Reduction of the Nailfold Capillary Blood Velocity in Cigarette Smokers / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking causes cardiovascular disease and activates markers of endothelial dysfunction or injury. We investigated the nailfold capillary blood velocity (NCV) in cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers. METHODS: Forty-eight men (eighteen non-smokers and thirty smokers) were recruited. We measured NCV using nailfold capillary microscopy and exhaled carbon monoxide (ECO) concentration three times (before smoking; NCV0min and ECO0min, and after smoking; NCV5min, ECO5min, NCV30min, and ECO30min), in a condition of fasting in the case of smokers. In non-smokers, the same measurements were taken without smoking. Additionally, personal cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking history were acquired by a self-administrated questionnaire. RESULTS: Mean age, waist circumference, ECO0min, ECO5min, and ECO30min was higher and NCV5min and NCV30min were significantly lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. Total smoking years were negatively correlated with NCV5min. Average pack of the daily smoking, total pack-years, as well as total smoking years were also negatively correlated with NCV30min by regression analysis. After adjustment of significantly different variables, NCV30min was significantly lower in smokers. In the subgroup analysis, the interleukin-6 level was significantly increased in subjects with a long period of cigarette smoking compared with non-smokers. CONCLUSION: Reduction of NCV in smokers is associated with personal smoking history, not with body composition or certain oxidative stress markers.

Spectral Doppler ultrasound in the major arteries of normal conscious immature micropigs

Spectral waveform analysis of blood flow velocity in the major arteries of six healthy, conscious immature micropigs was determined using Doppler ultrasonography. Doppler spectral tracings were recorded from the external iliac artery, femoral artery, and renal arcuate artery. Tracings were also taken from three parts of the common carotid artery and two parts of the abdominal aorta. Spectral Doppler parameters included peak systolic velocity, early diastolic velocity, peak systolic velocity-to-end diastolic velocity ratio, resistive index, and pulsatility index. In addition, the diameter of major arteries and indirect blood pressure were measured. These results from spectral Doppler analysis in major arteries may be useful as reference ranges in the future studies of vascular hemodynamics in immature micropigs.

The Effect of Ginkgo Biloba to Retinal Microcirculation

PURPOSE: We evaluated the microcircular changes of optic disc, peripapillary and macular area in healthysubjects who had taken Gingko biloba extract. METHODS: 10 healthy subjects (20 eyes) took Gingko biloba extract 40mg three times daily. Confocal scanning laser flowmetry (Heidelberg Retina Flowmetry, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) was used to measure the changes of microcirculation at before and after 2, 4 hours, 1 day, 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks. RESULTS: After administration of Gingko biloba extract, blood velocity, blood flow and blood volume in optic disc, peripapillary and macular area increased in all periods but statistically significant in 1 day, 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks except blood volume of macular area in 1 day. No side effects related to Gingko biloba extract were found. CONCLUSIONS: Gingko biloba extract increased microcircular blood velocity, flow, and volume in healthysubjects.

Evaluation of Macular Circulation in Patient with Diabetic Maculopathy using Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope(SLO)

In the condition of diabetic retinopathy, the vascular changes are localized primarily in the retinal capillaries and are presumed to promote angiogenesis. To investigate the change of retinal blood flow velocities and morphological parameters in diabetic retinopathy, we measured perifoveal capillary blood velocities(v) and the size of foveal avascular zones(FAZ). Thirteen patients with diabetic maculopathy and nine healthy volunteers were included in this study. The scanning laser technique in conjunction with an image analysing system were used to assess the morphological and hemodynamic changes in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic maculopathy group showed a slower capillary blood velocity than normal group(2.44+/-0.39mm/sec vs2.75+/-0.61 mm/sec, p>0.18). The foveal avascular zone was significantly larger in diabetic maculopathy group than in normal group(313.5+/-64.6micrometervs. 238.9+/-93.8micrometer, p<0.05). This results indicate that the retinal microcirculation is altered in diabetic patients compared with healthy subjects. These alterations may be due to the change of the capillary wall and blood viscosity in diabetic patients. The determination of these parameters can be utilized in monitoring the progress of diabetic maculopathy.

Comparison of blood velocity profile in the left ventricle at rest and during exercise between endurance trained and sedetary control subjects / 体力科学

The purpose of the present study was to compare between healthy male endurance trained athletes (T, n=6) and sedentary control subjects (S, n=6) for the blood velocity profile in left ventricle at rest and during exercise. Peak velocity of blood injection into the left ventricle at diastole (dV), peak velocity of blood ejection out of the left ventricle at systole (sV), duration of blood injection (dD) and duration of blood ejection (sD) were measured by pulsed Doppler sonography at rest and during cyclic ergometer exercise at intensity of 40, 60 and 80% maximal 0<SUB>2</SUB> uptake (VO<SUB>2</SUB>max) . The dV tended to be higher T than S at rest and during exercise at all intensities, and statistical significance existed at rest and during exercise at 80%VO<SUB>2</SUB>max. However, there was no significant differences in the sV between T and S. In addition, the dV/sV in T was significantly highter than that in S at rest and during exercise at all intensities. These results indicate that Pulling velocity on the left ventricle in T was faster than that in S. In other words, these indicate that preload on the left ventricle in T was larger than that in S. Moreover, the relationship between stroke volume and dV (r=0.50, p<0.001) was closer than that between stroke volume and sV (r=0.30) in all subjects at rest and during exercise. These data suggest that the contribution of enhanced dV was stronger than that of sV to the larger stroke volume observed in dV.