An appraisal to Hans Berger by the time of his 150th birthday: the human EEG and tales of blood flow, heat and brain waves / Um ensaio sobre o aniversário de 150 anos de Hans Berger: uma história de sangue, calor e ondas cerebrais

Abstract More than 100 years of research have passed by and still the human electroencephalogram (EEG) remains a puzzle to be solved. Starting from his studies on plethysmography until his theories on brain thermodynamics, Hans Berger was able to refine his method of recording cortical signs with the apparatus at his disposal in an ordinary neuropsychiatric yard towards an early account of human EEG. This review is an appraisal of his contribution to the field of modern neurophysiology.

Resumo Mais de 100 anos se passaram e o eletroencefalograma humano (EEG) continua sendo um enigma a ser desvendado. A partir de seus estudos sobre pletismografia até suas teorias sobre termodinâmica cerebral, Hans Berger conseguiu refinar seu método de registro da atividade elétrica cortical com os equipamentos a sua disposição em uma ala psiquiátrica comum produzindo uma descrição acurada do EEG humano. Esta revisão é um breve resumo de sua contribuição para o campo da neurofisiologia moderna.

Modulation of brain waves in spinal cord injury patients with pain: cross-sectional analysis / Modulação de ondas cerebrais em pacientes com lesão medular e dor: uma análise transversal / Modulación de ondas cerebrales en pacientes con lesión de médula espinal y dolor: un análisis transversal

ABSTRACT: Objective: This study aimed to describe the encephalographic electrical rhythm pattern of the Alpha wave in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury in the thoracic spine. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted from January to March 2022. A total of 20 patients with traumatic spinal cord injury were included in the study and divided into two groups, with pain symptoms and without pain symptoms. Both groups were submitted for evaluation for population characterization, identification of the presence of pain and the possible presence of signs and symptoms of central sensitization and quantitative electroencephalographic examination. Results: Comparing them, it was possible to observe a reduction of 38.7% (2.69µV; 95%CI 1.28 to 4.09) in the Alpha 2 wave (10-12 Hz) in the group with pain symptoms. This alteration was identified in the parietal lobe, mainly in PZ. Conclusion: We observed a selective reduction of Alpha 2 waves, mainly in the parietal region (PZ), in spinal cord injury patients with pain compared to spinal cord injury patients without pain. Level of Evidence III; Diagnostic Studies.

RESUMO: Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o padrão do ritmo eletroencefalográfico da onda Alfa em pacientes com lesão medular traumática na coluna torácica. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo observacional transversal, realizado no período de janeiro a março de 2022. No total 20 pacientes com lesão medular traumática foram incluídos no estudo e divididos em dois grupos, com sintomas de dor e sem sintomas de dor. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a avaliação para caracterização populacional, identificação de presença de dor e possível presença de sinais e sintomas de sensibilização central e ao exame Eletroencefalográfico quantitativo. Resultados: Ao compará-los foi possível constatar uma redução de 38,7% (2.69µV; 95%IC 1,28 to 4.09) da onda Alfa 2 (10-12 Hz) do grupo com sintomas de dor. Essa alteração foi identificada no lobo parietal, principalmente em PZ. Conclusão: Observamos uma redução seletiva de ondas Alfa 2, principalmente na região parietal (PZ), em pacientes com lesão medular com dor em relação aos pacientes lesão medular sem dor. Nível de Evidência III; Estudo diagnóstico.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el patrón del ritmo electroencefalográfico de la onda Alfa en pacientes con lesión medular traumática en la columna torácica. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio observacional transversal realizado entre enero y marzo de 2022. En total, se incluyeron 20 pacientes con lesión medular traumática en el estudio, divididos en dos grupos, uno con síntomas de dolor y otro sin síntomas de dolor. Ambos grupos fueron sometidos a evaluación para caracterización poblacional, identificación de presencia de dolor y posible presencia de signos y síntomas de sensibilización central, así como al examen electroencefalográfico cuantitativo. Resultados: Al compararlos, se pudo constatar una reducción del 38,7% (2,69 µV; IC del 95%: 1,28 a 4,09) en la onda Alfa 2 (10-12 Hz) del grupo con síntomas de dolor. Esta alteración se identificó en el lóbulo parietal, principalmente en PZ. Conclusión: Observamos una reducción selectiva de las ondas Alfa 2, principalmente en la región parietal (PZ), en pacientes con lesión medular y dolor en comparación con pacientes con lesión medular sin dolor. Nivel de Evidencia III; Estudios de diagnósticos.

