How phosphorylation of RBCs band 3 protein affects storage quality of suspended red blood cells prepared from Tibetan high Hb population / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the quality changes of suspended red blood cells (SRBCs) prepared from the blood of Tibetan high Hb population, and explore the availability and safety of blood collected from Tibetan high Hb population. 【Methods】 The voluntary blood donors were grouped according to the Hb concentration at the initial screening: female blood donors from Tibet Autonomous Region (>3 500 m) with Hb≥190 g/L and male blood donors with Hb≥210 g/L were classified as plateau high hemoglobin group. A total of 13 male blood donors from Tibet Autonomous Region were recruited. And the female blood donors (n=13) with Hb(115~165) g/L and male blood donors (n=12) with Hb(120~185) g/L from Chengdu were classified as control group. Whole blood of 200 mL specification was centrifuged to remove the plasma, and MAP additive solution was added to prepare SRBCs, then SRBCs were divided into four aliquots (50 mL/bag and stored at 4℃. Parameters as blood routine, free Hb and hemolysis rate were measured aseptically at day 1, 14, 21, 35 of storage. And 10 mL SRBCs was used to extract membrane proteins for tyrosine phosphorylation detection of band 3 protein. 【Results】 The RBCs counts(×1012/L), hematocrit(%) and hemoglobin(g/L) of Tibetan high Hb group and control group were 6.76±0.95 vs 4.65±0.52, 63.3±6.8 vs 43.1±4.4 and 214.4±19.8 vs 143.2±16.9 (P<0.01). The erythrocyte deformability test on the day 1, 14, 21, 35 of storage showed that the deformability of SRBCs prepared from Tibetan high Hb group was significantly lower than that of the control group under shear stress of 3, 5.33, 9.49, 16.87, and 30 Pa, while the hemolysis rate of SRBCs prepared from the Tibetan high Hb group and the control group on the day 1, 14, 21, 35 were 0.050 2±0.040 2 vs 0.022 2±0.011 1, 0.055 4±0.043 vs 0.032 1±0.028 7, 0.061 2±0.025 9 vs 0.034 3±0.031 7 and 0.069 6±0.032 0 vs 0.044 0±0.033 3 (P<0.05). Western blotting showed that the cytoplasmic N-terminal Y21 of band 3 protein of SRBCs prepared from Tibetan high Hb group was highly phosphorylated. 【Conclusion】 The deformability of SRBCs prepared from the Tibetan high Hb group was significantly lower while the hemolysis rate of SRBCs was higher than that of the control group. The hemolysis rate of the SRBCs at the end of storage prepared from the Tibetan high Hb group meets the requirements of the national standard GB18469-2012(<0.8%). The increase of hemolysis rate of SRBCs prepared from the Tibetan high Hb group was closely related to the phosphorylation of band 3 protein.

Analysis of the main research directions in transfusion of the U. S.military based on ClinicalTrials.gov data / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To explore the main development directions and research progress of blood transfusion in the U. S.military based on ClinicalTrials.gov. 【Methods】 The literature of clinical trials related to field transfusion medicine from 2002 to 2021 were retrieved based on www.clinicaltrials.gov with "United States Department of Defense" , "U.S.Army Medical Research and Development Command" and "United States Naval Medical Research Center" as the search terms, and the main characteristics were analyzed in terms of research progress, clinical stage, task allocation, regional distribution, research contents and results. 【Results】 A total of 931 clinical trials were retrieved, of which 16 were closely related to field blood transfusion medicine.Among them, pathogen reduction/inactivation of whole blood, platelet transfusion, plasma transfusion, whole blood transfusion and other types of researches accounted for 25% (4/16), 25% (4/16), 25% (4/16), 18.75 (3/16) and 6.25% (1/16), respectively.The U. S.military focused on the new technological breakthroughs in blood safety and blood storage, the evaluation of the countershock therapy, the application of whole blood early transfusion and the civil-military inosculation in research. 【Conclusion】 This study, based on ClinicalTrials.gov data, redounds to understand the research progress and current situation of the U. S.military field blood transfusion medicine.

