ABSTRACT
Ficus thonningii (Blume) is considered as a herbal plant with well documented biological activity in the management of several diseases in the tropics. However, there is a gap of information on its safety and proof of efficacy in evidence-based medicine. The objective of this study was to characterize the bioactive metabolites of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the stem bark of Ficus. thonningii and in vivo evaluation of the systemic exposure of the bioactive metabolite. Phytochemical screening was done using standard extraction techniques, and test according to methods adopted from Sofowora and collaborators. Quantitative analysis was done using spectrophotometer of plant extract with different reference standards. Analysis of the animals' plasma following administration of the extract was used to investigate systemic exposure to confirmed the presence of absence of metabolites in systemic circulation. This work shows that F. thonningii (Blume) stem bark hydro-ethanolic extract contains polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, catechic tannins, gallic tannins, coumarins, quinones, phlobatannins. This study shows that the hydro-ethanolic extract of F. thonningii contains total phenolic content of 192,27 ± 3,40 mgEQ/MS g gallic acid and total flavonoid content of 103,59 ± 15,72 mgEQ/MS quercetin. This study shows that the secondary metabolites in the hydro-ethanolic extract of the stem bark of F. thonningii (Blume) were not detected in plasma and not bioavailable.
ABSTRACT
Streptomyces 5.1 is a bacterium isolated from rice soils in the south of the Tolima department (Colombia). This microorganism is characterized by its antagonistic activity against rubber tree phytopathogens like Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agent of leaf anthracnose. The antifungal activity of this Streptomyces isolate has been associated with secondary metabolites production. However, the identity of those metabolites is unknown because its purification and identification have not been possible through classic chemical studies. Therefore, aiming to contribute in the study of the secondary metabolites produced by 5.1 from a molecular approach, this research seeks to identify -preliminarily- the genomic fingerprint changes associated with the production of antifungal secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces 5.1 through the evaluation of a mutant library of 5.1 obtained by random mutagenesis using controlled ultraviolet light exposure. The antifungal activity of obtained mutants was evaluated using Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C1) fungus as a biosensor, isolated by the Biotechnology Institute of Universidad Nacional de Colombia. In this way, the library of mutants of 5.1, initially formed by 300 isolations, was classified into two phenotypic groups of interest: enhanced mutants (1 isolate) and null mutants (11 isolates) of secondary metabolites. The genomic changes in both groups were analyzed by obtaining the genomic profile of the isolates using Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic (Rep-PCR). The obtained profiles evidenced the presence of one additional band in the enhanced mutant, and the absence of a specific band in the non-producing mutants, both in comparison with the original strain. These bands are proposed for a future sequencing study which will define their role in the production process of metabolites with antifungal activity in Streptomyces 5.1.
Subject(s)
Antifungal Agents/metabolism , Colletotrichum/metabolism , Phytochemicals/analysis , Mutagenesis , StreptomycesABSTRACT
Bioactive metabolite production by marine Saccharothrix flava VSM-3was modeled by response surface methodology(RSM) statistical optimization, and kinetic parameter estimation was executed using unstructured models to depict theimportance of growth-associated metabolite production. RSM-based optimization of the variables and their interactionswas analyzed where the modeled data and experimental data are in concurrence and better responses were yieldedin terms of inhibition zones for active metabolite with good regression coefficients. The regression model developedthe significance of five variables and their influence on the bioactive metabolite production and its effect against theresponses. Logistic, Luedeking–Piret equations were used for batch fermentation to produce bioactive metabolites byS. flava VSM-3, where the anticipated parameter data followed experimental data. Chemotype (using ethyl acetateextract) analysis of actinobacterial isolate S. flava was elucidated for the first time by liquid chromatography quadrupoletime-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis. The main compounds identified in the positive ion modewere 7-Deazaadenosine, 5-Hydroxy-9-Methylstreptimidone, Amiclenomycin, Dihydroabikoviromycin, EpopromycinA, OAP Silane 55 and MKN-003B. In the present study, maritime silt specimen of Bay of Bengal comprising S. flavaVSM-3 recorded prominent broad-spectrum activity against various plant pathogens and LC-QTOF-MS data alsosupported VSM-3 was the most active strain. This study also reveals that under-explored Bay of Bengal of northcoastal Andhra Pradesh should be continuously explored for extracting bioactive compounds from diverse strains.