Effects of neurofeedback on major depressive disorder: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Background Major depressive disorder is a difficult-to-treat psychological disorder. Approximately 30% of patients with major depressive disorder do not respond to conventional therapies; thus, the efficacy of alternative therapies for treating major depressive disorder, such as neurofeedback, a non-invasive neuromodulation method used in the treatment of psychiatric diseases, must be investigated. Objective We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of neurofeedback in minimizing and treating major depressive disorder and its application as a substitute to or an adjuvant with conventional therapies. Methods We searched for experimental studies published between 1962-2021 in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases and identified 1,487 studies, among which 13 met the inclusion exclusion criteria. Results We noted that not all patients responded to neurofeedback. Based on depression scales, major depressive disorder significantly improved in response to neurofeedback only in a few individuals. Additionally, the number of training sessions did not influence the results. Conclusion Neurofeedback can reduce depression symptoms in patients; however, not all patients respond to the treatment. Therefore, further studies must be conducted to validate the effectiveness of neurofeedback in treating major depressive disorder.

Eeg and central nervous system transmitter on athletes training / Eeg e transmissão do sistema nervoso central em atletas em treinamento / Eeg y transmisión del sistema nervioso central em atletas en entrenamiento

ABSTRACT Introduction: Modern EEG technology can evaluate the current level of an individual's central functioning after analyzing the frequency of brain waves (II). The A wave (8 ~ 14Hz) of brain waves (EBG) is one of the most important index parameters in diagnosing the brain's central functioning level. Objective: To explore the effects of different training loads on the brain function of elite archers and provide an objective basis for improving the scientific level of archery training. Methods: The effects of EEG information and central nerve transmitters on athletes' regulation and training were analyzed by testing and statistical methods. Results: Both HL-LLI and LL-HLI stages showed a decreasing trend in EEG complexity. Although the differences between the two stages were not significant all of them were considerably lower than the LL-LLI stage. The number of athletes with central fatigue in both stages showed an increasing trend. Conclusions: Athletes in training also need to focus on recovery after training, which requires a view of scientific training and scientific recovery as an organic whole that cannot be separated. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: A moderna tecnologia do EEG pode avaliar o nível atual do funcionamento central de indivíduos ao analisar a frequência de ondas cerebrais (II). A onda A (8 ~ 14Hz) de ondas cerebrais (EBG) é um dos parâmetros indicadores mais importantes no diagnóstico do nível de funcionamento central do cérebro. Objetivo: Explorar os efeitos de diferentes cargas de treinamento na função cerebral de arqueiros de elite e fornecer uma base objetiva para melhorar o nível científico de treinamento de arca e flecha. Métodos: Os efeitos de informações do EEG e da transmissão de nervos centrais na regulação e no treinamento de atletas foram analisados através de testes e métodos estatísticos. Resultados: Tanto a fase HL-LLI quanto a LL-HLI demonstraram uma tendência decrescente na complexidade do EEG. Apesar das diferenças entre as duas fases não serem significativas, todas eram consideravelmente mais baixas do que a fase LL-LLI. O número de atletas com fadiga central nas duas fases demonstrou uma tendência crescente. Conclusões: Atletas em treinamento devem também ficar atentos à recuperação após o treinamento, o que exige uma visão de treinamento científico e recuperação cientifica como um todo orgânico que não pode ser separado. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.

