University curriculum update on aerobic physical education / Atualização do currículo universitário em educação física aeróbica / Actualización del plan de estudios universitario de educación física aeróbica

ABSTRACT Introduction Although colleges and universities have improved their aerobic physical education systems, the teaching design has a partially scientific basis, requiring urgent updating. Objective Research means of scientific improvement to the aerobic physical education curriculum in colleges and universities. Methods A total of 594 students and 52 teacher questionnaires were collected to understand the background of the research. Four groups of athletes were selected for relevant data collection. A kinematic analysis with a reflective ball at different joints and limbs archived the main variables of the most demanded actions on a force measurement platform, which were combined with the athletes' data. Results Through the integration and analysis of the research results, this paper obtained a scientifically based training scheme with clear training objectives. It also displays a deeper understanding of the actual situation of teaching aerobic physical education in colleges and universities. Conclusion This paper designs a scientifically-based aerobics optimization scheme according to the characteristics of colleges and universities, addressing the real needs of students and promoting the improvement of aerobic physical education teaching in colleges and universities. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução Embora as faculdades e universidades tenham aprimorado seus sistemas de educação física aeróbica, o projeto do ensino não dispõe de um embasamento científico completo, necessitando de uma urgente atualização. Objetivo Pesquisar meios de aprimoramento científico ao currículo de educação física aeróbica em faculdades e universidades. Métodos Um total de 594 questionários de estudantes e 52 questionários de professores foram coletados para compreender o histórico da pesquisa. Quatro grupos de atletas foram selecionados para a coleta de dados relevantes. Uma análise cinemática com bola refletiva em diferentes articulações e membros, arquivou as principais variáveis das ações mais demandadas numa plataforma de medição de força, que foram combinados aos dados dos atletas. Resultados Através da integração e análise dos resultados da pesquisa, este trabalho obteve um esquema de treinamento com embasamento científico e objetivos claros de treinamento. Também exibe um entendimento mais profundo da situação real do ensino de educação física aeróbica nas faculdades e universidades. Conclusão Este documento projeta um esquema de otimização de aeróbica com embasamento científico de acordo com as características das faculdades e universidades, abordando as necessidades reais dos estudantes, promovendo a melhoria do ensino no curso de educação física aeróbica das faculdades e universidades. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción Aunque los colegios y universidades han mejorado sus sistemas de educación física aeróbica, el proyecto de enseñanza no tiene una base científica completa, lo que requiere una actualización urgente. Objetivo Investigar los medios para mejorar científicamente el plan de estudios de educación física aeróbica en los colegios y universidades. Métodos Se recogieron un total de 594 cuestionarios de alumnos y 52 de profesores para conocer los antecedentes de la investigación. Se seleccionaron cuatro grupos de atletas para recoger los datos pertinentes. Un análisis cinemático con un balón reflectante en diferentes articulaciones y extremidades, archivó las principales variables de las acciones más demandadas en una plataforma de medición de fuerza, que se combinaron con los datos de los atletas. Resultados A través de la integración y el análisis de los resultados de la investigación, este trabajo obtuvo un esquema de formación con base científica y objetivos de formación claros. También muestra un conocimiento más profundo de la situación real de la enseñanza de la educación física aeróbica en los colegios y universidades. Conclusión Este trabajo diseña un esquema de optimización del aeróbic con base científica según las características de los colegios y universidades, atendiendo a las necesidades reales de los estudiantes, promoviendo la mejora de la enseñanza en el curso de educación física aeróbica en los colegios y universidades. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Analysis of Plantar Pressure before and after Occurrence of Neurogenic Intermittent Claudication in Patients with Central Lumbar Spinal Stenosis / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate the changes of plantar pressure distributions and risk of falling before and after the occurrence of neurogenic intermittent claudication (NIC) in patients with central lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), so as to provide theoretical and data references for the application of plantar pressure analysis in judgment of walking abilities for LSS patients. Methods Twelve patients with LSS at the L4-5 segment were selected as the LSS group, while twelve healthy adults at the same age were selected as the control group. Footscansystem was used to measure plantar pressure of these subjects during walking. Contact area percentage of the total foot contact area (CA%), pressure-time integral (PTI), foot progression angle (FPA), contact time percentage of the stance time (CT%) and total stance time (CT) in both LSS group and control group were compared to evaluate changes of plantar pressures during walking．Results Before the occurrence of NIC, compared with the control group, the LSS group had lower CT% during the forefoot push-off phase (FFPOP) and higher CT% during the initial contact phase (ICP), the total CT and FPA also increased, and the PTI of the 1st-3rd metatarsals and the CA% of the 2nd and 3rd metatarsals were higher. After the NIC occurred, for LSS group, CT% during ICP and forefoot contact phase (FFCP) decreased, CT% during the foot flat phase (FFP) and FFPOP as well as total CT and FPA increased, the PTI and CA% increased in 1st-4th metatarsals. Moreover, the CA% also increased in toe zone, both the PTI and CA% decreased in heel zone. Conclusions In patients with central LSS during walking, the distribution of plantar pressure shifts forward, with abnormal phase of the stance time occurring. Such abnormality will be further aggravated by NIC, indicating a higher risk of falling.