ABSTRACT
Sponge diversity along the coasts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands comprises about 126 species and sponges are knownto act as a host to endosymbionts, which is found to possess novel antimicrobial metabolites. In the present study,screening and characterization of antibiotic producing endosymbiotic bacteria from the marine sponge Lamellodysideaherbacea were investigated. Eight isolated bacterial strains from the sponge were screened for bioactivity againsthuman pathogens Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Bacillus cereus (MTCC 430), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121), Listeriamonocytogenes (MTCC 839), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160) and Salmonella enterica typhimurium (MTCC1252) and only two strains CAB1 and CAB38 exhibited activity. Ethyl acetate extracted metabolites of strain CAB1showed significant activity against four pathogens B. cereus, B. subtilis, S. aureus and S. entrica typhimurium andCAB38 against three pathogens B. subtilis, E. coli and S. entrica typhimurium. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of thesetwo strains showed 99% sequence similarity with known sequences in the GenBank and their phylogenetic analysisconfirmed strain CAB1 as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (MK135790) and CAB38 as Alcaligenes faecalis (MK135791).The study demonstrated that metabolites from sponge associated bacterial endosymbionts can be a major source ofunique compounds with potential bioactivity.
ABSTRACT
Sponge diversity along the coasts of Andaman and Nicobar Islands comprises about 126 species and sponges are knownto act as a host to endosymbionts, which is found to possess novel antimicrobial metabolites. In the present study,screening and characterization of antibiotic producing endosymbiotic bacteria from the marine sponge Lamellodysideaherbacea were investigated. Eight isolated bacterial strains from the sponge were screened for bioactivity againsthuman pathogens Escherichia coli (MTCC 443), Bacillus cereus (MTCC 430), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 121), Listeriamonocytogenes (MTCC 839), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 3160) and Salmonella enterica typhimurium (MTCC1252) and only two strains CAB1 and CAB38 exhibited activity. Ethyl acetate extracted metabolites of strain CAB1showed significant activity against four pathogens B. cereus, B. subtilis, S. aureus and S. entrica typhimurium andCAB38 against three pathogens B. subtilis, E. coli and S. entrica typhimurium. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of thesetwo strains showed 99% sequence similarity with known sequences in the GenBank and their phylogenetic analysisconfirmed strain CAB1 as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (MK135790) and CAB38 as Alcaligenes faecalis (MK135791).The study demonstrated that metabolites from sponge associated bacterial endosymbionts can be a major source ofunique compounds with potential bioactivity
ABSTRACT
@#Endophytic fungi are a unique group in the Fungi kingdom as they spend the majority of their life cycles within the livingtissue of the host organism without causing apparent harm. The endophyte-host relationship is typically commensalismor mutualistic, with pathogenicity an issue only when either party is under stressed. The contribution of endophytic fungito the host is mostly in the form of chemical protection – secondary metabolites with bioactivities against invadingorganisms which may harm the host and consequentially threaten the survival of the endophyte. Many of these chemicalcompounds have been found to be pigments. Due to easy visual identification, many pigments from fungal sources havebeen isolated and characterised. This review highlights the potential of endophytic fungi as a source of pigments; withadditional focus on significant bioactivity, major chemical classes and biosynthesis. Existing and potential commercialapplications of natural pigments by endophytes are also discussed.
ABSTRACT
In the last decade, synthetic biology research has been gradually transited from monocellular parts or devices toward more complex multicellular systems. The emerging plant synthetic biology is regarded as the "next chapter" of synthetic biology. The complex and diverse plant metabolism as the entry point, plant synthetic biology research not only helps us understand how real life is working, but also facilitates us to learn how to design and construct more complex artificial life. Bioactive compounds innovation and large-scale production are expected to be breakthrough with the redesigned plant metabolism as well. In this review, we discuss the research progress in plant synthetic biology and propose the new materia medica project to lift the level of traditional Chinese herbal medicine research.
