The Behaviour Changes in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic within Malaysia

@#The novel coronavirus infection, COVID-19, is a pandemic that currently affects the whole world. During this period, Malaysians displayed a variety of behaviour changes as a response to COVID-19, including panic buying, mass travelling during movement restriction and even absconding from treatment facilities. This article attempts to explore some of these behaviour changes from a behaviourist perspective in order to get a better understanding of the rationale behind the changes.

Similaridades entre o Walden de Thoreau e o de Skinner / Similarities between Thoreau and Skinner's Walden / Similaridades entre el Walden de Thoreau y el de Skinner

Uma importante contribuição da Análise do Comportamento consiste na sua proposta de planejamento e interpretação da cultura. Skinner apresenta uma proposição de planejamento cultural com a utopia, Walden Two. O autor afirma que existem proximidades entre algumas ideias apresentadas em Walden Two e no Walden, de Henry David Thoreau. No entanto, essa suposta semelhança permanece pouco explicada por Skinner, o que sugere a produtividade de uma investigação que tenha como objetivo identificar sistematicamente o seu alcance. A esse respeito, foi produtivo buscar a identificação de aspectos considerados importantes em uma proposta do mesmo gênero, possivelmente subsidiando uma apreensão mais aprofundada da sua perspectiva. Apresenta-se uma discussão que busca compreender melhor a relação entre o pensamento utópico dos autores

An important contribution of Behavior Analysis is the proposal of designing and interpreting culture. Skinner presents a proposal of cultural planning in the utopia: Walden Two. B. F. Skinner states that there are some related ideas in Walden Two and in Walden by Henry David Thoreau. However, this alleged similarity remains poorly explained, which suggests a production of an investigation that aimed to identify these statements. In this regard, it was productive to search and identify aspects considered important in a proposal of the same genre, possibly subsidizing a deeper apprehension of its perspective. We present a discussion that aims better understand about the relationship between the utopian thinking of both authors

Una contribución importante del Análisis del Comportamiento es su propuesta para el planeamiento e interpretación de la cultura. Skinner presenta una propuesta de planeamiento cultural con la utopía Walden Two. El autor afirma que existen proximidades entre algunas ideas presentadas en Walden Two y el pensamiento del escritor Henry David Thoreau en Walden. Sin embargo, estas supuestas semejanzas permanecen poco explicadas, lo que sugiere la necesidad de una investigación que tenga por objeto identificar sistemáticamente dichas similitudes y su alcance. En este sentido, fue productivo buscar la identificación de aspectos considerados importantes en una propuesta del mismo género, posiblemente subsidiando una aprehensión más profunda de su perspectiva. Se presenta una discusión que busca entender mejor la relación entre el pensamiento utópico de los autores

Applying the learning theories to medical education: A commentary

Medical education of today continues to evolve to meet the challenges of the stakeholders. Medical professionals today are expected to play multiple roles besides being experts. Thus, the curriculum has to be developed in a manner that facilitates learners to achieve the intended goal of becoming a medical professional with multiple competencies. The understanding of learning theories will be helpful in designing and delivering the curriculum to meet the demands of producing a medical professional who would meet the CanMEDS model. This commentary explores and reflects on the learning theories of behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism as they have evolved over time and the application of these learning theories in medical education, particularly in the context of medical education in Malaysia. The authors are convinced that these three theories are not mutually exclusive but should be operationalized contextually and throughout the different stages of learning in the MBBS curriculum. Understanding these theories and their application will enhance the learning experience of students.

Psicopatología y complejidad / Psychopathology and complexity

El paradigma de la complejidad plantea que la realidad posee una dinámica caótica, ambigua, borrosa, paradójica, y que no sigue los valores de orden, armonía y perfección que tienden a simpli¬ficarla; sin embargo, dicho caos es una forma de organización y orden. El comportamiento humano abordado por este paradigma reivindica así el papel representativo de lo irregular y lo contra¬dictorio del comportamiento al lado de lo lineal y predecible. La presente revisión de tema tiene como propósito describir algunos conceptos y supuestos en los que el enfoque de la complejidad basa su visión de lo complejo en el comportamiento, en particular, del psicopatológico en el individuo. Se establecen algunas com¬paraciones con conceptos asociados a lo complejo en enfoques científicos de la psicología, tales como el conductismo contextual, el conductismo paradigmático y el interconductismo desde su perspectiva, todo ello, destacando la muticausalidad recíproca, el aprendizaje complejo y jerárquico, lo histórico y contextual en la comprensión de la conducta, y buscando hacer algunas extrapola¬ciones al comportamiento psicopatológico. Esta aproximación se considera útil y necesaria para comprender e intervenir entidades nosológicas que plantean desafíos clínicos.

The paradigm of complexity states that reality conveys a chaotic dynamics, ambiguous, blurred, and paradoxical, and that it does not fulfill the values of order, harmony nor perfection. However, such a chaos represents a specific way of organization and order. Human behavior explained by this paradigm vindicates on this way the outstanding role of contradiction and irregularity aside of what is linear and predictable. The purpose of this review has the primary aim to describe some concepts and assumptions that give support to the approach to complexity in behavior, especially concerning the psychopathological behavior of an individual. Some comparisons with concepts associated to complexity in scientific approaches to psychology (contextual and paradigmatical behaviorism and interbehaviorism from its own persepctive) are stablished. All these elements are developed underlining the concepts of reciprocal multicausality, complex and hierarchical learning, historical and contextual factors in the comprehension of behavior, and trying to make some extrapolations on the psychopathological behavior. This approach is hence considered appropriate and necessary to understand gnosiological entities and to intervene them in their role of clinical challenges.