Ethical Issues and Norms of Human-animal Chimerism Technology / 中国医学伦理学

Since the 21st century, with the rapid development of biomedicine, research and discussion on human-animal chimerism technology have attracted wide attention. The general research of human-animal chimeras is to introduce human stem cells into animal embryos that remove organ genes, aiming to cultivate human organs in human-animal chimeras to solve the shortage of human organ donors and provide experimental materials for the development of related scientific research. However, due to its technology involves cross-species genetic modification, which destroys the species boundary and the naturalness of ecological niche, it has caused various ethical issues such as threatening species safety and harming human dignity. The development of human-animal chimerism technology is the choice of the times for technological progress, with its inevitability and rationality. It should not be absolutely prohibited, but must abide by the ethical principles such as safety, benefit, respect, and justice, and operate harmoniously under strict and orderly ethical norms.

Gestión de fronteras marítimas: el caso de Costa Rica y Nicaragua en el océano Pacífico

Introducción: La gestión pública ha adquirido nuevas características, producto de cambio en la forma en que se aborda la gobernanza. Conforme las áreas temáticas, niveles y escalas de esa gestión se ha expandido, la administración pública se tornado más compleja, requiriendo nuevos enfoques. Si bien el derecho del mar y la tesis de que la tierra domina el mar, no son nuevas, lo cierto es que fue con la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar, de 1982, que se formaliza e institucionalizan los espacios bajo jurisdicción del Estado ribereño. Ello ha generado nuevo desafíos y retos para los gobiernos, pues no solo se extiende la soberanía territorial sobre una extensa porción del mar, sino que se asumen responsabilidades en nombre de la comunidad internacional. Objetivo: Como se trata de una cuestión que vincula la gestión pública con la normativa del derecho del mar en materia de delimitación y administración de fronteras; por lo que en esta revisión se busca plantear una aproximación a un asunto sobre el cual se ha explorado poco. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre gestión pública de fronteras considerando el caso de las fronteras marítimas, identificando jurisprudencia internacional y acciones implementadas por Costa Rica. Resultados: En la porción terrestre la gestión de fronteras muestra un desarrollo importante; no así en los espacios marítimos. La jurisdicción es diferente en cada uno de esos espacios, por lo que la gestión pública debe tener en cuenta esas particularidades. Pero, las cosas se complican cuando se trata del espacio fronterizo, porque en este converge lo marino y lo marítimo, pero también diversos intereses, por la naturaleza del espacio marino. Por consiguiente, es necesario reconocer que la gestión de fronteras marítimas no es tan sencilla como trasladar lo que se hace en tierra al mar. Cuando el límite fue definido por un tratado bilateral, existen disposiciones particulares que facilitan la coordinación y cooperación transfronteriza; por eso se utilizó como referencia el caso Costa Rica y Nicaragua en el océano Pacífico, pues en este caso la línea divisoria la estableció la Corte Internacional de Justicia, lo que provoca un trazado que no necesariamente es satisfactorio para los actores involucrados. Conclusiones: las diferencias en la gestión de fronteras entre lo terrestre y lo marítimo, sumado a la forma en que se definió el límite entre los dos países, ha dificultado la implementación de la gestión pública por parte de Costa Rica, que es la experiencia más conocida en la región sobre políticas y gestión marina-marítima.

Introduction: Public management has acquired new characteristics because of change in the way governance is approached. As the subject areas, levels and scales of this management have expanded, public administration has become more complex, requiring new approaches. Although the Law of the Sea and the thesis that the land dominates the sea are not new, the truth is that it was with the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea, of 1982, that the areas under the jurisdiction of the coastal States were formalized and institutionalized. This has generated new challenges for the governments, since not only does territorial sovereignty extend over a large portion of the sea, but new responsibilities are assumed on behalf of the international community. Objective: The matter links public management with the regulations of the Law of the Sea regarding the delimitation and administration of boundaries. Therefore, this review proposes an approach to a matter that has not been explored enough. Methods: A review of the literature on public border management was made, considering the case of maritime boundaries, identifying international jurisprudence -especially of the International Court of Justice- and actions implemented by Costa Rica. Results: in the land portion, border management shows important development; this is not the case in the maritime spaces. The jurisdiction is different in each of these spaces, so public management must take these particularities into account. Things get complicated when it comes to the border area, because in it the marine and the maritime converge, but also different interests, due to the nature of the marine space. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize that the management of maritime boundaries is not as simple as moving what is done on land to the sea. When the limit was defined by a bilateral treaty, some provisions facilitate cross-border coordination and cooperation. For this reason, the case of Costa Rica and Nicaragua in the Pacific Ocean was used as a reference, since in this case the dividing line was established by the International Court of Justice, which causes a layout that is not necessarily satisfactory for the actors involved. Conclusions: the differences in border management between land and sea, in addition to how the boundary between the two countries is defined, has made it difficult for Costa Rica to implement public management, which is the best-known experience in the region on marine-maritime policies and management.

Yoga: um objeto de fronteira? / El yoga: ¿un objeto de frontera? / Yoga: a boundary object?