The Spleen Morphology of the African Giant Pouch Rat (Cricetomys gambianus-Waterhouse, 1840) from Eastern Nigeri

The spleen morphology of the African Giant pouch rat from the rainforest vegetative region of Nigeria was investigated to establish is basic biology as there dearth of information on it from available literature. Grossly, the spleen was shaped like an elongated triangle, with the two ventral sides of the triangle forming a hilus at the apex of their both convergence. This hilus served as the site of entry and exist of blood vessels and nerves. Microscopically, the spleen was covered by a capsule of connective tissue. The parenchyma was composed mainly of red pulp and isolated areas of white pulp. The red pulp contained splenic cords, sinusoids and other vessels. The white pulp contained the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath which presented a germinal centre, marginal zone and eccentrically located artery surrounded by small lymphocytes. The microanatomy of the spleen revealed an organ involved in blood storage, blood purification and body immune response. This paper will fill the knowledge gap and serve as baseline data for further investigative research

Assessment of Blood Storage Effect Using CPDA-1 on Packed Cell Volume, Oxyhaemoglobin and Methaemoglobin in Different ABO/Rhesus Blood Types

Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of blood storage using CPDA-1 on packed cell volume, methaemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin in different ABO/Rhesus blood types donated by some residents of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Study Design: This is a comparative study aimed at evaluating the effect of storage on the levels of methaemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin and packed cell volume using CPDA-1. A total of eight donors were recruited with each sample obtained from the eight (8) known blood groups A+,B+,O+,AB+, A-,B-,O-,AB- and analysis of samples were in triplicate. The donors were adult males with age ranging from 35-45 years and they were apparently healthy and free from transfusion transmissible infections. The different blood group samples were stored for 30 days and samples for analysis were collected at 5 days interval. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. All blood donors were residents of Port Harcourt. Blood donated was stored at Military Hospital Blood Bank, Port Harcourt, in a blood bag of 450 ml containing 63 ml of citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 (CPDA-1). The analysis was carried out at Rivers State University, Post Graduate Laboratory within March 1st to May 27th, 2019. Methodology: A total of eight (8) different ABO/Rhesus blood types (A+,B+,AB+,O+,A-,B-,AB- and O-) were collected and stored using a blood bank refrigerator at temperature of 4°C. Day 0 was taken to be control and 5 days intervals in-between to day 30 acted as the test. Packed cell volume was estimated using micro-haematocrit method while oxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin levels were estimated spectrophotometrically as described by Evelyn and Malloy. Results: The result showed a significant decrease in mean packed cell volume, oxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin levels compared to a higher mean of these parameters in the control; and these differences were statistically significant (p<0.05) across all blood groups under study. The decrease in values were as a result of haemolysis that occurs during storage. Conclusion: Storage of blood irrespective of the blood group type using CPDA-1 for 30 days indicates that there are “storage lesions”. This is attributed to red cell haemolysis and ageing of red blood cells. In general, all blood types showed no significant difference in their haematological (packed cell volume, methaemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin) characteristic deterioration or storage lesion based on blood type differences. It is therefore necessary to state that storage lesion characteristics are the same irrespective of the blood type, and that fresh blood be transfused, and if blood is stored, prolonged storage beyond 10 days should be avoided.

Analysis on Some Problems of Taiyang Disease and Blood Storage Syndrome / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] To explore the location and pathogenesis of Taiyang disease and blood storage syndrome. [Method]This article starts from the controversy about the position of Taiyang disease and blood storage syndrome of the past dynasties,analyzing and defining 4 related problems layer by layer,and expounding the position, etiology, pathogenesis and other problems of Taiyang disease and blood storage syndrome. [Results]Firstly, "urine self benefit" means that the Taiyang disease and blood storage syndrome is not located in the bladder,it is wrong idea that typhoid scholar considers the idea of "blood storage bladder";Secondly, "bleeding" does not mean bleeding in the urine, mainly refers to blood stasis from feces,also referred to bleeding caused by female cytoplasmic disease; Thirdly, the "hot knot bladder" does not refer to the bowels of the bladder, it refers to that lower focal low abdominal position;Fourthly, "hot knot bladder" and "hot in the lower coke" have the same connotation,the emphasis is on explaining the etiology and pathogenesis of Taiyang disease and blood storage syndrome, that being the surface evil of Taiyang typhoid disease is not relieved, evil heat progressing into the small intestine,or liver(Jueyin) and uterus,blood stasis and heat poison intersecting in the lower focal and lower abdomen;Fifthly, the specific location of hypofocal disease in the small intestine or uterus and other abdominal parts.[Conclusion]The position of Taiyang disease and blood storage syndrome is not in the bladder, but in the lower abdomen.The etiology and pathogenesis is that the surface evil of Taiyang typhoid disease is not relieved, evil heat progressing into the small intestine,or liver(Jueyin) and uterus,blood stasis and heat poison intersecting in the lower focal and lower abdomen.

Past, present & future scenario of thalassaemic care & control in India.