Effects of axial length and corneal curvature on corneal biomechanics in elderly population / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:To explore the corneal biomechanical properties of the elderly with different axial length ( AL) and corneal curvature by corneal visualization Scheimpflug Technology ( Corvis ST) .?METHODS: Cross - sectional study. A total of 161 patients ( 297 eyes ) undergoing phacoemulsification were collected in this study. They were divided into 22-24mm, 24-26mm, more than 26mm groups according to axial length ( 190 eyes, 54 eyes and 53 eyes, respectively). Those of whom axial length was 22-24mm and the corneal curvature was 42-44D were divided into male and female groups ( 44 eyes and 49 eyes, respectively). Those of whom axial length was 22-24mm were divided into 42-44D group, more than 44D group according to corneal curvature ( 88 eyes, 102 eyes, respectively ) . Corvis ST was used to measure the biomechanical parameters of the cornea. The differences in the parameters between different groups were analyzed using the independent-samples t test or one-way analysis of variance and correlation analyses were performed using Pearson correlation analysis.?RESULTS:When comparing the corneal biomechanical parameters, no statistically significant differences were found between male and female groups (P>0. 05). The first applanation length and second applanation length among different corneal curvatures were statistically significant (P<0. 05). There was statistical significance on the difference of the second applanation velocity, deformation amplitude, central cornea thickness, intraocular pressure in different AL groups (P<0. 05). The axial length was positively correlated with deformation amplitude, intraocular pressure ( r=0. 429, 0. 278; P < 0. 001 ), but there was negative linear correlation between the patient's axial length and central cornea thickness, the second applanation velocity ( r=-0. 291, -0. 415;P<0. 001).?CONCLUSION: The corneal curvature and ocular axial length may be the factors affecting the corneal biomechanical characteristics. The longer axial length, the thinner corneal thickness, the more easily the corneal is deformed, and with the increase of the axial length, intraocular pressure also increases.

Biomechanical evaluation of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon fixed by three techniques: a sheep model / Avaliação biomecânica da fixação do tendão da cabeça longa do bíceps braquial por três técnicas: modelo em ovinos