O yoga partiu do Oriente e foi apropriado pelo Ocidente, transita entre a tradição e a pesquisa, intersecta a Ciência e a Religião, oscilando entre o profano e o sagrado. Vem deixando para trás a invisibilidade social para se tornar uma prática comum. Pode ser compreendido como escola filosófica e, ao mesmo tempo, uma prática mente-corpo reconhecida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) delineando, assim, zonas de contato e fronteiras simbólicas com vários campos do saber. Na contemporaneidade vem sendo discutido nas áreas das Ciências Sociais e Humanas. Este artigo ensaístico traz reflexões sobre como o yoga vem sendo abordado pelos campos da Saúde, Religião, Filosofia, Arte, Educação, Antropologia e Sociologia, e discute o desenvolvimento do yoga como objeto de fronteiras.(AU)

El yoga partió de Oriente y fue apropiado por Occidente, transita entre la tradición y la investigación, realiza una intersección entre la ciencia y la religión, oscilando entre lo profano y lo sagrado. Ha dejado para atrás la invisibilidad social para convertirse en una práctica común. Puede comprenderse como escuela filosófica y, al mismo tiempo, una práctica mente-cuerpo reconocida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, delineando de esa forma zonas de contacto y fronteras simbólicas con varios campos del saber. En la contemporaneidad se ha discutido en las áreas de las ciencias sociales y humanas. Este artículo ensayístico brinda reflexiones sobre cómo el yoga ha sido abordado por los campos de la salud, religión, filosofía, arte, educación, antropología y sociología y discute el desarrollo del yoga como objeto de fronteras.(AU)

Yoga originated in the East and was appropriated by the West. It transits between tradition and research, intersects science and religion, oscillating among the profane and the sacred. It has morphed from social invisibility into a mainstream practice. It can be comprehended as a philosophical school, as well as a mind-body practice recognized by the World Health Organization, generating contact zones and symbolic frontiers with different fields of knowledge. In contemporary times it is discussed by the social and human sciences. This essay offers reflections on how yoga has been approached by the fields of health, religion, philosophy, art, education, anthropology and sociology, and discusses the development of yoga as an object of boundaries.(AU)

Disarray in global governance and climate change chaos / Desordem na governança global e o caos nas mudanças climáticas / Desorden en la gobernanza global y el caos en el cambio climático

Scientists warn that human activity in the Anthropocene is causing the transgression of several planetary boundaries. The population/environment/development equation has become insoluble. This paper reviews the trajectory of climate change and discusses the shortcomings of ongoing efforts to address it. It analyzes the current crisis in global governance, fostered by widespread disenchantment with globalization, and reflects on the risks that the resulting political imbroglio presents for our environmental future. Global responses are ineffective due to crumbling multilaterism and the continuing promotion of unsustainable economic growth based on consumerism. Discontent with the consequences of globalization has destabilized national governance and, in the process, further corroded prospects for effective global governance in facing symbiotic social, political and environmental crises. Frustration with globalization is providing media populists a platform from which to attract voters with naive schemes that highlight climate change denial. Potential pathways and obstacles for multilateralism in efforts to resolve the current crisis are blurred. Blind faith in technology, negationism, and the pervasiveness of the consumer culture further hamper awareness raising. Unfortunately, voters, institutions and policies may only adjust when the intensification of climate disasters forces a sea change in outlook.

Os cientistas alertam para o fato de que a atividade humana no Antropoceno está provocando a transgressão de vários limites planetários. A equação população, meio ambiente e desenvolvimento ficou insolúvel. Este artigo revisa a trajetória das mudanças climáticas, discute as limitações dos esforços atuais para lidar com elas e analisa a atual crise na governança global, além de refletir sobre os riscos que esse imbróglio político apresenta para o nosso futuro ambiental. As respostas globais são ineficazes devido à deterioração do multilaterismo e à promoção generalizada do crescimento econômico insustentável baseado no consumismo. O descontentamento com as consequências da globalização desestabilizou a governança nacional e, no processo, corroeu ainda mais as perspectivas de uma governança global eficaz para enfrentar crises sociais, políticas e ambientais simbióticas. A frustração com a globalização está proporcionando aos populistas uma plataforma para atrair eleitores com esquemas ingênuos que incluem o negacionismo. Ao mesmo tempo, uma nova divisão do poder econômico, político e científico está surgindo com a Belt and Road Initiative da China. Discutem-se caminhos potenciais e obstáculos para o multilaterismo na tentativa de resolver esse dilema. A fé cega na tecnologia, o negacionismo e a difusão da cultura de consumo dificultam os esforços multilaterais contra as ameaças ambientais. Infelizmente, parece que eleitores, instituições e políticas só se ajustarão depois que a intensificação dos desastres climáticos forçar uma mudança radical de mentalidade.

Los científicos advierten que la actividad humana en el Antropoceno está provocando la transgresión de varios límites planetarios. La ecuación población, medio ambiente y desarrollo ha quedado insoluble. Este artículo revisa la trayectoria del cambio climático y discute las limitaciones de los esfuerzos actuales para lidiar con él. Analiza también la actual crisis en la gobernanza global y el desencanto generalizado que despierta y reflexiona sobre los riesgos que ese embrollo político presenta para nuestro futuro ambiental. Las respuestas globales son ineficaces debido al deterioro del multilaterismo y a la promoción continua del crecimiento económico insostenible basado en el consumismo. El descontento con las consecuencias de la globalización ha desestabilizado la gobernanza nacional y, en el proceso, ha corroído aún más las perspectivas de una gobernanza global eficaz para enfrentar crisis sociales, políticas y ambientales simbióticas. La frustración con las consecuencias de la globalización proporciona a los populistas una plataforma para atraer electores con esquemas ingenuos que incluyen la negación del cambio climático. Al mismo tiempo, surge una nueva división de poder económico, político e científico en torno de la Iniciativa Belt and Road de China. Se discuten caminos potenciales y obstáculos para el multilaterismo en el intento de resolver eses dilemas. La fe ciega en la tecnología, el negacionismo y la omnipresencia de la cultura de consumo dificultan la escalada necesaria de esfuerzos multilaterales. Desafortunadamente, votantes, instituciones y políticas solo se ajustarán cuando la intensificación de los desastres climáticos provocar un cambio radical de mentalidad.

La economía del dónut: siete formas de pensar como un economista para el siglo xxi

En su libro Kate Raworth invita al lector a reflexionar sobre la pertinencia del paradigma económico dominante en el contexto de un planeta que muestra señales de agotamiento ecológico y ambiental. No se trata de un simple debate teórico; los datos empíricos indican que el capitalismo actual no es sostenible. Por medio del uso de la metáfora de una Dónut, la economista propone un cambio de la meta de crecimiento económico perpetuo en el cual se fundamenta el futuro de las sociedades. Es importante reemplazar el lenguaje de 'lo bueno es ir hacia adelante o hacia arriba' por uno que privilegie la búsqueda del equilibrio entre las necesidades humanas y los límites planetarios la Tierra.

