Colon Cancer Detection Methods – A Review

Aim: Colon is one of the major constituent of the large intestine; occurrence of cancer in it is one of the burning issues that remain unresolved. A large number of people get died every year in this problem. Study Design: In the field of medical image processing the detection of Colon cancer is a big challenge. So far, many research works are proposed, however, no research and investigations are found to bring up the best technique to assess the disease. Place and Duration of Study: Several strategies, in view of the spatial analysis of colon biopsy images, and serum and gene analysis of colon samples, have been proposed in such manner. Methods: Quick advancement of colon cancer detection methods, are yet to be analyzed by the help of this particular work which ensures to coming up with best strategies. Results: In this review, we arrange the procedures on the premise of the adopted system and basic data set, and give a detailed description of methods in every category. Also, this study gives a far extensive examination of different colon cancer detection categories, and of multiple procedures inside every category. Conclusions: Further, the majority of the procedures have been assessed on comparative data set to give a reasonable performance correlation. Ultimately this review can helpful for the researches to proceed their research in the field of colon cancer detection.

Comparative Studies of the Impacts of Freshwater, Cultivated and Preserved Tiger Shrimps on Consumers’ Health

Aim: The study was aimed at comparing the levels of heavy metals in Tiger shrimps- Penaeus monodon from different source categories, to ascertain the impacts of the selected heavy metals on the consumers’ health. Hypothesis: Heavy metals in blood serum of shrimp consumers were accumulated solely from the shrimps. Methodology: Tiger shrimps obtained from Ekpan Creek, Shrimp industry and shrimp farm were tested for metals (iron, manganese, nickel, and lead) concentrations using a Perkin Elmer 3110 model Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Blood samples of respondents were analyzed for the levels of iron, manganese, nickel and lead using Inductively Coupled Plasma MassSpectrometer (ICP-MS). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test for the significant differences in the heavy metals in the shrimps and consumers’ blood samples at probability level of 0.05. Duncan Multiple Range (DMR) test was used to identify the source of variance using SPSS version 19.1. Health Risk Indices of heavy metals were noted as significant from 1 and above and insignificant at below 1. Results: The shrimps exhibited different trends of heavy metals according to their sources. Results showed that the safety in consumption of the shrimps was is in the order of cultivate (pond) shrimps > freshwater shrimps > preserved shrimps. Shrimp consumption had corresponding impacts on the health of the consumers. Processed shrimps should be properly examined for fitness of consumption prior to marketing, while chemicals such as sodium bisulfate, tripolyphosphate should be discouraged. Conclusion: Metallic construction materials should be discouraged and stringent water quality monitoring is recommended in Tiger shrimp aquaculture while incorporating adoption of environment friendly agricultural practices. Perturbed aquatic environments such as Ekpan Creek require protection from anthropogenic activities and impactful remediation process with a view to protecting the Tiger shrimps and other aquatic biota.

Antibodies of Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania braziliensis in domiciled dogs in Tabasco, Mexico / Anticuerpos de Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania mexicana y Leishmania braziliensis en perros domiciliados de Tabasco, México

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), Leishmania mexicana (L.mexicana) and Leishmania braziliensis (L.braziliensis) circulating antibodies in dogs from Chontalpa region in Tabasco, Mexico using ELISA diagnostic techniques Fe-SOD and Western blot. Materials and methods. For this study, 119 serums were obtained from domiciled dogs. Serums were tested for antibodies against T. cruzi, L. mexicana and L. braziliensis, using ELISA and Western Blot sod as diagnostic test. The antigenic fraction used in both tests was the Fe-SOD excreted by the species of Leishmania and Trypanosoma. Results. The obtained frequency in this study was 3.36% for T. cruzi, 9.24% for L. mexicana and 10.08% for L. braziliensis. Conclusions. The present study has demonstrated the presence of antibodies to these parasites in Chontalpa region from Tabasco, Mexico.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la frecuencia de anticuerpos circulantes de Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), Leishmania mexicana (L. mexicana) y Leishmania braziliensis (L. braziliensis) en una población de perros usando ELISA Fe-SOD y Western blot en la región Chontalpa del estado de Tabasco, México. Materiales y métodos. Para este estudio se obtuvieron 119 sueros de perros domiciliados, con el consentimiento previo de los propietarios. Los sueros fueron analizados para detectar anticuerpos contra T. cruzi, L. mexicana, y L. braziliensis, usando como prueba diagnóstica ELISA-sod y Western Blot. La fracción antigénica utilizada en las dos pruebas fue la Fe-SOD excretada por las especies de Trypanosoma y Leishmania. Resultados. La frecuencia obtenida en este estudio fue de 3.36% para T. cruzi, 9.24% para L. mexicana y 10.08% L. braziliensis. Conclusiones. El presente estudio demostró la presencia de anticuerpos para estos parásitos en la región Chontalpa del estado de Tabasco, México.