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biomechanical properties of the fixation of the long head of the biceps brachii into the humeral bone with suture anchors, interference screw, and soft tissue suture, comparing strength, highest traction load, and types of fixation failure. METHODS: Thirty fresh-frozen sheep shoulders were used, separated into three groups of ten for each technique. After fixation, the tendons were subjected to longitudinal continuous loading, obtaining load-to-failure (N) and displacement (mm). RESULTS: The mean load-to-failure for suture anchors was 95 ± 35.3 N, 152.7 ± 52.7 N for interference screw, and 104.7 ± 23.54 N for soft tissue technique. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05), with interference screw demonstrating higher load-to-failure than suture anchor fixation (p = 0.00307) and soft tissue (p = 0.00473). The strength of interference screw was also superior when compared with the other two methods (p = 0.0000127 and p = 0.00000295, respectively). There were no differences between suture anchors and soft tissue technique regarding load-to-failure (p = 0.9420) and strength (p = 0.141). CONCLUSION: Tenodesis of the long head of the biceps brachii with interference screw was stronger than the suture anchors and soft tissue techniques. The other two techniques did not differ between themselves.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Avaliar biomecanicamente a fixação da cabeça longa do bíceps braquial no úmero com âncoras ósseas, parafuso de interferência e sutura em partes moles e comparar resistência, força máxima de tração e tipos de falha na fixação. MÉTODOS: Foram usados 30 ombros de ovinos frescos, divididos em três grupos de dez para cada técnica. Após fixação, os tendões foram submetidos a tração longitudinal contínua até falha do sistema e obtiveram-se força máxima de tração (N) e deslocamento (mm). RESULTADOS: A força máxima de tração foi em média 95 ± 35,3 N para âncoras ósseas, 152,7 ± 52,7 N para parafuso de interferência e 104,7 ± 23,54 N para partes moles. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05): o parafuso de interferência demonstrou força máxima de tração superior às fixações com âncoras ósseas (p = 0,00307) e partes moles (p = 0,00473). A resistência com parafuso de interferência também foi superior à dos outros dois métodos (p = 0,0000127 e p = 0,0000029,5 respectivamente). Âncoras ósseas e partes moles não apresentaram diferenças, tanto para força máxima de tração (p = 0,9420) quanto para resistência (p = 0,141). CONCLUSÃO: A tenodese da cabeça longa do bíceps braquial com parafuso de interferência demonstra maior resistência quando comparada com as técnicas com âncoras ósseas e partes moles. As duas últimas técnicas não diferem.

Effects of axial length and corneal curvature on corneal biomechanics in elderly population / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM:To explore the corneal biomechanical properties of the elderly with different axial length(AL)and corneal curvature by Corneal Visualization Scheimpflug Technology(Corvis ST). <p>METHODS: A cross-sectional study. A total of 220 patients(426 eyes)undergoing phacoemulsification were collected in this study. One of them whose the AL was 22-24 mm and the corneal curvature was 42-44 D were divided into male and female groups(44 eyes and 49 eyes, respectively). One of them whose the corneal curvature was 42-44 D were divided into 22-24 mm, 24-26 mm, and more than 26 mm groups according to AL(99 eyes, 22 eyes and 12 eyes, respectively). One of them whose the AL was 22-24 mm were divided into 42-44 D, and more than 44 D according to corneal curvature(88 eyes, 102 eyes, respectively). Corvis ST was used to measure the biomechanical parameters of the cornea. The differences in the parameters between different groups were analyzed using the independent-samples <i>t</i>-test or one-way analysis of variance and correlation analyses were performed using Pearson correlation analysis.<p>RESULTS: When comparing the corneal biomechanical parameters, no statistically significant differences were found between male and female groups(<i>P</i>>0.05). The first applanation length and second applanation length among different corneal curvatures were statistically significant(<i>P</i><0.05). There was statistically significant only for the difference of the second applanation length and central cornea thickness between two groups of 22-24 mm and 24-26 mm(<i>P</i><0.05). There was statistically significant for the difference of the second applanation length, deformation amplitude, central cornea thickness, the first applanation time, intraocular pressure and corrected intraocular pressure between the two groups of 22-24 mm and more than 26 mm(<i>P</i><0.05). But there was no statistically significant differences of the parameters between groups of 24-26 mm and more than 26 mm(<i>P</i>>0.05). The patient's AL was positively correlated with deformation amplitude, intraocular pressure and corrected intraocular pressure(<i>r</i>=0.263, <i>P</i>=0.002; <i>r</i>=0.463, <i>P</i>=0.000; <i>r</i>=0.449, <i>P</i>=0.000), and there is negative correlation between the patient's AL and central cornea thickness, the second applanation length(<i>r</i>=-0.240, <i>P</i>=0.006; <i>r</i>=-0.344, <i>P</i>=0.000).<p>CONCLUSION: The corneal curvature and ocular AL may be the factor affecting the corneal biomechanical properties. The longer AL, the thinner corneal thickness, the more easily the corneal is deformed, and with the increase of the AL, intraocular pressure also increases. When discussing whether the preparation of the cataract incision is affected by the patient's own factors, the different corneal curvatures and AL shall be considered.