Kate Raworth's book invites the reader to reflect on the relevance of the dominant economic paradigm in the context of a planet that suffers from ecological and environmental exhaustion. The implications of that debate are not solely theoretical; empirical data shows that contemporary capitalism is not sustainable. By introducing the metaphor of the doughnut, the economist suggests a shift in the goal of perpetual economic growth on which the future of societies is based. It is important to replace the language from 'good is forward-and-up' to 'good is in-balance' between human needs and the earthly limits of the Earth.

Experiencias fuera del cuerpo: una evaluación del constructo de transliminalidad y límite "fino" como anomalía cognitivo-perceptual / Out of body experiences: an evaluation of the construct of transliminality and "thin" boundaries as cognitive-perceptual anomaly / Experiencias fora del cuerpo: una evaluação do construto de transliminalidad e limite "fino" como anomália cognitivo-perceptual

Resumen: La experiencia fuera del cuerpo (EFC), se define como una experiencia en la cual el "yo", o el centro de conciencia, parece ocupar una posición remota respecto a su propio cuerpo. Un problema en la evaluación de ciertas anomalías perceptuales que se extrapolan del contexto de la psiquiatría clínica es su excesiva dependencia a ciertos fenómenos alucinatorios. La hipótesis de la transliminalidad sugiere que la fuente inmediata de nuestras percepciones se procesa primero a un nivel inconsciente, luego a través del umbral de la conciencia. El constructo de "límite" permite comprender ciertos factores que subyacen en la variedad de las experiencias excepcionales, como las experiencias fuera del cuerpo. Se ponen a prueba tres hipótesis específicas: (1) personas que tienen experiencias fuera del cuerpo (EFC) tienen una mayor frecuencia de experiencias cognitivas anómalas (2) son más transliminales, (3) y tienen límites más "finos" en comparación con un grupo control (sin EFC). Cien individuos con EFC (47 %) fueron comparados con otros 111 que no tuvieron EFC (53 %), con un rango etario entre 18 a 83 años (M = 44,92; DT = 13,29). Individuos con EFC puntuaron más alto en experiencias anómalas, límites más finos, y alta transliminalidad, lo cual confirman las hipótesis. Este estudio concluye que las experiencias fuera del cuerpo representan la sensibilidad de un individuo debido a los límites permeables del yo. Esta sensibilidad, relacionada con ciertas diferencias fisiológicas en el procesamiento perceptual, puede también representar una forma de transliminalidad.

Abstract: Out-of-body experience (OBE) is an experience in which the "self", or center of awareness, seems to the person having the OBE to temporarily occupy a position spa tially remote from the body. A drawback of assessing perceptual anomalies by extrapolating exclusively from the context of clinical psychiatry is the overreliance on hallucinatory phenomena. Transliminality hypothesis suggests that the immediate source of our perceptions is not our eyes or our ears, but rather the subliminal consciousness: percepts are first processed at an unconscious level and then, usually speedily, they are presented across the threshold to consciousness. The boundary construct is highly valuable in terms of understanding the factors which underpin the varieties of exceptional experiences, such as out of body experiences. Three specific hypotheses are tested here: (1) people who report OBEs (experients) have a higher capacity for cognitive anomalous experiences (2) higher transliminality, (3) and thinner boundaries who score differently than control (non -experients). Participants who experienced OBEs (n= 100, 47%) were matched with participants who do not report OBEs (non experient, n= 111, 53%), ages ranged from 18 to 83 years old (M = 44.92; SD = 13.29). OBErs scored higher on anomalous experiences, higher on "thin" boundaries, high transliminality than for non-OBErs, which supported the three hypotheses. The paper discus ses OBE phenomena as an experient's sensitivity due to permeable ego boundaries. This sensitivity, may be related to some physiological differences in percep tual processing may also underly it.

Resumo: A experiência fora do corpo (EFC), se define como uma experiência na qual o "yo", o centro de consciência, parece ocupar uma posição remota quanto ao seu próprio corpo. Um problema na avaliação de certas anomalias perceptuelles que se extrapolam do contexto da psiquiatría clínica é su excesiva dependencia a ciertos fenómenos alucinatorios. A hipótese da tradução é sugerida por uma fonte imediata de nossas percepções se processar primeiro a um nível inconsciente, em seguida, através do umbral da consciência. O construto de "limite" permite compreender certos fatores que subentran na variedade de experiências excepcionais, como as experiências fora do corpo. (1) Penseis que tenham experiências fora do corpo (EFC) têm uma previsão de experiências cognitivas anómalas (2) son más transliminales, (3) e têm limites mais "finos" em comparação com un controle de grupo (sin EFC). Cien nos com EFC (47%) foram comparados com outros 111 que no tuvent EFC (53%), com um rango etario entre 18 a 83 años (M = 44,92; DT = 13,29). Individuos con EFC puntuaron más alto em experiências anómalas, limites mais finos, e alta transliminalidad, lo cual confirman as hipótesis. Este estudo conclui que as experiências fora do corpo representam a sensibilidade de um indivíduo a um limite de limites permeáveis ​​do yo. Esta sensibilidade, relacionada com outras diferenças fisiológicas no processo de percepção, também é representativa de uma tradução de tradução.