ABSTRACT
Objective To determine the bioactive phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of leaf and stem ethanolic extracts from Muntingia calabura L. (M. calabura). Methods Dried leaves and stems of M. calabura were extracted with 95% ethanol. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the extracts were examined using the disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each extract showing antimicrobial activity was determined. The dried extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening to determine the presence of bioactive components. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride method, respectively. Results Varying degrees of antimicrobial activity were exhibited by the leaf and stem extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans (C. albicans), with minimal activity against Escherichia coli. Based on the MIC, the extracts showed the highest activity against C. albicans, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of sterols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and tannins in the leaf exract; however, no triterpenes were detected. In the stem extract, triterpenes were detected along with relative amounts of flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and tannins. Alkaloids and sterols were absent in the stem extract. Conclusions M. calabura leaf and stem ethanol extracts are potential sources of antibacterial agents against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. This study reports for the first time the high degree of antifungal activity of M. calabura ethanolic extract, especially against C. albicans.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the bioactive phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of leaf and stem ethanolic extracts from Muntingia calabura L. (M. calabura). Methods: Dried leaves and stems of M. calabura were extracted with 95%ethanol. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the extracts were examined using the disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each extract showing antimicrobial activity was determined. The dried extracts were subjected to phyto-chemical screening to determine the presence of bioactive components. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were also determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride method, respectively. Results: Varying degrees of antimicrobial activity were exhibited by the leaf and stem extracts against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans (C. albicans), with minimal activity against Escherichia coli. Based on the MIC, the extracts showed the highest activity against C. albicans, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of sterols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and tannins in the leaf extract; however, no triterpenes were detected. In the stem extract, triterpenes were detected along with relative amounts of flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and tannins. Alkaloids and sterols were absent in the stem extract. Conclusions: M. calabura leaf and stem ethanol extracts are potential sources of anti-bacterial agents against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. This study reports for the first time the high degree of antifungal activity of M. calabura ethanolic extract, especially against C. albicans.
ABSTRACT
Aims: To investigate the influence of appropriate culture medium by optimizing the cultural conditions affecting the growth and bioactive metabolite production by Streptomyces gulbargensis DAS 131 under submerged culture conditions in order to reduce the cost of fermentation process to improve the formation of antimicrobial compounds. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Botany and Microbiology, January 2012 to May 2012. Methodology: The impact of environmental parameters such as incubation period, pH, temperature and salt concentration and effect of various nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen sources and minerals on the antimicrobial metabolite production by Streptomyces gulbargensis DAS 131 was evaluated by employing agar well diffusion assay. Growth was measured in the form of dry mycelial weight. Results: The optimum pH and temperature for bioactive metabolite production were 7 and 35°C respectively. Highest antimicrobial metabolite production was found when the strain was inoculated into the medium amended with glucose at the concentration of 2%, soya peptone at the rate of 1% and NaCl at the concentration of 5% and incubated for six days under shaking conditions. The metabolites showed good antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, as well as unicellular and multicellular fungi. Conclusion: S. gulbargensis DAS 131 isolated from the semi-arid soils of Gulbarga, Northern Karnataka province, India exhibited broad spectrum antimicrobial activity. It was found that the antimicrobial metabolite production by the strain was positively influenced by carbohydrates, nitrogen sources and minerals.
ABSTRACT
Aims: To optimize the process parameters for enhanced production of bioactive metabolites by Streptomyces tritolerans DAS 165T. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Botany and Microbiology, April 2012 to August 2012. Methodology: Agar well diffusion assay was employed to study the effect of environmental parameters such as incubation period, pH, temperature and salt concentration and influence of various nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen sources and minerals on the bioactive metabolite production by Streptomyces tritolerans DAS 165T. Results: The production of antimicrobial metabolite was high when the strain was cultured for six days at 35ºC in medium (pH 7.5) with sucrose at the concentration of 2% (carbon source), soya peptone at the concentration of 1% (nitrogen source) and sodium chloride at the concentration of 5%. Conclusion: This is the first report on the optimization of bioactive metabolite production by Streptomyces tritolerans DAS 165T. As the strain exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, it may be explored for biotechnological purposes.