Analysis of the distribution of stress and deformation in single implant-supported prosthetic units in implants of different diameters / Análise da distribuição das tensões e deformações em reabilitações implanto-suportadas unitárias com implantes de diferentes diâmetros

Introduction: When stress and strain levels in the bone-implant system exceed It's capacity, a mechanical fatigue occurs, resulting in collapse and loss of osseointegration. Objective: Analyze biomechanical behavior in single implant-supported prosthesis with implants of different diameters in the posterior mandible. Material and method: Three different finite element models of Cone-Morse implants with the same height were created, varying the diameter (3.3 mm, 4.1 mm and 4.8 mm). The mandibular first molar area was the location of the implant, with It´s component and overlying prosthetic crown. The jawbone was composed of cortical and cancellous bone. Refined mesh of 0.5 mm was created in the critical interfaces to be analyzed. The loading of the models was performed at the point of occlusal contact with an occlusal load of 400 N. Result: Maximum stress and strain occurred in the cervical regions of the implants in all groups, either in the implants or in components as well as in the analysis of cortical bone. The greater the diameter, the lower the stress and strain found in the implant. The 3.3 mm group had the highest strain in peri-implant cortical bone, and the 4.1 mm group had the smallest deformation, significantly lower than in the 4.8 mm group. Conclusion: Although the biggest implant diameter (4.8 mm) appears to have lower values of stress and strain, the group of intermediate implant diameter (4.1 mm) showed less deformation rate in the cortical peri-implant bone. Therefore it is concluded that the 4.1 mm implant platform presented a more biomechanically effective peri-implant bone maintenance.

Introdução: Quando os níveis de tensão e compressão gerados no sistema osso-implante excederem a capacidade óssea ocorre uma fadiga mecânica, resultando em colapso e perda da osseointegração. Objetivo: Analisar o comportamento biomecânico em próteses unitárias implanto-suportadas com implantes de diferentes diâmetros na região posterior de mandíbula. Material e método: Foram criados três modelos de elementos finitos de implantes cone-Morse de mesmo comprimento, variando-se o diâmetro: 3,3 mm, 4,1 mm e 4,8 mm. A localização do implante foi a região de primeiro molar inferior, com componente e coroa protética sobrejacentes. A mandíbula foi composta por osso cortical e medular. Foi criada malha refinada de 0,5 mm nas interfaces criticas a serem analisadas. O carregamento dos modelos foi realizado nos pontos de contatos oclusais, com uma carga oclusal de 400 N. Resultado: Tensão e deformação máximas ocorreram nas regiões cervicais dos implantes em todos os grupos, tanto na análise dos implantes e componentes quanto na análise do osso cortical. Quanto maior foi o diâmetro, menores foram tensão e deformação encontradas no implante. O grupo 3,3 mm apresentou a maior deformação em osso cortical periimplantar, tendo o grupo 4,1 mm a menor deformação, significantemente menor em relação ao grupo 4,8 mm. Conclusão: Apesar de o implante de maior diâmetro (4,8 mm) ter apresentado os menores valores de tensão e deformação, o grupo do implante de diâmetro intermediário (4,1 mm) mostrou menor taxa de deformação em osso cortical periimplantar. Portanto conclui-se que o implante de plataforma 4,1 mm apresentou-se mais efetivo biomecanicamente para manutenção óssea periimplantar.