Límite fino y transliminalidad en relación con experiencias aparicionales y sensación de presencia / Thin Boundary and Transliminality in Relation with Apparitional Experiences and Sense of Presence / Limite "fino" e transliminalidade em relação com experiências aparicionais e sensação de presença

Objetivo. Comparar la transliminalidad y el límite fino en personas que tienen experiencias de apariciones y sensación de presencia con un grupo control. Se plantea como hipótesis que las personas que reportan experiencias aparicionales y sensación de presencia tienen: (a) mayor propensión a tener experiencias anómalas, (b) mayor transliminalidad y (c) límites más finos en comparación con un grupo control. Método. Se administraron cuatro medidas, la Escala Cardiff de Percepciones Anómalas, la Escala de Transliminalidad (revisada), el Inventario de Experiencias Anómalo/Paranormales y el Cuestionario de Límites, a una muestra compuesta por 203 participantes interesados en experiencias paranormales (151 mujeres y 52 hombres). Resultados. Se confirmaron las tres hipótesis, esto es, mayor nivel de experiencias anómalas, transliminalidad y límite más fino en individuos que reportan la experiencia en comparación con quienes no las reportan. Conclusión. Estos resultados indican que, particularmente, el constructo de límite fino refleja unos procesos atencionales o hiperestesia particular para la detección del entorno en aquellos involucrados en presuntas experiencias aparicionales.

Objective. To compare the experiences of people who have apparitions and a sense of presence with a control group (without experience) in the degree of frequency of other anomalous experiences, transliminality and thin boundary. Three specific hypotheses are tested here: (a) people who report apparitional experiences and sense of presence score higher anomalous experiences, (b) higher transliminality, (c) and thinner boundaries than control. Method. Four scales were used, the Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale, the Revised Transliminality Scale (RTS), the Anomalous/Paranormal Inventory (AEI), and the Boundary Questionnaire. A sample of 203 participants (151 females and 52 males) who experienced apparitional experiences and sense of presence were matched with participants who did not report such experiences. Results. The three hypotheses were confirmed, that is, higher scores of anomalous experiences, transliminality and thin boundaries in individuals reporting experience compared to those who did not have it confirmed. Conclusion. The construct of a thin boundary reflects some of the attentional processes and/or hyperesthesia present in those involved in alleged apparitional experiences which are used for the detection of their environment.

Escopo. Comparar transliminalidade e limite "fino" em pessoas que têm experiência de aparições e sensação de presença com um grupo de controle (sem experiência). Nossa hipótese é que pessoas que se reportam experiências aparicionais e sensação de presença têm: (a) maior propensão de ter experiências cognitivas anormais, (b) maior transliminalidade, (c) limites mais finos em comparação com um grupo controle. Metodologia. Foram administradas quatro medições, a escala Cardiff de percepções anômalas, a Escala revisada de transliminalidade, o Inventário de experiências anômalas/paranormais e o Questionário de Limites, para uma amostra de 203 participantes interessados em experiências paranormais (151 mulheres 52 homens). Resultados. Foram confirmadas as três hipóteses, ou seja, maior nível de experiências anômalas, transliminalidade e limite mais fino em indivíduos que reportam a experiência em comparação com aqueles que não o fez. Conclusão. Estes resultados indicam, particularmente, que o construto do limite fino reflete uns processos de atenção e/ou hiperestesia particular para a detecção do entorno em aqueles que estão envolvidos em supostas experiências aparicionais.

Formação continuada em Educação Física na educação básica: da experiência com o instituído aos entrelugares formativos / Continued formation in school-level Physical Education: from established initiatives to in-between formative spaces

Resumo Este estudo objetiva analisar e dar visibilidade aos lugares/espaços identificados pelos professores de Educação Física da Superintendência de Carapina, na Rede Estadual de Ensino do Espírito Santo, como significativos para sua formação. Usa como referencial teórico-metodológico a pesquisa narrativa, utilizando como fontes as narrativas (auto)biográficas de seis professores, em uma prática compartilhada de pesquisa no diálogo com docentes. A análise do estudo sinaliza movimentos diversificados, ora singulares, ora coletivos, de espaços formativos praticados. Esta análise amplia o entendimento de formação continuada para além de momentos instituídos, compreendendo tanto os entrelugares de formação, como os espaços autoformativos indicados pelos professores como significativos à sua formação. Aponta a necessidade de pensar mudanças em políticas de formação focada na valorização de ações investigativo-formativas que tenham como ponto de partida e chegada as práticas pedagógicas.(AU)

Abstract This study aims to analyze and give visibility to the places/spaces identified by the physical education teachers of the Superintendence of Carapina, in the state education network of Espirito Santo, as being significant to their formation process. It uses the narrative research as the theoretical and methodological framework, using the autobiographical narratives of six teachers as the source, in a shared practice of research and dialogue with these teachers. The study analysis indicates diverse movements - sometimes single, sometimes collectives - of practiced formative spaces. This analysis expands the understanding of continuing training to beyond of the established moments, comprising the other places of training as much as the self-formative fields identified by the teachers as significant to their formation. It points out the need to think about changes in the education policies focused the valorization of investigative and training activities that have the pedagogical practices as the beginning and end.(AU)

Contatos pós-analíticos nos institutos e seus limites / Boundaries and postanalytic contacts in institutes / Contactos post-analíticos en los institutos y sus límites

Este artigo apresenta o trabalho realizado pelo Comitê de Educação Psicanalítica - COPE, trazendo foco específico nos contatos pós-analíticos entre pacientes e analistas após o término da análise didática. Através de exemplos clínicos evocativos e ilustrativos da complexidade presente nas relações e encontros pós-analíticos, são identificados alguns dilemas vivenciados entre ex-analistas e ex-analisandos quando se encontram como colegas depois da finalização da análise didática. Esses dilemas, como é argumentado, trazem implicações para a condução e a efetividade da análise didática, assim como no desenvolvimento das culturas institucionais e as relações de poder internas dos institutos...

The work of a COPE study group on boundaries is presented, with particular focus on post-termination contact after the training analysis. Through the use of clinical examples evocative and illustrative of the complexity of postanalytic contacts and relationships in the training analysis situation, a number of dilemmas are identified that former analysts and patients face when they meet as colleagues after the training analysis is over. These dilemmas, it is argued, have implications for the conduct and effectiveness of the training analysis and for the institutional cultures and power relations that evolve within institutes...