Subject(s)
Biological Products/biosynthesis , Biological Products/metabolism , Environment , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Microbial Viability , Nutritional Status , Streptomyces/classification , Streptomyces/metabolism , Streptomyces/physiologyABSTRACT
Aims: To Isolate and characterize the antimicrobial actinomycetes from the marine habitats of south coast of Andhra Pradesh, India. Place and Duration of the Study: Marine habitats of south coast of Andhra Pradesh, India, between June 2011 and July 2012. Methodology: The soil samples were collected, pre-treated and plated on yeast extractmalt extract dextrose agar medium. Identification of the strain was carried out by employing the polyphasic taxonomical studies including the 16S rRNA sequence based analysis. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis (MEGA) version 5. The influence of culture conditions and the effect of environmental factors on the biomass and antimicrobial activy\ity of the strain was the focus of this study. Results: A total of 20 actinobacteria were isolated from the marine habitats of south coast of Andhra Pradesh, India, and screened for antimicrobial activity against test bacteria and fungi. The potent bioactive metabolite producing strain was designated as VLK-12. Further polyphasic studies revealed that the Isolate VLK-12 belongs to the genera Rhodococcus. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing studies revealed that the strain is closely related to Rhodococcus erythropolis. The crude ethyl acetate extract obtained by culturing the strain on YMD inhibited Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria along with fungi. Conclusion: Rhodococcus erythropolis isolated from the marine habitats of south coast of Andhra Pradesh exhibited antimicrobial activity against pathogens.
Subject(s)
Biological Products/metabolism , Culture Media , Ecosystem , Environment , India , Marine Biology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Nutritional Status , Rhodococcus/classification , Rhodococcus/isolation & purification , Rhodococcus/physiology , Tissue Culture TechniquesABSTRACT
En el presente estudio fueron evaluadas 300 cepas de actinomicetos (140 de origen clínico y 160 del suelo). La producción de sustancias antimicrobianas del total de las cepas de actinomicetos fue evaluada utilizando los siguientes caldos: Bennett (M1), (M2), y el caldo levadura extracto de malta-dextrosa YMD (M3). Se ajustaron las condiciones óptimas de cultivo para lograr altas concentraciones de los metabolitos bioactivos. El proceso de fermentación fue utilizado en tiempos de incubación que variaron entre 5 hasta 10 días. La mayor producción de metabolitos bioactivos se obtuvo cuando se utilizó el medio de producción M2. La actividad antimicrobiana se vio favorecida con la adición de dextrosa, peptona proteosada y extracto de levadura y fosfato de potasio (K2P04), sulfato de magnesio (MgSO4) x 7H2O y carbonato de calcio (CaCO3). Se relacionaron los patrones de crecimiento, la actividad antimicrobiana y la producción de biomasa en las cepas de actinomicetos en los tres medios de cultivo utilizados. Las cepas que presentaron fuerte actividad antimicrobiana contra la mayoría de las bacterias grampositivas, gramnegativas y hongos, fueron seleccionadas para futuros estudios donde se realizará la extracción, purificación y caracterización de los metabolitos bioactivos producidos.
The present study evaluated 300 actinomyces strains (140 from clinical samples and 160 from soil samples). The production of antimicrobial substances by the total actinomyces strains was evaluated using the following broths: Bennet (M1), (M2), and malt-dextrose yeast extract broth YMD (M3). Cultures were adjusted to optimal conditions in order to obtain high bioactive metabolite concentrations. The fermentation process was used with incubation periods which varied between 5 and 10 days. The highest bioactive metabolite production was obtained when the M2 medium was used. Antimicrobial activity was favored with the addition of dextrose, proteose peptone, yeast extract, potassium phosphate (K2PO4), magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) x 7H2O and calcium carbonate (CaCO2). Growth patterns, antimicrobial activity, and biomass production of the actinomyces were related to the three culture media used. The strains which showed strong antimicrobial activity against most gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi were selected for future studies where the bioactive metabolites produced will be extracted, purified, and characterized.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: the idea to explore at least some of the regions diversity such as the Colombian Orinoco through bioprospecting study of Lacmellea standleyi (Woodson) Monach. arises as a consequence of ignorance of much of the floristic richness in Colombia and the potential relevance of much of this in the nutrition, health and industry. Objective: to evaluate the antioxidant potential, nutritional and phenolic content, antimicrobial activity, and safety degree of aqueous, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of Lacmellea standleyi fruits in three different ripening stages. Methods: the nutritional value was evaluated using standardized methods to full fruit in its three ripening stages. Each of the extracts was chemically characterized by spectrophotometric assays. Antimicrobial activity was measured by the size of inhibition against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida parpsilosis; the acute toxicity of the fruits was measured through in vitro tests using Artemia salina as experimental model. Results: the results show that green fruits are suppliers of antioxidant compounds. Higher levels of nutrients are found in the intermediate state and mature fruit has attractive organoleptic properties and a relatively high nutrient content. Conclusions: the antioxidant capacity of Lacmellea standleyi fruits was evident in the three ripening stages, giving the plant a promising future in the pharmaceutical industry, standing out in this field the fruits in the green stage. Furthermore, the results suggest the application of the intermediate and mature fruits in the finished products development. The safety observed in the plant material warrants its use in human consumption.