The effects ofXuling-Jianguformula on bone mineral density and the bone biomechanic in osteoporosis model rats / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To study the effects ofXuling-Jiangu formula on bone mineral density and the bone biomechanic in the osteoporosis model rats.Methods According to the random number table method, 40 SD female rats were randomly divided into the caltrate D group, theXuling-Jianguformula group, the model group and the sham group,10 rats each group. In addition to the sham group, the other groups were osteoporosis model. After 30 days, the Caltrate D group received intragastric caltrate D mixed suspension 0.126 g/kg; the Xuling-Jiangu formula group receivedXuling-Jianguformula solution 15 g/kg, and the sham group and the model group received normal saline 10 ml/kg. After 12 weeks treatment, detection of left tibia bone mineral density andthree-point bending method was used for biomechanical testing.Results The mineral density of the Xuling-Jiangu formula group (0.244 ± 0.022 g/cm2,0.195 ± 0.017 g/cm2vs. 0.223 ± 0.013 g/cm2) were significantly higher than the model group and caltrate D group (P<0.01); compared with the model group, the bone biomechanictests in theXuling-Jiangu formula group (0.072 ± 0.036 kN vs.0.041 ± 0.015 kN; 843.754 ± 428.722 N/mm2vs. 482.084 ± 176.646 N/mm2) were significantly higher (P<0.05).ConclusionXuling-Jiangu formula canimprove the bone mineral density and the bone lbiomechanic of osteoporosis rats.

The functional study of anagenetic fibula after removing of young rabbits / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the difference between anagenetic fibula with normal fibula in mechanical parameters, osteogenesis and tissue morphology,through establishing the model of fibula defect in rabbit.Methods Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided.Model group were cuted the right fibula bone with 1.5 cm length.X-ray was used to observe the anagenetic fibula(half month,one month,two months).Stumped the anagenetic and normal fibula(1.5 cm)after two months. Three-point bending test was used to test the mechanical properties;alkaline phosphatase staining was checked the bone-formation ability;HE staining to check the tissue morphology.Results After half month a few new bone were formed at the edges of resec-tion area,one month later new bone were growed in the donor site,and after two month new fibula were completely formed.The three point bending test of fibula showed:there was no statistically significant difference between anagenetic fibula and normal fibu-la(P >0.05);alkaline phosphatase staining and HE staining showed the anagenetic fibula bone forming ability,histology had no sig-nificant difference compared with normal fibula.Conclusion Fibula were regenerated successfully after removing which retaining the periosteum.Compared with the normal fibula,there were no remarkable differences in mechanical parameters,osteogenesis and tissue morphology.

Effects of three types of fusion methods on stress of adjacent segments by finite element analysis / 实用医学杂志

Objective To study the different biomechanics surgical effects of posterolateral fusion , the transverse fusion and the interbody fusion. Method Scan CT was followed with preprocess of images. The Mimics , HyperMesh and Geomagic Studio Reverse engineering softwares were used to establish the modles of lumbar fusion , then the finite element computation was conducted by using the Abaqus finite element software. Result The EF of each lumbar modle was established , the EF of the interbody fusionwas rised evidently. After the fusion , the stress of the adjacent lumbar were also rised, among them the stress of the upper adjacent segment in tnterbody fusion was the most in extension and rotation , with statistical significance ( P 0.05). About the under adjacent sengment, in the extension and antexion, the stress of the interbody fusion was the most, and the new type of posterolateral fusion was the least, the three of them all haved statistical significance (P0.05). Conclusion After the fusion, the EF of the lumbar and the stress of the lumbar disc are all established, the interbody fusion is most, while the others are lower.

Transferencia de sedente a bípedo (SAB) en niños con parálisis cerebral / Sit-to-stand (STS) transfer in children with cerebral palsy

Levantarse de una silla y volver a sentarse es una de las actividades que se realizan varias veces al día siendo un requisito importante para el logro de muchos objetivos funcionales como lo es caminar. La incapacidad para realizar la transferencia de sedente a bípedo (SAB) conduce a una limitación severa en la movilidad, como en el caso de las personas con parálisis cerebral (PC). El objetivo de este artículo fue describir las características biomecánicas y sistemas de análisis de la transferencia de SAB en niños con PC, por medio de la revisión de artículos en diferentes bases de datos. El análisis parte de 50 artículos y culmina en la selección de 11. Los resultados eviden-cian un incremento en el tiempo de ejecución de la tarea, con clara evidencia de movimientos compensatorios en los niños con PC para poder ejecutar y finalizar el paso de SAB, además de una relación entre el nivel de GMFCS y la capacidad de hacer la transferencia. Se concluye acerca de la importancia en la evaluación de este tipo de trasferencia para poder determinar el grado de independencia funcional de los niños con PC, además de tener en consideración factores que son determinantes a la hora de realizar el cambio de SAB, como lo es la posición del tobillo y la altura de la silla para realizar con eficacia el movimiento, lo que traduce un aumento del desempeño funcional del niño con PC en su entorno cotidiano.