Este artículo presenta el trabajo desarrollado por el Comité de Educación Psicoanalítica - COPE, con foco en los contactos post-analíticos entre pacientes y analistas una vez terminado el análisis de formación. A través de ejemplos clínicos evocativos e ilustrativos de la complejidad presente en las relaciones y encuentros post-analíticos, se identifican algunos dilemas vivenciados por los ex analistas y ex analizandos al encontrarse como colegas después de terminado el análisis didáctico. Se argumenta que estos dilemas tienen implicaciones en la conducción y efectividad del análisis didáctico, así como en el desarrollo de las culturas institucionales y las relaciones de poder dentro de los institutos...

Family Physicians’ Sharing of Personal Information on Facebook.

Aims: Online social networks, such as Facebook, are growing in popularity amongst physicians, and represent a potential avenue for the compromising of their privacy and professional boundaries. We sought to determine the extent to which family doctors are sharing personal information on Facebook. Study Design: Observational. Place and Duration of Study: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Data was collected between May and August of 2012. Methodology: From the website of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, all 1000 family physicians active in the Ottawa region were identified. A database was then created of subjects’ publicly shared information (i.e., information available to the general public) for those with accessible profiles on Facebook. Chi square and t-tests were performed to explore demographic patterns for those with viewable profiles; binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with Facebook visibility. Results: While only 10.2% of family physicians had publicly viewable profiles, 81.4% of those featured a visible profile photo; 91.2% could be messaged directly by any member of the public; a majority shared limited personal information, including recent online activities and place of education; 24% shared their place of work; 15% had visible lists of family members; and 14% disclosed their relationship status. From logistic regression, there were no significant factors associated with whether a physician was viewable on Facebook. Conclusion: While a minority of physicians have a publicly accessible Facebook profile, those that do are sharing personal information that may expose them to unwanted intrusions into their personal lives and unexpected patient interactions outside of the office. Physicians should be aware of options for making their online information less publicly accessible.

Jóvenes indígenas en la frontera: relaciones entre etnicidad, escolaridad y territorialidad / Young indigenous people on the boundaries: relationships between ethnicity, schooling and territoriality

Desde una perspectiva etnográfica, se analizan dos escenarios que ubican a los jóvenes indígenas ante situaciones fronterizas. Por un lado, la condición de habitar en los límites geográficos y administrativos que separan a los Estados nacionales. Por el otro, se aborda la escolaridad formal entendiéndola como un espacio de transición o frontera.Planteamos que la frontera, en tanto categoría analítica, se ha convertido en una herramienta teórica colmada de tensiones en las ciencias sociales, por lo que se propone un acercamiento particular desde la Antropología Social. Se ilustran las reflexiones con registros obtenidos a partir del trabajo de campo realizado en comunidades indígenas wichí (Argentina) en el marco de un investigación cualitativa que tiene por objetivo conocer los sentidos que guarda la educación formal para los jóvenes indígenas. Como resultado de la investigación se destaca la generación de conocimientos sobre la escolaridad obligatoria de los pueblos indígenas desde la perspectiva de los actores involucrados.

Fronteras morales y políticas sexuales: apuntes sobre 'la política LGBT' y el deseo del Estado / Moral boundaries and sexual politics: notes on 'LGBT Politics' and the desire of the State / Fronteiras morais e políticas sexuais: apontamentos sobre "a política LGBT" e o desejo do Estado

A partir de un seguimiento de políticas (gubernamentales, de los movimientos sociales y de la vida cotidiana) en la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia), relacionadas con la ampliación de ciudadanías sexuales, este artículo trata sobre los territorios morales que dichas políticas crean, y sobre los cuerpos que desea el Estado o que reclaman ser deseados por él. Particularmente se analizan la 'política LGBT' y la 'política gay' en un contexto local y su paradójica contribución a la normalización de la disidencia sexual y de género.

Based on an analysis of government policy, social movement activism, and politics of the everyday life in Bogotá (Colombia), about the expansion of sexual citizenship, this article delves on the moral territories created around those politics, and the bodies desired by the State, or bodies that want to be desired by the State. In particular, it discusses 'LGBT politics' and 'gay policy' in a local context, and its paradoxical contribution to the normalization of sexual and gender dissidence.

A partir do acompanhamento de políticas (governamentais, dos movimentos sociais e da vida cotidiana) na cidade de Bogotá (Colômbia), em relação com a ampliação de cidadanias sexuais, este artigo trata dos territórios morais que criam tais políticas e dos corpos que deseja o Estado ou que reclamam ser desejados por ele. Particularmente, analisam-se "a política LGBT" e "a política gay" em um contexto local e a sua paradoxal contribuição para a normalização da dissidência sexual e de gênero.

Algunas consideraciones sobre lo inconsciente / Some thoughts on the unconscious

El núcleo del inconsciente dinámico es producto de la represión primaria. Esto diferencia al inconsciente dinámico estudiado por el psicoanálisis del inconsciente descriptivo tratado por otras disciplinas que no consideran el rol central que desempeñan el conflicto psíquico, el deseo y la represión en la constitución del inconsciente. En los procesos inconscientes existe una intención comunicante determinada por el deseo inconsciente. En la concepción del autor las representaciones de palabra no son constitutivas del inconsciente, y son las ‘relaciones primarias de objeto’ el factor que lo estructura. El factor de cambio estructural a nivel de lo inconsciente es la interpretación. La interpretación conduce al analizado a una renuncia, tanto a la posesión de los objetos endogámicos, como a modalidades infantiles posesivas de relación de objeto y a la omnipotencia narcisista. El insight es en sí mismo una resignificación de la concepción que el sujeto tiene de las experiencias pretéritas.