A Simple Method to Isolate and Expand Human Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Using Explant Method and Umbilical Cord Blood Serum

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can be isolated from umbilical cords and are therapeutically used because of their ability to differentiate into various types of cells, in addition to their immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), considered as the standard additive when isolating and culturing MSCs, has a major limitation related to its animal origin. Here, we employed a simple and economically efficient protocol to isolate MSCs from human umbilical cord tissues without using digestive enzymes and replacing FBS with umbilical cord blood serum (CBS). METHODS AND RESULTS: MSCs were isolated by culturing umbilical cord pieces in CBS or FBS supplemented media. Expansion and proliferation kinetics of cells isolated by explant method in the presence of either FBS or CBS were measured, with morphology and multi-differentiation potential of expanded cells characterized by flow cytometry, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence. MSCs maintained morphology, immunophenotyping, multi-differentiation potential, and self-renewal ability, with better proliferation rates for cells cultured in CBS compared to FBS supplement media. CONCLUSIONS: We here present a simple, reliable and efficient method to isolate MSCs from umbilical cord tissues, where cells maintained proliferation, differentiation potential and immunophenotyping properties and could be efficiently expanded for clinical applications.

Efficacy and Safety of Deproteinised Calf Blood Serum Injection in the Treatment of Cerebral Infarction:A Meta-analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the efficacy and safety of Deproteinised calf blood serum injection in the treatment of cerebral infarction,and to provide evidence-based reference for clinical treatment.METHODS:Retrieved from Co-chrane Library,EMBase,Medline,CBM,CJFD,VIP and Wanfan database,randomized controlled trials(RCT)about theeffica-cy and safety ofDeproteinised calf blood serum injection(test group)based on basic treatment(control group)in the treatment of cerebral infarction were collected.Meta-analysis was performed by using Rev Man 5.2 software after data extraction and quality eval-uation with Cochrane system evaluation manual 5.1.0.RESULTS:A total of 18 RCTs were included,involving 2 111 patients.Re-sults of Meta-analysis showed the total effective rate [OR=3.30,95%CI(2.48,4.39),P<0.001],National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score[MD=-1.47,95%CI(-2.06,-0.88),P<0.001] and activities of daily living(ADL) score[MD=9.09,95%CI(6.46,11.72),P<0.001] in test group were significantly better than control group,there were significant differences be-tween the 2 groups;and there was no obvious adverse reactions during treatment. CONCLUSIONS:Both efficacy and safety of De-proteinised calf blood serum injectionin the treatment of cerebral infarction are good.

Clinical observation of diabetic foot ulcer treated with Shuxuetong plus external application of deproteinised ;calf blood serum injection / 中国基层医药

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of Shuxuetong plus external application of deproteinised calf blood serum injection on diabetic ulcer foot.Methods 60 patients with diabetic foot ulcer were enrolled:30 cases (treatment group)were randomly assigned to receive deproteinised calf blood serum injection(external use)plus Shuxuetong(iv gtt),and the other 30 cases (control group)received routine western medicine therapy.One course of treatment lasted one month.In addition,both two groups received insulin to control blood sugar and antibiotics to control infection,with foot ulcer treated with debridement,drainage,and removal of necrotic tissue etc.Results Com-pared with the control group,the effective rate was higher in the treatment group(86.7% vs.60.0%,χ2 =5.455,P =0.020).The occurrence time of granulation tissue[(6.60 ±1.14)d vs.(10.80 ±2.17)d,t =-3.834,P =0.008] and wound healing time[(23.62 ±6.14)d vs.(35.65 ±4.45)d,t =-4.405,P =0.002]were shorter in the treat-ment group.The wound area in the two groups reduced after treatment,and the wound area in the treatment group reduced significantly[(3.48 ±1.16)cm2 vs.(8.60 ±2.51)cm2 ,t =-4.143,P =0.007].Conclusion As com-pared with the routine therapy with western medicine,the combination therapy of deproteinised calf blood serum injec-tion plus Shuxuetong has better efficacy for diabetic ulcer foot.

Calcio en calostro y suero sanguíneo en mujeres lactantes: maternidad "dr. josé maría vargas" valencia estado carabobo / Calcium in colostrum and blood serum in lactating women: maternity "dr. josé maria vargas" valencia: carabobo state

El calcio es uno de los minerales que interviene en diversas funciones celulares, así como también en la estructura ósea, coagulación y señales intracelulares. En el presente trabajo se determinó la concentración de calcio en calostro y suero sanguíneo de madres lactantes que asistieron a la Maternidad Dr. José María Vargas. Valencia, Edo. Carabobo. Muestra conformada por 50 mujeres lactantes, edad 18-35 años. Se realizó: evaluación clínica con elaboración de historia médica; recolección de calostro por extracción manual estandarizada según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se les extrajo muestra de sangre periférica (10 ml), mediante punción venosa Se determinó concentración de calcio en calostro y suero sanguíneo por Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica bajo la modalidad de llama, equipo Perkin Elmer modelo 3100. Edad promedio 24.5±3.2 años; concentración de calcio en calostro 209,98 a 251,54 µg/mL sin asociación significativa entre la edad y los valores de calcio agrupados en percentiles. La concentración de calcio en suero sanguíneo predominó en el percentil 25 con valores ≤ 1,414 mmol/L; concentraciones de calcio en calostro de ≥ 251,55 µg/mL; la mayoría de las madres lactantes estaban ubicadas en los estratos III, IV y V. Se concluye, que las concentraciones promedio de calcio en muestras de calostro y suero sanguíneo de la población en estudio fueron normales en el límite superior para calostro y en el límite inferior en suero sanguíneo(AU)