Resumen Introducción: La moderna tecnología del EEG puede evaluar el nivel actual del funcionamiento central de individuos al analizar la frecuencia de ondas cerebrales (II). La onda A (8 ~ 14Hz) de ondas cerebrales (EBG) es uno de los parámetros indicadores más importantes en el diagnóstico del nivel de funcionamiento central del cerebro. Objetivo: Explorar los efectos de diferentes cargas de entrenamiento en la función cerebral de arqueros de élite y brindar una base objetiva para mejorar el nivel científico de entrenamiento de arco y flecha. Métodos: Los efectos de informaciones del EEG y de la transmisión de nervios centrales en la regulación y en el entrenamiento de atletas se analizaron a través de pruebas y métodos estadísticos. Resultados: Tanto la fase HL-LLI como la LL-HLI demostraron una tendencia decreciente en la complejidad del EEG. Pese a que las diferencias entre las dos fases no sean significativas, todas eran considerablemente más bajas que la fase LL-LLI. El número de atletas con fatiga central en las dos fases demostró una tendencia creciente. Conclusiones: Atletas en entrenamiento deben también atentarse a la recuperación tras el entrenamiento, que exige una visión de entrenamiento científico y recuperación científica como un todo orgánico que no puede separarse. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

Changes in electroencephalogram during cognitive dysfunction induced by multiple inhalation of sevoflurane anesthesia in aged rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) during cognitive dysfunction induced by multiple inhalation of sevoflurane anesthesia in aged rats.Methods:Twenty-one SPF healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 20-22 months, weighing 450-550 g, were divided into 2 groups using a random number table method: control group (group C, n=8) and repeated inhalation of sevoflurane anesthesia group (group S, n=13). In group S, the rats were put into an anesthesia box and inhaled a mixture of 3% sevoflurane and 30% oxygen for anesthesia, the oxygen flow rate was set at 3 L/min, maintaining for 3 h, and anesthesia was performed once every week for 3 times in total.The rats only inhaled a mixture of 70% air and 30% oxygen in group C. Two weeks later, cognitive function was assessed using Morris water maze test, the EEG was collected and analyzed by the multi-channel physiological signal system, and the recording time of EEG signal was 30 min.The rats were sacrificed, and the brains were collected for determination of the count of apoptotic nerve cells (by TUNEL staining), and the apoptotic rate of nerve cells was calculated. Results:Compared with group C, the escape latency was significantly prolonged at 3rd and 4th days of training, the number of crossing the original platform was decreased at 5th day, the percentage of high-frequency waves was decreased, the percentage of low-frequency waves was increased, and the apoptosis rate of nerve cells was increased in group S ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The percentage of high-frequency waves is decreased, and the percentage of low-frequency waves is increased during cognitive dysfunction induced by multiple inhalation of sevoflurane anesthesia, which may be related to apoptosis in nerve cells of aged rats.

Basics of Electroencephalography for Neuropsychiatrist / 신경정신의학

In 1924, Hans Berger, a German psychiatrist, recorded the brain waves from a human brain for the first time. Many advances have been made in this field since then. Currently, brain waves are generated by a variety of computer technologies, including brain computer interface technology, and robot or artificial intelligence technology has also made amazing progress. A mental health practitioner who deals with brain-related medicine has an obligation and responsibility to research and find clinical applications of brain waves because they contain a great deal of information hidden in the brain. Therefore, understanding the basics of electroencephalography will contribute to a determination and resolution of various clinical situations. This review discusses basic knowledge before dealing with brain waves. In addition to a visual inspection of general brain waves, quantitative analysis of brain waves is expected to become an important area of interest for mental health practitioners.

Median effective dose of etomidate inducing electroencephalogram burst suppression in patients with non-intracranial diseases / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To determine the median effective dose (EDs0) of etomidate inducing electroencephalogram (EEG) burst suppression (BS) in the patients with non-intracranial diseases.Methods American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients of both sexes,aged 18-64 yr,with body mass index of 19-27 kg/m2,scheduled for elective non-intracranial surgery,were enrolled in this study.ED50 of etomidate was determined by Dixon's up-and-down sequential method.Etomidate was intravenously injected for 30 s at an initial dose of 0.30 mg/kg.The BS ratio was recorded within 6 min following the end of injection.Each time ED50 increased/decreased in the next patient depending on whether or not BS occurred.The difference between the two successive doses was 0.05 mg/kg.Successful induction of BS was defined as BS ratio＞ 10％,lasting more than 1 min.Probit analysis was used to calculate the ED50 and 95％ confidence interval of etomidate inducing EEG BS in the patients with non-intracranial diseases.Results The ED50 of etomidate inducing EEG BS was 0.70 mg/kg,and the 95％ confidence interval was 0.65-0.81 mg/kg in the patients with non-intracranial diseases.Conclusion The ED50 of etomidate inducing EEG BS is 0.70 mg/kg in the patients with non-intracranial diseases.