The nucleus of the dynamic unconscious is a product of primary repression. This distinguishes the dynamic unconscious as studied by psychoanalysis from the descriptive unconscious dealt with by other disciplines which do not take into account the central role which psychic conflict, wishes and repression play in the structuring of the unconscious. In unconscious processes, a communicative intention exists which is determined by unconscious wishes. In the author’s conceptualization, word-representations are not constitutive of the unconscious; primary object relationships are the essential factor which structures the unconscious. It is interpretation which brings about structural change at an unconscious level. Interpretation leads the analysand to relinquish the possession of endogamic objects, possessive modalities of object relationships and narcissistic omnipotence. Insight in itself is the resignification (Nachtrãglichkeit) of the conception that the subject has of prior experiences.

Adolescência: muda psíquica à procura de continentes / Adolescence: change psychic looking for continents

Período de transtornos somatopsíquicos inéditos, a adolescência repõe em questão os marcos identitários e identificatórios. A metáfora de Anzieu - o Eu-pele - parece-nos fecunda para pensar a adolescência em termos de muda: mudar de pele. O investimento dos limites é especialmente solicitado para conter essas transformações. Este artigo propõe uma reflexão acerca dos conteúdos intrapsíquicos, objetais e sociais que favorecem a muda adolescente.

Adolescence, a psychical molting season in search for containment. During adolescence, physical and psychic reorganizations are very important and new markers of identity and identifications are thrown back into question. Anzieu's metaphor, the Skin-Ego (Moi-Peau), appears to us very useful to think adolescence as a molting: the skin - i.e. the metaphoric Skin-Ego - is changing. This new transformations need to be contained, so the cathexis of the boundaries is requested. The purpose of the present article is to ponder on the containments favoring the molting of the adolescence. These containments are psychic, object and societal.

Expresiones infantiles de agresividad en contextos educativos: una interpretación desde la psicología dinámica y las relaciones familiares / Infant expressions of aggressiveness in educational Context. Interpretation from dynamic psychology and family relationships

Este artículo es uno de los productos de la investigación Perspectivas interdisciplinarias de intervención con familias. Caso de la ciudad de Medellín y el Municipio de Rionegro. Una comprensión desde la Psicología, la Educación y la Familia. Describe los discursos de los niños sobre el fenómeno de la agresividad que experimentan en el Colegio Bello Oriente de Medellín. Su objetivo es detallar roles y límites en familias en las que hay niños que se comportan de manera agresiva en ambientes educativos. El enfoque metodológico de la investigación fue cualitativo. Los resultados de la investigación de los que se da cuenta en este artículo muestran una interpretación de la agresividad infantil a partir de la Psicología Dinámica; y un análisis de los roles y límites como dimensiones de la dinámica familiar. Como conclusión, es posible afirmar que los niños y las niñas pueden hacerse responsables de sus comportamientos agresivos y tramitar tal agresividad de manera simbólica cuando hallan mecanismos adecuados en sus familias e instituciones educativas; las relaciones familiares influyen en la formación de la personalidad de los infantes.

This article is a product of the research interdisciplinary perspectives of intervention with families. Case of Medellin and the Municipality of Rionegro. An understanding from Psychology, Education and Families. It Describes children's speeches on the phenomenon of aggression, experienced in the school Colegio Bello Oriente in Medellin. Its aim is to detail roles and limits in families where there are children who behave aggressively in educational settings. The methodological approach was qualitative research. The results show an understanding of children's aggression from the theoretical perspective of dynamic psychology, and an analysis of the roles and limits as dimensions of family dynamics in which children. In conclusion, it can be said that the children can take responsibility for their aggressive behavior and process symbolically this aggressiveness when they find appropriate mechanisms in their families and educational institutions.

Professional boundaries and psychotherapy: a review.

ABSTRACT: Psychotherapy is a vital component of any treatment programme in the management of psychiatric disorders. It is very essential that the therapist receives adequate training prior to embarking on therapy with patients. There are various ethical issues and boundaries that the therapist must be aware of when dealing with psychiatric patients. Both experienced and novice therapist may experience confusion and dilemma when it comes across certain boundaries for the benefit of the patients. The present article introduces the readers the various boundaries that need to be maintained in psychotherapy and how the boundary is crossing or violations can lead to serious problems. The issue of gifts, fees, transference, physical contact between therapist and patient and sexual boundary violations are discussed. The need for focusing on boundaries in psychotherapy training is stressed.

Fundamentos y límitesde la primera tópica freudiana / Basics and limits of the first freudian Topic

Las sucesivas reformulaciones que experimenta la teoría psicoanalítica guardan una estrecha solidaridad con los fenómenos clínicos, los obstáculos y los límites que Freud encuentra en su práctica. Las aristas que se desprenden de las conceptualizaciones relativas a la angustia y la pulsión, los diques pulsionales, los destinos pulsionales anteriores a la represión, el encuentro con fenómenos clínicos tales como el amor de transferencia y sus versiones erotómanas, las neurosis narcisistas, las neurosis traumáticas, las complicaciones que introduce la reacción terapéutica negativa, dan cuenta de una dimensión de los fenómenos psíquicos que testimonian la presencia de elementos pulsionales que no pueden ser explicados desde la lógica en la que se sostiene la primera tópica. Estos fenómenos, al requerir de nuevos soportes teóricos, inciden en el camino que conduce a la formulación de la segunda tópica.

The successive reformulations of psychoanalytic theory have a close solidarity with the clinical phenomena, obstacles and boundaries that Freud found in his practice. The dimensions emerging from the conceptualizations relating to the anguish and the drive, drive dams, destination drive before repression, meeting with clinical phenomena such as transference love and its versions erotomaniac, narcissistic neurosis, traumatic neurosis, the complications introduced by the negative therapeutic reaction, account for a dimension of psychic phenomena which testify to the presence of drive elements that can not be explained from the logic that holds the first topic. These phenomena, requiring new theoretical bases, influence the way that leads to the formulation of the second topic.