Calcium is one of the minerals involved in various cellular operations, as well as in bone structure, coagulation and intracellular signals. In this paper the concentration of calcium in blood serum and colostrum of nursing mothers who attended the Maternity Dr. José Maria Vargas. Valencia, Edo. Carabobo was determined. The sample consisted of 50 lactating women, aged 18-35 years. We performed: clinical evaluation development of medical history. Colostrum collection by manual removal standardized by WHO. It was took peripheral blood sample (10 ml) by venipuncture; calcium concentration was determined in colostrum and blood serum by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in the form of flame, using Perkin Elmer model 3100. Results: The mean age of 24.5 ± 32 years; calcium concentration in colostrum from 209.98 to 251.54 mg / mL without significant association between age and calcium values grouped into percentiles. The concentration of calcium in blood serum predominated in the 25th percentile with values ≤ 1.414mmol /L; calcium concentrations in colostrum ≥ 251.55 mg / mL; most nursing mothers were located in strata III, IV and V. It is concluded that the average calcium concentrations in colostrum samples and blood serum of the study population were normal in the upper limit for colostrum, and the lower limit in blood serum, with significant association to socioeconomic status(AU)

Risk factors for postoperative complications following oral surgery

AbstractObjective The objective of this study was to clarify significant risk factors for postoperative complications in the oral cavity in patients who underwent oral surgery, excluding those with oral cancer.Material and Methods This study reviewed the records of 324 patients who underwent mildly to moderately invasive oral surgery (e.g., impacted tooth extraction, cyst excision, fixation of mandibular and maxillary fractures, osteotomy, resection of a benign tumor, sinus lifting, bone grafting, removal of a sialolith, among others) under general anesthesia or intravenous sedation from 2012 to 2014 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Hiroshima University Hospital.Results Univariate analysis showed a statistical relationship between postoperative complications (i.e., surgical site infection, anastomotic leak) and diabetes (p=0.033), preoperative serum albumin level (p=0.009), and operation duration (p=0.0093). Furthermore, preoperative serum albumin level (<4.0 g/dL) and operation time (≥120 minutes) were found to be independent factors affecting postoperative complications in multiple logistic regression analysis results (odds ratio 3.82, p=0.0074; odds ratio 2.83, p=0.0086, respectively).Conclusion Our results indicate that a low level of albumin in serum and prolonged operation duration are important risk factors for postoperative complications occurring in the oral cavity following oral surgery.

Influence of Severe Chyle Blood Serum to the Three Types of Common Biochemical Detection Method / 现代检验医学杂志

Objective Aim to explore how severe chyle blood serum effects on the End-point method of colorimetry,velocity method,immunological transmission turbidimetry(TIA)three types of common biochemical tests and their different influ-ences.Methods Collected 20 normal appearance serums,divided each pooled serum into A,B,C,D,E,F and G 7 experimen-tal groups and one control group.Each group contented for 1ml serum.Added intralipid 10,20,40,80,160μl and 320μl to the experimental groups from A to G in turn to prepare into different concentrations of simulate chylous samples.Tested each group by the End-point method of colorimetry,velocity method and TIA which represented by Glucose (Glu),uric acid (UA),Total bilirubin (TBil),aspartate aminotransferase (AST),gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT),lactate dehydro-genase (LDH),hypersensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP),Apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1 )andβ2-microglobulin (β2-MG). Used pair T test for both experimental group and their control group.Results In terms of TIA,there were statistical differ-ences between all the experimental groups and their control groups in the three projects (t=-2.842~29.465,P0.05).In terms of velocity method,there were no statistical differences between all the experimental groups and their control groups (t=-1.532~1.619,P>0.05)except for the B and C groups in GGT experiment (t=2.234&5.006,P<0.05).Conclusion Severe chyle blood serum had significant influence on the End-point method of colorimetry and TIA,as well as less influ-ence on velocity method.

Results of investigation of lactate dehydrogenase activity in blood serum of mongolian population / Эрүүл мэндийн лаборатори