Getting-up and sitting from a chair is a frequent activity during the day, and is an important requirement for achieving functional goals such as walking. Inability to sit-to-stand (STS) leads to severe mobility limitations like in Cerebral Palsy (CP) patients. The aim of this study is to describe biomechanical characteristics and analysis systems of the change from STS in children with CP by means of reviewing published papers in scientific databases. Fifty papers were fond and 11 were selected. An increase in the task execution time of the change from SSP was found in children with CP, along with compensatory movements necessary to achieve the task. Besides, a relationship between the GMFCS level and task execution time was also found. Assessing this kind of tasks are important for define functional independence in children with CP. Besides, it is important to consider compensatory movements when performing change from STS, like ankle position, and other variables like the height of the chair, when children perform the activity. Controlling these variables reflects a better functional performance of children with CP in their every-day environment.

Dynamic simulation and finite element analysis of gunshot wounds to the center of mandible mental region in human / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To establish a finite element model of gunshot wound on the maxillofacial region in human, and to Conduct dynamic simulation and analysis of the injury process and degree of gunshot wounds to the center of mandible mental region, so as to explore a new method for establishing a gunshot wound model of human mandible. Methods: Based on the existing modeling method and internal parameters, digital CT scan data of human mandible were used to establish a three-dimensional finite element model of human mandible, which was used to dynamically simulate the process of gunshot wounds to the center of mandible mental region under different shot conditions. The residual velocities of the shootings with different projectiles at different entry angles and different impact velocities were calculated; the energy loss of the projectile and therate of energy loss after exiting the mandible were also calculated; and the obtained data were compared and analyzed. Results: The dynamic processes of gunshot wounds to the center of mandible mental region with two projectiles, three impact velocities, and three entry angles were successfully simulated. Meanwhile, thes imulation was also done for the stress distribution in different parts of mandible after injury. Computation and the analysis of the modeling data showed that these verity of injuries and the injury efficiency of projectiles differed with different injury conditions. Conclusion: Finite element model can dynamically simulate the injury process of gunshot wounds to the center of mandible mental region. It is found that the injury severity on mandible and the injury efficiency vary under different injury conditions. The finite element model is a potentially ideal model for studying the maxillofacial gunshot wounds.

Implantes curtos na mandíbula são seguros? / Are short implants in the mandible safe?

Objetivo: Analisar a importância da bioengenharia e do aperfeiçoamento de técnicas cirúrgicas, demonstrando através dos índices alcançados a prevalência do sucesso na instalação de implantes dentais em região posterior da mandíbula, em qualidades ósseas D3, em pacientes entre 52 e 60 anos, com próteses fixas sobre implantes de 8,5 mm. Métodos: Este estudo retrospectivo teve os dados estatísticos coletados no Centro de Pós-Graduação do Centro Integrado de Odontologia, Faculdades Sarandi da Academia de Odontologia do Rio de Janeiro, na clínica CLIVO, dentre um total de 2 294 implantes instalados na mandíbula, no período de 1999 a 2007. Os implantes curtos totalizavam 1 056, com comprimento menor ou igual a 10 mm, dos quais vinte implantes foram escolhidos de forma aleatória e analisados. Resultados: Os dados sofreram tratamento estatístico e a comparação destes foi consubstanciada em análise construtiva de dados através dos Métodos Estatísticos no reconhecimento de padrões de cada variável em estudo. O índice de sucesso obtido foi de 85% e verificou-se a necessidade de tomar certos cuidados na indicação do seu uso. Conclusão: A bioengenharia e o desenvolvimento de técnicas cirúrgicas atuais otimizaram o uso dos implantes curtos com o objetivo de evitar cirurgias avançadas. Para compensar o menor tamanho devem-se observar alguns fatores, como: qualidade óssea, proporção coroa/implante, número de implantes e diâmetro, geometria macroscópica e microscópica dos implantes, magnitude de forças e mesa oclusal.