Estrutura e composição florística da vegetação lenhosa em cerrado rupestre na transição Cerrado-Floresta Amazônica, Mato Grosso, Brasil / Structure and floristic composition of woody vegetation in cerrado rupestre in the Cerrado-Amazonian Forest transition zone, Mato Grosso, Brazil

O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a composição florística e a estrutura da vegetação lenhosa (incluindo monocotiledôneas e lianas) em cerrado rupestre na zona de transição Cerrado-Floresta Amazônica, no Parque do Bacaba, em Nova Xavantina, MT (14º 41' S e 52º 20' W) e compará-las com outros estudos de cerrado sentido restrito. Foram demarcadas aleatoriamente 10 parcelas de 20 × 50 m, nas quais foram medidos os indivíduos vivos e mortos em pé com diâmetro mínimo a 30 cm do solo (DAS) > 3 cm. O cerrado rupestre apresentou alta densidade (3.766 indivíduos vivos), riqueza florística (85 espécies, 67 gêneros e 34 famílias) e área basal (15,72 m²ha-1), e ainda elevado valor do índice de diversidade de espécies de Shannon-Wiener (H' = 3,47) e equabilidade de Pielou (J = 0,78) em relação às áreas comparadas. As espécies com maior valor de importância foram Erythroxylum suberosum, Qualea parviflora, Anacardium occidentale, Kielmeyera rubriflora e Vatairea macrocarpa. A maior similaridade florística entre comunidades de cerrado típico e rupestre localizadas em áreas com menores altitudes do leste mato-grossense sugere que nessa região a proximidade geográfica e a altitude exercem influência sobre a composição de espécies, independentemente do substrato. A comunidade apresentou distribuição de alturas unimodal, predominando indivíduos de porte arbustivo com altura < 3 m e DAS < 5 cm. É sugerido aqui que estudos florísticos e fitossociológicos realizados em cerrado rupestre empreguem DAS mínimo de 3 cm e incluam espécies de monocotiledôneas e de lianas para representar de maneira mais realística a riqueza e composição de espécies e a estrutura da vegetação. A elevada riqueza e diversidade de espécies registrada no presente estudo podem estar relacionadas à posição pré-Amazônica deste cerrado rupestre, enfatizando a importância da manutenção do Parque do Bacaba no sentido de garantir a proteção de sua diversidade biológica.

This study aimed to analyze the floristic composition and the structure of a savanna on rocky soil ("cerrado rupestre") woody vegetation (including monocots and lianas) in the Cerrado-Amazon Forest transition zone located at Parque Municipal do Bacaba, Nova Xavantina, State of Mato Grosso (14º 41' S and 52º 20' W), and compare it with other cerrado stricto sensu studies. Ten 20 × 50 m plots were randomly established, within which all live and dead woody plants with at least 3 cm of trunk diameter at 30 cm above ground level (DSH30 > 3 cm) were measured. The cerrado rupestre showed high density (3,766 live individuals), richness (85 species, 67 genera and 34 families) and basal area (15.72 m²ha-1), as well as high levels of Shannon-Wiener species diversity (H' = 3.47) and evenness (J = 0.78) indices. The most important species were Erythroxylum suberosum, Qualea parviflora, Anacardium occidentale, Kielmeyera rubriflora and Vatairea macrocarpa. The greatest floristic similarity found between typical cerrado and "cerrado rupestre" communities from lower altitude areas of Northeastern Mato Grosso suggest that, in this region, altitude and geographical distance influence the species composition, regardless of the substrate. The community presented unimodality in the heights distribution and is mostly compounded by shrubby individuals with height < 3 m and DSH < 5 cm. We suggest that floristic and phytosociological studies conducted in "cerrado rupestre" should adopt DSH > 3 cm and include monocot and liana species, so as to more realistically represent the vegetation richness, species composition and structure. The high species richness and diversity registered in this study might be related to this "cerrado rupestre" pre-Amazonian location, which emphasizes the importance of "Parque do Bacaba" maintenance as a guarantee of its biological diversity protection.

Resultados de la vigilancia de la calidad microbiológica del agua de consumo a nivel de fronteras, 2007-2009 / Results of the of microbiologic quality surveillance of drinking water at frontiers level, 2007-2009

Entre los meses de enero de 2007 y junio de 2009, se realizó la vigilancia de la calidad microbiológica del agua de consumo del Aeropuerto Internacional "José Martí" (AIJM) y el Puerto de La Habana (PH), principales puntos fronteras del país. En este período se analizaron un total de 456 muestras de aguas de estos 2 puntos, con la siguiente distribución (375 muestras del AIJM y 81 del PH). Del total de muestras analizadas, el 93,9 por ciento estaba apta para el consumo según criterios de la NC 93-02:1985 Agua Potable, Requisitos Sanitarios y muestreo. Se consideran que estos resultados han sido satisfactorios y en los casos que se han detectado muestras no aptas (6,1 por ciento) para el consumo, se ha dado la alerta y se han tomado las medidas rápidas y certeras para resolver el problema. Por otra parte, se recomienda implementar un plan de seguridad del agua en cada sitio para mejorar la vigilancia sanitaria a partir de un programa establecido.

Between January 2007 and June 2009, it was carried out the monitoring of microbiological quality of drinking water from the José Martí International Airport (AIJM) and the Port of Havana (PH), which are the main borders of Cuba. In this period, a total of 456 water samples from these two points were analyzed, with the following distribution: 375 samples of AIJM and 81 samples of PH. A 93.9 percent were suitable for consumption according to criteria of the NC-93-02:1985. Drinking Water. Health requirements and sampling. It is considered that these results were satisfactory and where the samples were found unfit (6.1 percent) for consumption, it has been sent the alert and it has been taken rapid and accurate measures for solving the problem. Moreover, it is recommended to implement a water safety plan at each site to improve health surveillance based on a program established.