Abstract:The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme is widely distributed in tissue, particularly heart, liver muscle, and kidney. The LDH in serum can be separated into five different isoenzymes based on their electrophoretic mobility. Each isoenzyme is a tetramer composed of two different subunits. These two subunits have been designated heart and muscle, based on their polypeptide chains. There are two homotetramers, LDH-1 and LDH-5, and three hybrid isoenzymes. Elevated serum levels of LDH have been observed in a variety of disease states. The highest levels are seen in patients with megaloblastic anemia, disseminated carcinoma, and shock. Moderate increases occur in muscular disorders, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis. Mild increases in LDH activity have been reported in cases of myocardial or pulmonary infarction, leukemia, hemolytic anemia, and hepatitis.This study aims to compare a LDH activity in comparatively healthy Mongolian population using highly sensitivity modern technology and evaluate their contents with age, sex, and work adults differences, For this purpose there were chosen 3742 healthy adults (1597 males and 2145 females). The enzyme activity were investigated in Mobio laboratory using fully automated analyzer COBAS Integra-400. Study results were assessed using Microsoft Excel SPSS-10 standard program and evaluation.The study results show that mathematical mean of LDH activity of healthy Mongolian population is 322.6 u/l, quadratic mean of deviation is 44.9 u/l, and significant distribution is 187.2-442.6 u/l with p=0,99. The mathematical mean of LDH activity of healthy Mongolian man 187-444 u/l, but for women it is 187-438 u/l, with haven’t differences. The level LDH activity of healthy Mongolian population does not depend from age. The level LDH activity of healthy Mongolian population have differences from work adults.Conclusion:1.From the findings indicated LDH activity by 187.2-442.6 u/l.2.Study findings shown LDH activity level not influenced for age and sex.3.There fore we defined LDG activity level influenced physical and mental overload.

Results of investigation of lactate dehydrogenase activity in blood serum of mongolian population / Эрүүл мэндийн лаборатори

Abstract: The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme is widely distributed in tissue, particularly heart, liver muscle, and kidney. The LDH in serum can be separated into five different isoenzymes based on their electrophoretic mobility. Each isoenzyme is a tetramer composed of two different subunits. These two subunits have been designated heart and muscle, based on their polypeptide chains. There are two homotetramers, LDH-1 and LDH-5, and three hybrid isoenzymes. Elevated serum levels of LDH have been observed in a variety of disease states. The highest levels are seen in patients with megaloblastic anemia, disseminated carcinoma, and shock. Moderate increases occur in muscular disorders, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis. Mild increases in LDH activity have been reported in cases of myocardial or pulmonary infarction, leukemia, hemolytic anemia, and hepatitis. This study aims to compare a LDH activity in comparatively healthy Mongolian population using highly sensitivity modern technology and evaluate their contents with age, sex, and work adults differences, For this purpose there were chosen 3742 healthy adults (1597 males and 2145 females). The enzyme activity were investigated in Mobio laboratory using fully automated analyzer COBAS Integra-400. Study results were assessed using Microsoft Excel SPSS-10 standard program and evaluation. The study results show that mathematical mean of LDH activity of healthy Mongolian population is 322.6 u/l, quadratic mean of deviation is 44.9 u/l, and significant distribution is 187.2-442.6 u/l with p=0,99. The mathematical mean of LDH activity of healthy Mongolian man 187-444 u/l, but for women it is 187-438 u/l, with haven’t differences. The level LDH activity of healthy Mongolian population does not depend from age. The level LDH activity of healthy Mongolian population have differences from work adults. Conclusion: 1.From the findings indicated LDH activity by 187.2-442.6 u/l. 2.Study findings shown LDH activity level not influenced for age and sex. 3.There fore we defined LDG activity level influenced physical and mental overload.

Metabolismo energético, proteico e mineral de ovelhas Santa Inês hígidas e com mastite subclínica / Energy, protein and mineral metabolism in Santa Inês ewes, both healthy and with subclinical mastitis

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o metabolismo energético, proteico e mineral de ovelhas Santa Inês hígidas e com mastite subclínica acompanhadas durante o final da gestação e na lactação. Foram acompanhadas ovelhas submetidas ao mesmo sistema de criação semi-intensivo. Os animais foram avaliados conforme os momentos a seguir: 10 dias que precedeu o parto (dap) e 15 dias pós parto (dpp), 30 dpp, 60 dpp e 90 dpp. Os metabólitos sanguíneos foram avaliados a partir do momento que antecedeu ao parto e os metabólitos no soro lácteo nos momentos subsequentes. Após exame clínico e bacteriológico foi realizada a triagem das ovelhas acompanhadas neste estudo, sendo 12 hígidas e 18 com mastite subclínica. Durante a lactação, mantendo os mesmos critérios de triagem, foram selecionadas 11 glândulas mamárias sadias e 20 infectadas, das quais foi colhido o leite para obtenção do soro lácteo. Foram mensurados no soro sanguíneo os metabólitos do perfil energético (ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNEs), β-hidroxibutirato (BHB), frutosamina, colesterol e triglicérides), do perfil proteico (proteína total, albumina, uréia e creatinina) e do perfil mineral (ferro, cobre, zinco, magnésio, cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, sódio e potássio). No soro lácteo foram mensurados os íons cálcio, sódio e potássio, bem como os AGNEs e o BHB. A bioquímica sanguínea revelou haver influência (P<0,05) do período do periparto e da lactação sobre as concentrações sanguíneas dos AGNEs, BHB, colesterol, albumina, uréia, cálcio ionizado e no soro lácteo sobre o íon potássio. As ovelhas portadoras de mastite subclínica apresentaram valores sanguíneos superiores (P<0,05) de colesterol, albumina e cobre e no soro lácteo teores superiores do íon sódio e dos AGNEs e inferiores do íon potássio. O bom escore corporal das ovelhas observado durante o estudo aliado aos achados bioquímicos permitiu concluir ter ocorrido maior requerimento energético no primeiro mês da lactação, porém não o suficiente para desencadear qualquer transtorno metabólico e o aparecimento de um quadro de cetonemia, sendo estas discretas alterações mais expressivas nas ovelhas com mastite subclínica.

