in its philosophy seeks to combine options in favor of the crop to guarantee besides the health, high yields and innocuousness. This review compiles information on the research results obtained through the use of different measures and feasible to be included in an integrated management program of the Panama disease, framing them within the logistic model proposed by Van der Plank and emphasizing the need to conduct more research to obtain resistant materials and carry out evaluations in the field that more effectively demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed practices.