Introducción: del desconocimiento de gran parte de la riqueza florística en Colombia y de la importancia que podría tener gran parte de esta en la nutrición, salud e industria, nace la idea de explorar, al menos en parte, la diversidad de regiones como la Orinoquía colombiana a través del estudio de bioprospección de los frutos de Lacmellea standleyi (Woodson) Monach. Objetivo: evaluar el potencial antioxidante, el contenido fenólico y nutricional, la actividad antimicrobiana y el grado de inocuidad de los extractos acuoso, etanólico y de acetato de etilo, de los frutos de Lacmellea standleyi en 3 estadios diferentes de maduración. Métodos: el valor nutricional se evaluó a través de métodos estandarizados, al fruto completo en sus 3 estadios de maduración; cada uno de los extractos se caracterizó químicamente a través de ensayos espectrofotométricos. La actividad antimicrobiana se midió mediante el tamaño del halo de inhibición frente a cepas de Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli y Candida parpsilosis; la toxicidad aguda de los frutos se calculó mediante pruebas in vitro, usando como modelo experimental nauplios de Artemia salina. Resultados: se pudo evidenciar que los frutos verdes aportan compuestos antioxidantes. En el estado intermedio se encuentran los niveles más altos de nutrientes y el fruto maduro ostenta atractivas propiedades organolépticas y un contenido relativamente alto de nutrientes. Conclusiones: la capacidad antioxidante de los frutos de Lacmellea standleyi resultó evidente en los 3 estadios de maduración. Esto otorga al vegetal un futuro promisorio en la industria farmacológica, sobresaliendo en este campo los frutos en el estadio verde. Además, los resultados permiten sugerir la aplicación de los frutos en estado intermedio y maduro en la elaboración de productos alimenticios terminados. La inocuidad observada en el material vegetal garantizaría su uso en el consumo humano.
ABSTRACT
Aims: Isolate and characterize the antimicrobial actinomycetes from sediments of Mangrove ecosystems of Nizampatnam located in the south coastal region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Methodology and Results: The Mangrove soil samples were collected, pre-treated and plated on asparagine-glucose agar medium. Identification of the strain was carried out by employing the polyphasic taxonomical studies including the 16S rRNA sequence based analysis. Phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis (MEGA) version 5. The potent bioactive metabolite strain was isolated and designated as VUK-10. Further polyphasic studies revealed that the Isolate VUK-10 belongs to the genera Pseudonocardia. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequencing studies revealed that the strain is closely related to Pseudonocardia endophytica and the bioactive metabolites produced by the isolate inhibited Gram positive, Gram negative and Fungi. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The isolation, characterization of the rare actinomycetes from the mangrove ecosystem will be useful for the discovery of the novel bioactive metabolites that are effective against wide range of pathogens.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of cultural and environmental parameters affecting the growth and bioactive metabolite production of the rare strain VUK-10 of actinomycete Pseudonocardia, which exhibits a broad spectrum of in vitro antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi. Production of bioactive metabolites by the strain was high the in modified yeast extract-malt extract-dextrose (ISP-2) broth, as compared to other tested media. Glucose (1%) and tryptone (0.25%) were found to be the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for optimum production of growth and bioactive metabolites. Maximum production of bioactive metabolites was found in the culture medium with initial pH 7 incubated with the strain for four days at 30degrees C, under shaking conditions. This is the first report on the optimization of bioactive metabolites by Pseudonocardia sp. VUK-10.