The study aimed to evaluate the energy, protein and mineral metabolism in Santa Inês ewes, healthy and with subclinical mastitis, followed up during late gestation and lactation periods. Ewes subjected to the same semi-intensive nursing system were followed up. The animals were evaluated according to the following stages: 10 days before parturition (dbp) and 15 days postpartum (dpp), 30 dpp, 60 dpp, and 90 dpp. Blood metabolites were evaluated starting from the stage previous to parturition and whey metabolites were evaluated in the subsequent stages. A screening of the ewes followed up in this study (12 healthy and 18 with subclinical mastitis) was performed after a clinical and bacteriological examination. During lactation, maintaining the same screening criteria, 11 healthy and 20 infected mammary glands were selected; the milk for whey extraction was collected from these glands. Energy profile metabolites (non-esterified fatty acids [NEFAs], β-hydroxybutyrate [BHB], fructosamine, cholesterol and triglycerides), protein profile (total protein, albumin, urea and creatinine) and mineral profile (iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, total calcium, ionized calcium, sodium, and potassium) were measured in the blood serum. Calcium, sodium and potassium ions, as well as NEFAs and BHB were measured in the whey. Blood biochemistry revealed an influence (P<0.05) of the peripartum and lactation periods on the blood concentrations of NEFAs, BHB, cholesterol, albumin, urea, ionized calcium. An analysis of the whey also revealed an influence on the potassium ion. Ewes with subclinical mastitis showed higher (P<0.05) blood levels of cholesterol, albumin and copper; higher sodium ion concentrations and NEFAs, and lower potassium ion in whey. Good physical score of ewes observed during this study, combined with the biochemical findings, allowed us to conclude that there was a larger energy requirement in the first month of lactation; however, this requirement was not enough to trigger any metabolic disorder or the emergence of ketonemia, and these discrete changes were more apparent in ewes with subclinical mastitis.

Long-Term Stability of Selected Serum Biomarkers in Leftover Samples / 임상검사와정도관리

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of long-term-stored leftover blood samples, and to evaluate the long-term stability of selected serum biomarkers such as proteins, enzymes, electrolytes, and tumour markers. METHODS: Stored blood samples were transferred to our biobank after being used to conduct tests for routine medical examinations in one health care institution, and were preserved at or below -70degrees C for 4 years. We analysed 24 biomarkers whose levels had been reported 4 years ago and tested them using the same analyser, reagents, and methods by utilizing an ADVIA Centaur Immunoassay System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, USA) or an ADVIA 2400 Chemistry System (Siemens, USA). RESULTS: A total of 15 out of the 24 tested biomarkers showed significant differences in paired Student t-tests (P0.975). Two biomarkers, creatinine and rheumatoid arthritis factor, showed no significant differences but were poorly correlated with previously analysed data. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen, and insulin levels were discordant according to their reference ranges. A total of 3 biomarkers, C-reactive protein, cancer antigen 125, and HBV surface antibody, showed no significant differences and good correlations without discordant data. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that long-term storage for more than 4 years can result in a considerable bias for variable biomarkers. Only 3 of the 24 biomarkers evaluated were found to be stable biomarkers. Long-term storage of leftover samples is not recommended for most chemical analyses.

Synergistic effect of donor livers pre-perfused by recipient blood serum and cobra venom factor treatment to inhibit hyperacute rejection happened in liver xenotransplantation / 中华肝胆外科杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate synergistic effect of donor livers blocked by recipient blood serum (RS) and cobra venom factor (CVF) treatment to inhibit hyperacute rejection (HAR) happened in liver xenotransplantation.MethodsThe SD rat blood serum was prepared for pre-perfusing the donor livers before experiment.24 pairs of guinea-pig (GP) and Sprague-Dawley (S.D.) rats were choiced respectively and pair-matched between GP donor and rat recipient randomly.Before transplantation,donor livers of GPs were pre-perfused by 0.5％ SD rat serum.Paired animals were divided into 4 groups randomly such as donor liver perfused by RS,recipient treated by CVF,RS+ CVF performed and Ringer solution as a control.The orthotopic liver xenotransplantations was performed with two-cuff technique.The survival time and liver function of recipients,morphological and pathological changes of rat livers were observed.ResultsThere was no piebaldism change on the recipient liver from experimental group.The survival time of recipients from RS+CVF group [(161.5±30.9) min]was longer than that of control[(45.2 ± 13.9) min] and CVF[(125.2 ± 25.5) min] or RS groups [(88.1±19.7) min] (P＜0.05).The ALT in serum of recipients from RS+CVF [(63.2±13.9)U/L]was lower than that from congtrol group [(126.1±23.3)U/L](P＜0.01) and CVF group [(79.9±18.1)U/L](P＜0.05) or RS group [(106.1±19.3)U/L](P＜0.01) The histological damages including thrombosis,interstitial bleeding and edema of recipient liver from RS+CVF group were alleviated markebly than that of other groups (P＜0.05).ConclusionThere was a synergistic effect to inhibit HAR happened in liver xenotransplantation by blocking the donor liver with recipient blood serum and CVF treatment significantly.