Objective: To analyze the importance of bioengineering and the improvement in surgical techniques demonstrated by the rates attained of the prevalence of successful placement of dental implants in the posterior region of the mandible, in D3 bone quality in patients between the ages of 52 and 60 years, with dentures fixed on 8.5 mm implants. Methods: The statistical data for this retrospective study were collected at the Post-Graduation Center of the Integrated Dentistry Center, Faculty of Sarandi / Academy of Dentistry - Rio de Janeiro, at the CLIVO clinic, from among a total of 2 294 implants placed in the mandible, in the period from 1999 to 2007. There was a total of 1 056 short implants, of a length shorter than or equal to 10 mm, among which 20 implants were randomly chosen and analyzed. Results: The data were treated statistically and comparison of these data was consubstantiated in constructive data analysis by means of Statistical Pattern Recognition Methods for each variable under study. A success rate of 85% was obtained, and the need to take certain care when indicating the use of short implants was verified. Conclusion: Bioengineering and the development of present day surgical techniques have optimized the use of short implants, with the aim of avoiding advanced surgeries. To compensate the smaller size, there are some factors that must be observed, such as: Bone quality, crown/implant ratio, number and diameter of implants, macroscopic and microscopic geometry of the implants, magnitude of mesial occlusal forces.

Características cinemáticas e cinéticas do salto vertical: comparação entre jogadores de futebol e basquetebol / Kinematic and kinetic characteristics of vertical jump: Comparison between soccer and basketball players

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o desempenho e as características cinéticas e cinemáticas do salto vertical com (CBB) e sem (SBB) balanço dos braços, entre jogadores de futebol e basquetebol. Nove jogadores de basquetebol (21,2 ± 2,9 anos; 101,64 ± 14,58 Kg; 1,95 ± 0,06 m) e nove jogadores de futebol (18,2 ± 0,7 anos; 77,4 ± 7,58 Kg; 1,81 ± 0,07m) realizaram 12 saltos verticais máximos, utilizando a técnica do contramovimento, sendo 06 saltos CBB e seis SBB. Os saltos foram realizados sobre uma plataforma de força que registrou as forças de reação do solo (FRS). A altura do salto vertical, as variáveis cinemáticas(duração da fase excêntrica, duração da fase concêntrica e máximo deslocamento para baixo do centro de massa) e cinéticas (potência média na fase excêntrica, potência média na fase concêntrica, pico de potência e pico de força) foram calculadas a partir do componentevertical da FRS. Os resultados não revelaram diferenças entre o grupo de jogadores de basquetebol e o grupo de jogadores de futebol, na altura máxima do salto vertical nem nas variáveis cinemáticas e cinéticas. Os participantes de ambos os grupos obtiveram maior altura do salto vertical no CBB (0,41m) do que SBB (0,36m). Isto foi alcançado devido a ummaior pico de potência (CBB=276,8W/Kg0,67 vs. SBB=241,3W/Kg0,67) e uma maior duração da fase concêntrica (CBB=0,20s/m0,5 vs. SBB=0,19s/m0,5) no salto CBB do que no SBB. Estes resultados indicam que os jogadores de futebol e basquetebol, avaliados no presente estudo,possuem desempenho e características cinemáticas e cinéticas similares, independente do tipo de salto vertical realizado. Entretanto, o uso dos braços durante o salto vertical melhora o desempenho, sendo que a utilização do braço parece influenciar jogadores de futebol ebasquetebol na mesma proporção.