The first case of thalassaemia, described in a non-Mediterranean person, was from India. Subsequently, cases of thalassaemia were documented in all parts of India. Centres for care of thalassaemics were started in the mid-1970s in Mumbai and Delhi, and then in other cities. The parent's associations, with the help of International Thalassemia Federation, greatly helped in improving the care of thalassaemics. Obtaining blood for transfusion was difficult, but the Indian Red Cross Society and the parent's associations played a crucial role in arranging voluntary donations of blood. Chelation with deferoxamine was used sparingly due to the high cost. The Indian physicians conducted trials with deferiprone, and the drug was first approved and marketed in India. Deferasirox is also now being administered. Studies of physical and pubertal growth documented significant retardation, suggesting that generally patients receive inadequate chelation and transfusions. Bone marrow transplantation is available at a number of centres, and cord blood stem cell storage facilities have been established. Information about mutations in different parts of India is available, and ThalInd, an Indian database has been set up. There is a need to set up preimplantation genetic diagnosis and non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. It is argued that too much emphasis should not be placed on premarital screening. The focus should be on screening pregnant women to yield immediate results in reducing the burden of this disorder. Care of thalassaemia has been included in the 12th 5-year Plan of the Government of India. Many States now provide blood transfusions and chelation free of cost. Although inadequacies in care of thalassaemia remain, but the outlook is bright, and the stage is set for initiating a control programme in the high risk States.

Study of Blood-transfusion Services in Maharashtra and Gujarat States, India.

Blood-transfusion services are vital to maternal health because haemorrhage and anaemia are major causes of maternal death in South Asia. Unfortunately, due to continued governmental negligence, blood-transfusion services in India are a highly-fragmented mix of competing independent and hospital-based blood-banks, serving the needs of urban populations. This paper aims to understand the existing systems of blood-transfusion services in India focusing on Maharashtra and Gujarat states. A mix of methodologies, including literature review (including government documents), analysis of management information system data, and interviews with key officials was used. Results of analysis showed that there are many managerial challenges in blood-transfusion services, which calls for strengthening the planning and monitoring of these services. Maharashtra provides a good model for improvement. Unless this is done, access to blood in rural areas may remain poor.

Effects of blood storage in gasometric analysis in arterial blood of rabbits / Efeito da estocagem sanguínea na análise gasométrica de sangue arterial de coelhos

Objective: assess the effect of blood storage in gasometric values of arterial blood samples of rabbits submitted to controlled hemorrhagic shock. Method: fourteen male California rabbits were used for the present study, weighting 2000-2500 grams. Each animal was submitted to catheterization of right carotid artery, with posterior placement of a polyethylene catheter. It was obtained 1 ml of arterial blood from each rabbit and analyzed in three different periods: T0 – immediately; T30 – 30 minutes after withdrawal; T60 – 60 minutes after withdrawal. The samples were kept in thermal insulating recipient, between 2-6ºC. Values of pH, PaCO2, PaO2, SatO2, HCO3, SBE, sodium, potassium and glycemic concentrations were compared. Results: the variation of obtained means related to pH, PaCO2, SatO2, HCO3, SBE, sodium, potassium and glycemic concentrations didn’t have statistically significant difference (p<0,05), demonstrating that the storage was efficient for these parameters, but there was variation in PaO2 when compared T0 to T60 (p=0,04). Conclusion: storage for 30 and 60 minutes didn’t present statistically significant difference, except for PaO2 after 60 minutes.

Objetivo: analisar o efeito da estocagem sanguínea na análise gasométrica de sangue arterial de coelhos. Método: foram utilizados 14 coelhos California adultos, machos, com peso compreendido entre 2000 a 2500 gramas. Cada animal foi submetido à cateterização da artéria carótida para posterior obtenção de amostra sangüínea. Foi colhido, em seringas plásticas, 1 ml de sangue total de cada coelho e dosado em três tempos distintos: T0 – amostra no tempo considerado zero; T30 – amostra no tempo 30 minutos; T60 – amostra no tempo 60 minutos As amostras foram estocadas em recipiente isolante térmico, com temperatura mantida entre 2-6 ºC. Foram comparados os valores de pH, PaCO2, PaO2, HCO3, SatO2, SBE, concentrações de Na+ e K+ e glicemia. Resultados: a variação das médias obtidas em relação ao pH, PaCO2, SatO2,HCO3, SBE, concentrações de Na+ e K+ e glicemia não alcançou significância estatística (p>0,05), demonstrando que a estocagem foi eficaz para esses parâmetros, no entanto na PaO2 houve variação do grupo T60 para o grupo T0, com p = 0.04. Conclusão: a estocagem por 30 e 60 minutos não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante, exceto a PaO2 após 60 minutos.