Peroxidação lipídica em ratos tratados com sulfato de vincristina e decanoato de nandrolona / Lipid peroxidation in rats treated with vincristine sulphate and nandrolone decanoate

Brain and serum lipid peroxidation was studied in rats treated with vincristine sulphate and different doses of nandrolone decanoate. Thirty rats were distributed into six groups (n=5). The treatments were applied once a week for two weeks. Sample collection was performed in the third week. Treatments during the first week were: G1 (control) - physiologic solution, G2 - vincristine sulphate (4mg/m²), G3 - physiologic solution, G4 - physiologic solution, G5- vincristine sulphate (4mg/m²), and G6 - vincristine sulphate (4mg/m²). In the second week, they were: G1 (control) - physiologic solution, G2- physiologic solution, G3 - nandrolone decanoate (1.8mg/kg-1), G4 - nandrolone decanoate (10mg/kg-1), G5 - nandrolone decanoate (1.8mg/kg-1), and G6 - nandrolone decanoate (10mg/kg-1). Lipid peroxidation increased with the isolated use of vincristine and nandrolone decanoate, and with vincristine associated to the highest dose of the ester as well. These results suggest that vincristine sulphate and nandrolone decanoate increase free radical production. Therapeutic dose of nandrolone decanoate when associated with vincristine sulphate proved to be beneficial, as it was able to protect the organism from damaging processes involved in free radical production.

Este estudo teve por objetivo detectar a peroxidação lipídica presente no cérebro e no soro de ratos tratados com sulfato de vincristina e diferentes doses de decanoato de nandrolona. Trinta ratos foram distribuídos em seis grupos (n=5). Os tratamentos foram aplicados uma vez por semana, durante duas semanas, e a coleta de amostras foi realizada na terceira semana. Na primeira semana, os tratamentos consistiram de: G1(controle) - solução fisiológica; G2 - sulfato de vincristina (4mg/m 2 ); G3 - solução fisiológica; G4 - solução fisiológica; G5 - sulfato de vincristina (4mg/m 2 ) e G6 - sulfato de vincristina (4mg/m 2 ). Na segunda semana: G1(controle) - solução fisiológica; G2 - solução fisiológica; G3 - decanoato de nandrolona (1.8mg/kg-1 ); G4 - decanoato de nandrolona (10mg/kg-1 ); G5 - decanoato de nandrolona (1.8mg/kg-1 ) e G6 - decanoato de nandrolona (10mg/kg-1 ). A peroxidação lipídica aumentou com o uso isolado tanto da vincristina quanto do decanoato de nandrolona e com a associação da vincristina à dose mais alta do éster. Estes resultados sugerem que o sulfato de vincristina e o decanoato de nandrolona aumentam a produção de radicais livres. A dose terapêutica do decanoato de nandrolona, quando associada ao sulfato de vincristina, provou ser benéfica, já que foi capaz de proteger o organismo dos processos prejudiciais induzidos pela produção de radicais livres.

Recipient blood serum in the prevention of hyperacute rejection of liver xenotransplantation / 中华普通外科杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate a new way to prevent hyperacute rejection (HAR) during liver xenotransplantation through blocking the xenograft with recipient blood serum before transplantation.MethodsTwenty guinea-pig (GP) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were pair-matched as donor and recipient randomly.Before transplantation,blood serum collected from other SD rats was inactivated at 45 ℃ in water bath for 30 minutes.Guinea-pig donor livers from experimental group ( n =10 ) were pre-perfused by 0.1％ solution of this blood serum,and donor livers from control group (n =10) were treated by Ringer solution.Then orthotopic liver xenotransplantations were performed by the modified two-cuff technique immediately.Liver morphology changes and survival rate and time of recipients were observed,and histopathological lesions were detected by HE staining,and liver ALT level was evaluated.ResultsThe operation time and anhepatic phases between two groups were not different significantly ( P ＞ 0.05 ).The survival rate of recipients from experimental group was higher,and its survival time was longer than that of control group significantly (P ＜ 0.01 ).The liver histological changes such as thrombosis and interstitial bleeding in experimental group was less severe than that in control group (P ＜0.01 ).The level of ALT in blood serum of rats from experimental group were lower than that from control group significantly ( P ＜ 0.05).ConclusionsThe results suggested that blocking the donor graft with recipient blood serum inhibits HAR during liver xenotransplantation.