The aim of this study was to compare jump height and kinetic and kinematic components of countermovement vertical jumps between soccer and basketball players performed in two different arm swing conditions: with arm swing (WAS) and without arm swing (NAS).Nine basketball players (21.2 ± 2.9 years; 101.64 ± 14.58 kg; 1.95 ± 0.06 m) and nine soccer players (18.2 ± 0.7 years; 77.4 ± 7.58 kg; 1.81 ± 0.07 m) performed 12 maximal countermovement vertical jumps, including 6 WAS jumps and 6 NAS jumps, on a force platform that recorded the ground reaction force (GRF). The vertical component of the GRF was used to estimate jump height and to calculate the kinematic (duration of eccentric phase, duration of concentric phase, and maximal downward displacement of center of mass) and kinetic variables(mean power during the eccentric phase, mean power during the concentric, peak power, and peak force). The results showed no differences in jump height or in kinematic or kinetic variablesbetween basketball and soccer players. In addition, the results showed that the participants of the two groups jumped higher in the WAS condition (0.41 m) than in the NAS condition (0.36 m) because of a higher peak power (WAS=276.8 W/kg0.67 and NAS=241.3 W/kg0.67) and a longerconcentric phase duration (WAS=0.20 s/m0.5 and NAS=0.19 s/m0.5) during WAS jump. These results indicate that the basketball and soccer players studied here showed similar performance and the same kinematic and kinetic pattern in maximal vertical jumps and were comparablyaffected by the use of arm swing.

Fijación percutánea volar de fracturas de escafoides: análisis biomecánico y técnica quirúrgica / Volar percutaneus fixation of the scaphoid: biomechanical analysis and surgical technique

Volar percutaneus fixation of the scaphoid is indicate for B I and B2 fractures of Herbert's Classification. The advantages are the high percent of consolidation (near 100 percent) and the fast retorn at work and sport, the disadvantages are the risk of damage the Trapezius-scaphoid joint and the increment of the percentage of no union when the fracture it bad reduction or the screw is mal position. To describe of biomechanical principles and the surgical technique for the correct position of screw in the volar percutaneus fixation and to report the experience of 11 patients to operate with this surgical technique.

La fijación percutánea volar del Escafoides está indicada para fracturas B 1 y B2 de Herbert. Sus ventajas son la alta tasa de consolidación (cercana al 100 por ciento) y el reintegro laboral y deportivo precoz, las desventajas son el riesgo de dañar la articulación Trapecio-Escafoidea y el aumento de la tasa de no unión si la fractura no está bien reducida o el tornillo queda en mala posición. Se describen los fundamentos biomecánicos y la técnica quirúrgica para la correcta posición del tornillo en una fijación percutánea volar y se reporta la experiencia de 11 pacientes operados con esta técnica quirúrgica.

Contribution of the xenograft bone plate-screw system in lumbar transpedicular stabilization of dogs: an in-vitro study

We performed biomechanical comparison of a xenograft bone plate-screw (XBPS) system for achieving cadaveric lumbar transpedicular stabilization (TS) in dogs. Twenty dogs' cadaveric L2-4 lumbar specimens were harvested and their muscles were removed, but the discs and ligaments were left intact. These specimens were separated to four groups: the L2-4 intact group as control (group I, n = 5), the L3 laminectomy and bilateral facetectomy group (LBF) (group II, n = 5), the LBF plus TS with metal plate-screw group (group III, n = 5) and the LBF plus TS with XBPS group (group IV, n = 5). Five kinds of biomechanical tests were applied to the specimens: flexion, extension, left-right bending and rotation. The averages of the 16 stiffness values were calculated and then these were statistically analyzed. The statistical results show that the XBPS system contributes spinal stability and this system can be a good choice for achieving TS.

THE RESEARCH OF THE ANKLE JOINT BIOMECHANICS AFTER PARTIAL RESECTION OF DONOR FIBULA (A REPORT ON 118 CASES) / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

118 cases with uper and median partialfibulectomy were reported in this paper. Of them50 cases were followed up 1～8 years. The clinicalfunction, foot arch and X-ray of bilaleral ankleswere examined. Ankle joint function was mea-sured with the instrument made by ourself. Afteranalysis and valuation of the results, our conclu-sion is that uper and median partial fibulectormydoes not affect the ankle joint function. Thereforethe fibula being considered as a donor bone is ac-ceptable.