Influencia de la cantidad y la calidad subjetiva de sueño en diversas características de personalidad

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract: In relation to individual differences in the habitual duration of sleep, a distinction can be established between subjects having a short sleep pattern (6 hours or less of sleep per night), subjects with an intermediate sleep pattern (between 7 and 8 hours of sleep), and subjects with a long sleep pattern (more than 9 hours of sleep). The reason for these individual differences in sleep duration is unknown. Diverse studies have been carried out in an attempt to understand if psychological or physiological differences exist in people with distinct sleep patterns. Recently, it has been demonstrated that sleeping less and, paradoxically, sleeping more than the sleep quantity associated with the intermediate sleep pattern (7-8 hours) has a negative impact on physical health. On the contrary, studies about possible psychological differences between different sleep patterns are almost nonexistent. Some studies that analyze variables regarding vigilance suggest that subjects with a long sleep pattern have a poorer performance in tests of vigilance than subjects who have a short sleep pattern. In turn, subjects with short sleep pattern appear to have more academic efficiency problems and appear to show a more depressed mood state than the subjects belonging to the other sleep pattern groups. One aspect that has been scarcely analyzed, with the exception of the classic works by Hartmann and Hicks in the 1970's, is if sleep patterns differ according to personality characteristics. The dimensions of personality which have received more attention have been extraversion and neuroticism, and none of the majority of studies has observed any significative differences in function of sleep patterns. Nevertheless, in the case of neuroticism, results are contradictory and there exist also reports that observe differences in sleep pattern function. It is important to emphasize that in these studies the quantity of sleep was not considered along with other essential aspects of sleep such as quality. Perhaps this aspect could explain a part of the inconsistent findings in the literature. On the other hand, psychoticism, which along with extraversion and neuroticism constitutes the third big dimension of the known tripartite model of personality, has been the least investigated personality dimension. Again, no work exists which analyzes the relations between the pattern of sleep and the dimension of personality of cognitive limits more recently proposed by Hartmann. The present study is a part of a wider investigation, the objective of which is to analyze the relations between the subjective quantity and quality of sleep and psychological variables in healthy individuals. This paper is centered on the influence of the pattern of sleep (short, intermediate, and long), the subjective quality of sleep (high, medium, or low) and the possible interaction between both factors in the personality dimensions of neuroticism, psychoticism, and cognitive limits. The sample was composed of 125 healthy students (110 women and 15 males) with ages ranging from 18 to 26 years old. The participants were selected according to their responses to a sleep questionnaire created for this purpose, which explored the habits of sleep, the state of medical health, past and present psychological condition, and possible use of medication. All the subjects selected showed good medical and psychological health, they did not use any type of medication, nor did they belong to any extreme morning or evening type of circadian rhythm. Each subject had a regular bedtime hour between 11:30 p.m. and 2:30 a.m. and waking hour between 7:30 a.m. and 10:30 a.m. The subjects selected were divided into three groups in accordance with the number of hours they habitually slept in order to feel good during the day: 1. subjects with short sleep pattern (n=20), 2. subjects with intermediate sleep pattern (n=82) and finally, 3. subjects with long sleep pattern (n=23). Additionally, other three groups were established within each of the sleep patterns considering if the quality of sleep was high, medium, or low. In short sleep pattern group the quality of sleep reported as high, medium, and low was 25%, 40%, and 35%, respectively. These percentages were 42.68%, 43.9%, and 13.41% in the group with an intermediate sleep pattern; and 30.43%, 52.17%, and 17.39% in the group with a long sleep pattern. The personality dimensions of neuroticism and psychoticism were evaluated with The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-A). The cognitive boundaries were evaluated with The Boundary Questionnaire (BQ). In addition, subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (which have not been taken into consideration here). The criteria of exclusion were a score higher than 18 on the BDI or the BAI and a score higher than 70 on the dimensions of neuroticism and psychoticism. These last exclusions were established to make assure the subjects were free of psychological dysfunction. Two-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed to assess the effects of the quantity of sleep (short, intermediate, or long sleep pattern), and the subjective quality of sleep (high, medium, or low) and the possible interaction between both factors in the case of each variable. The Levene test was used to examine variance homogeneity. Likewise, the Scheffé Test (for equal variances) and the Tamhane Test (for unequal variances) were used as post hoc contrast statistics. The results showed the dimension of neuroticism was influenced by subjective sleep quality, but not by habitual sleep duration. Subjects with a poor subjective sleep quality scored higher on neuroticism (15.14) than those who had a medium (13.23) or good (9,96) sleep quality. Contrarily, the personality dimension of psychoticism was influenced by sleep quantity, but not quality. Subjects with a low sleep pattern scored slightly higher in psychoticism (2.57) than those with intermediate (1.52) or short (1.25) sleep patterns. The dimension of cognitive boundaries was not related with any of these aspects. There was not any significant interaction between sleep quantity and sleep quality for the analyzed variables. This result highlights the need to evaluate sleep quantity as well as sleep quality, treating them as two relatively independent measures that provide complementary information. The highest scores of neuroticism of the group with the worse quality of sleep are consistent with recent reports showing that being worried or anxious disturbs the normal appearance of slow wave sleep (phases 3 and 4). The expression of this sleep phase is psychologically linked with sleep quality. On the other hand, it may be the case that the highest scores in psychoticism obtained by the subjects with long sleep pattern relate with the extra quantity of REM they obtain by sleeping a greater number of hours. This phase of sleep has been associated with mood regulation and psychological balance. In polysomnographic studies, subjects with long sleep pattern are characterized as having a greater quantity of phase 1, 2, and REM sleep and less quantities of slow wave sleep than the other sleep patterns. However, the present data are correlational and not casual. Thus, the mechanisms which could be influencing in the observed relationships are unknown. Similarly, it is unclear how sleep pattern differences might translate into psychological or biological changes which may affect personality, mood, or health. Future longitudinal research, including objective sleep measurements in healthy subjects, as well as in subjects with sleep disorders of different degrees, may contribute to the clarification of these mechanisms. In any case, sleep seems to be an excellent indicator of several psychological characteristics and so the consequences associated with models which deviate from the intermediate sleep pattern deserve to be taken seriously. It is also important to develop preventive and educational initiatives to optimize our sleeping habits.