Estudio preliminar de Citocinas en suero de perros con Leishmaniasis visceral en una zona endémica Venezolana / Preliminary Study of Cytokines in Sera from Dogs with Visceral Leishmaniasis from a Venezuelan Endemic Area

Diversos estudios en modelos de ratones han demostrado que la inmunidad protectora frente a Leishmania es mediada por linfocitos T, células presentadoras de antígeno y citocinas. Sin embargo, pocos estudios se han realizado para evaluar citocinas en perros infectados en forma natural con Leishmania infantum/chagasi. El perro doméstico es el principal reservorio del parásito, en tal sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar las citocinas en suero de 33 perros con Leishmaniasis Visceral Canina (LVC), provenientes del estado Nueva Esparta, Venezuela (foco endémico). Los perros fueron clasificados en sintomáticos o asintomáticos, de acuerdo al análisis de los signos clínicos de la enfermedad, coincidentes con los títulos de anticuerpos contra las kinesinas recombinantes de Leishmania rK39 y rK26. Otros dos grupos incluyeron: 10 perros de la misma zona endémica como grupo control endémico (CE) y 10 perros de la zona no endémica como control sano (CS). Las concentraciones (pg/mL) de las citocinas solubles IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4 e IL-2 se determinaron por citometría de flujo (Kit CBA Hu Th1/Th2, BD TM). Los resultados mostraron concentraciones estadísticamente mayores (p<0,05) de IFN-γ (69,93±7,46), IL-4 (7,51±2,68), TNF-α (3,86±1,46) e IL-2 (39,85±3,84) en el grupo de perros asintomáticos, con respecto a los perros sintomáticos (60,8±10,6; 5,28±0,80; 2,76±0,72 y 36,04±3,61, respectivamente) y los perros sanos (51±14; 4,65±0,2; 3,21±0,89 y 32,65±5,86, respectivamente). Los perros asintomáticos también presentaron mayor concentración de IL-6 (4,9±0,55) que los CS (4,02±0,64) (p<0,01). Estos resultados demuestran que los perros en estado asintomático exhiben mayor proporción de citocinas de activación celular y proinflamatorias. Los resultados señalan a la medición de citocinas séricas como reflejo del estado inmunológico de los caninos en futuros estudios orientados a vacunación o terapia.

Different experimental murine models have shown that protective immunity against Lesihmania depends upon T cells, cytokines, and antigen presenting cells. However, the role of cytokines in naturally-infected hosts like domestic dogs is controversial. Few studies have evaluated cytokines in dogs naturally-infected with Leishmania infantum/chagasi. Since the domestic dog is the main reservoir of the parasite, a study was conducted to determine cytokines in serum of 33 dogs with Canine Visceral Lesihmaniasis from endemic areas of the State of Nueva Esparta, Venezuela. Dogs were classified as symptomatic (SD) and asymptomatic (AD), according to the expression of three or more clinical signs and levels of  antibodies for rK39 and rK26. Ten non-infected, rK39 negative controls were included from an endemic area (EA) and ten dogs from a non-endemic area were used as healthy controls (HC). The following cytokines (pg/mL) were measured in serum by flow cytometry (CBA Hu Th1/Th 2, BD TM kit): IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-4 and IL-2. Results show a higher  concentration (P<0.05) of  IFN-γ (69.93±7.46), IL-4 (7.51±2.68), TNF-α (3.86±1.46), and IL-2 (39.85±3.84) in AD when compared with SD (60.8±10.6; 5.28±0.80; 2.76± 0.72; and 36.04±3.61, respectively); and HC (51±14; 4.65±0.2; 3.21±0.89, and 32.65±5.86, respectively). The AD also showed higher levels (P<0.01) of IL-6 (4.9±0.55) compared with HC (4.02±0.64). Results show that AD exhibit a higher proportion of cellular activation and proinflammatory cytokines. Results indicate that measuring of serum cytokines could reflect the immunological status in dogs in future clinical trials oriented to either vaccination or therapy.

Formulación de -Macroagregados de albúmina para estudios de perfusión pulmonar / Preparation of -macroaggregated albumin for lung perfusion studies

RESUMEN En este trabajo, se realizó el diseño, optimización, control de calidad de pureza radioquímica, cualidad biológica y estudios de estabilidad en el tiempo de una formulación de macroagregados de albúmina a partir de la desnaturalización controlada de la ASH. Se realizó un diseño experimental con un plan factorial para determinar las condiciones ideales de la formulación. Los resultados mostraron que la concentración de albúmina en el intervalo 515 mg/mL es irrelevante, sin embargo, el pH final de la mezcla y la velocidad de agitación sí fueron relevantes, así como todas las variables de interacción. Con las condiciones seleccionadas en el diseño experimental, se obtuvieron formulaciones con tamaño de partículas con diámetros comprendidos entre 11 y 80 µ, que cumplieron los criterios de pureza radioquímica establecidos internacionalmente, así como la condición de esterilidad y apirogenicidad. La biodistribución en animales de experimentación mostró imágenes pulmonares de buena calidad. Los lotes producidos mantuvieron estabilidad física, radioquímica, biológica y microbiológica durante 90 días de conservación a 4°C.

ABSTRACT The present paper shows the design, optimization, quality control for testing radiochemical purity, biological quality and realtime stability studies of a preparation of macroaggregated albumin from the controlled denaturation of HSA. An experimental design with a factorial plan was carried out in order to determine the ideal conditions for the preparation. The results showed that variations of albumin concentrations within the range of 515 mg/mL were irrelevant, however, the final pH of the mixture and the stirring speed were significant variables, as well as their interaction. Formulations with particles of diameter between 11 and 80 µ were obtained with the conditions selected in the experimental design which met the internationally established criteria for radiochemical purity, sterility and apyrogenicity. The biodistribution in experimental animals showed good quality lung images. The produced lots maintained physical, radiochemical, biological and microbiological stability during 90 days of storage at 4°C.

Determination of the serum antibody in pneumonic plague patients / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To analyze the species of the antibody and immune responsibility in pneumonic plague patients in order to pave the way to screen the new sub-unit of the vaccine to provide the experimental basis. Methods Using the virulence-related protein microarray containing 149 proteins of Yersinia pestis (Y.pestis), the species of the antibody and immune responsibility were analyzed in serum of two pneumonic plague patients in six months after onset. Results Eighty-eight gene coded proteins were detected out the related antibodies except YPMT1.23c, YPMT1.86, YPO0406 and YPO1071 in patient 1. Forty-three antibodies from gene coded protein were analyzed, other forty-nine had not been identified in patient 2. Thirty-nine antibodies were detected in both patients. The proteins YPMT1.81c, YPMT1.84, YPCD1.31c, rw10, YPCD1.28, YPCD1.58, YPMT1.62c, YPO3247-related antibodies increased significantly by 109.96,176.4 ;20.64,17.73 ;16.50,7.16 ;23.51,7.65 ;46.00,25.61 ;4.50,8.24 ;5.98,5.08 ;23.98,4.76 folds, respectively. Conclusions The study on the antibody in pneumonic plague patients helps us to select the potential vaccine candidates, which reveals that eight proteins are the immunity diagnosis targets and the research key of sub-unit vaccine.

Determinación de los niveles de DDT, DDE y DDE-MESO2 en leche materna y sangre de poblaciones contaminadas por DDT en México / DDT, DDE and DDE-MeSO2 levels in maternal milk and blood serum from DDT exposed populations in Mexico

Se determinaron los niveles de DDE-MeSO2, DDT y DDE en 51 muestras de leche materna y en 40 muestras de sangre venosa de mujeres que viven en zonas donde el DDT se aplicó para el control de la malaria. Las concentraciones de los tres compuestos en leche materna en las diferentes comunidades fueron: El Ramonal 2.8 ng/glípido, 911 ng/glípido, 3100 ng/glípido; La Cigüeña 1.2 ng/glípido,134 ng/glípido, 764 ng/glípido; Tapachula 0.5 ng/glípido, 17 ng/glípido, 683 ng/glípido; la Huasteca 1.4 ng/glípido, 46 ng/glípido,490 ng/glípido; y Faja de Oro 0.4 ng/glípido, 18 ng/glípido, 268 ng/glípido. Las concentraciones encontradas de DDE-MeSO2 enEl Ramonal son siete veces mayores a las reportadas en Suecia en 1992 (0.4 ng/glípido). Los niveles de exposición a los 3 compuestos en sangre venosa fueron: Lacanjá 64 ng/glípido, 1323 ng/glípido, 3738 ng/glípido; El Ramonal 20 ng/glípido, 748 ng/glípido, 1271 ng/glípido; La Cigüeña 66 ng/glípido, 424 ng/glípido, 1059 ng/glípido; y Ventanilla 43 ng/glípido, 335 ng/glípido,1362 ng/glípido; de DDE-MeSO2, DDT y DDE respectivamente. Las comunidades de Lacanjá y La Cigüeña presentaron los mayores niveles de exposición al DDE-MeSO2, que comparados con los reportes de Eslovaquia son nueve veces mayor (7.3 ng/glípido).

The levels of the DDE-MeSO2, DDT andDDE were determined in 51 breast milk samples and in 40 blood samples from women living in endemic areas of malaria. The concentrations of the three compounds in maternal milk were: El Ramonal 2.8 ng/glipid, 911 ng/glipid, 3100 ng/glipid; La Cigueña 1.2 ng/glipid, 134 ng/glipid, 764 ng/glipid; Tapachula 0.5 ng/glipid, 17 ng/glipid, 683 ng/glipid; Huasteca 1.4 ng/glipid,46 ng/glipid, 490 ng/glipid; and Faja de Oro 0.4 ng/glipid, 18 ng/glipid, 268 ng/glipid. The concentrations of DDE-MeSO2 found in El Ramonal were seven times higher than those reported in Sweden in 1992 (0.4 ng/glipid). In blood the levels of the threecompounds were: Lacanjá 64 ng/glipid, 1323 ng/glipid, 3738 ng/glipid; El Ramonal 20 ng/glipid, 748 ng/glipid, 1271 ng/glipid; La Cigueña 66 ng/glipid, 424 ng/glipid, 1059 ng/glipid; and Ventanilla 43 ng/glipid, 335 ng/glipid, 1362 ng/glipid. The concentrations of DDE-MeSO2 in Lacanjá and La Cigueña were nine times than those reported in Slovakia (7.3 ng/glipid).