Comparative analysis of the electroencephalogram in patients with Alzheimer's disease, diffuse axonal injury patients and healthy controls using LORETA analysis / Análise comparativa do eletroencefalograma em pacientes com doença de alzheimer, lesão axonal difusa e controles saudáveis: e análise loreta

ABSTRACT Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a dementia that affects a large contingent of the elderly population characterized by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a non-degenerative injury caused by an external mechanical force. One of the main causes of TBI is diffuse axonal injury (DAI), promoted by acceleration-deceleration mechanisms. Objective: To understand the electroencephalographic differences in functional mechanisms between AD and DAI groups. Methods: The study included 20 subjects with AD, 19 with DAI and 17 healthy adults submitted to high resolution EEG with 128 channels. Cortical sources of EEG rhythms were estimated by exact low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA) analysis. Results: The eLORETA analysis showed that, in comparison to the control (CTL) group, the AD group had increased theta activity in the parietal and frontal lobes and decreased alpha 2 activity in the parietal, frontal, limbic and occipital lobes. In comparison to the CTL group, the DAI group had increased theta activity in the limbic, occipital sublobar and temporal areas. Conclusion: The results suggest that individuals with AD and DAI have impairment of electrical activity in areas important for memory and learning.

RESUMO A dooença de Alzheimer (DA) é uma demência que acomete uma grande parcela da população idosa e caracteriza-se pela presença de emaranhados neurofibrilares e placas senis. O traumatismo cranioencefálico (TCE) é uma lesão não degenerativa causada por uma força mecânica externa. Uma das principais causas de TCE é a lesão axonal difusa (LAD), causada por mecanismos de aceleração-desaceleração. Objetivo: Entender as diferenças dos mecanismos funcionais entre os grupos - DA e LAD do ponto de vista eletroencefalográfico. Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 56 indivíduos adultos. Destes, 20 com DA, 19 com LAD e 17 adultos saudáveis submetidos ao EEG de alta resolução com 128 canais. As fontes corticais dos ritmos do EEG foram estimadas pela análise por tomografia eletromagnética exata de baixa resolução (eLORETA). Resultados: A análise por eLORETA mostrou que, em comparação ao grupo controle (CTL), o grupo DA apresentou aumento da atividade teta nos lobos parietal e frontal e diminuição da atividade alfa 2 nos lobos parietal, frontal, límbico e occipital. Em comparação ao grupo CTL, o grupo LAD apresentou aumento da atividade teta nas áreas límbica, occipital sub-lobar e temporal. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que os indivíduos com DA e com LAD apresentam comprometimento da atividade elétrica em áreas importantes para a memória e aprendizagem.

Equilíbrio estático por baropodometria em paciente com ataxia cerebelar após tratamento com neurofeedback / Static balance by baropodometry in patient with cerebellar ataxia post neurofeedback therapy

O Neurofeedback é um aparelho que consegue detectar padrões de ondas cerebrais e redirecioná-los para adequar o equilíbrio e potenciais cerebrais. Vem sendo usado nos últimos anos em atletas e de modo muito raro em quadros neurológicos. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar o efeito do Neurofeedback (NFB) em uma criança com Ataxia cerebelar, em uma clínica de Fisioterapia, em Fortaleza/CE. Tratou-se de um relato de caso. Foram realizadas uma avaliação inicial e uma ao final da intervenção com NFB por meio de eletroencefalografia quantitativa. Os dados foram analisados por Baropodometria e Estabilometria, durante 30 segundos, na posição bípede, e 50 segundos na posição sentada. O treino foi realizado para inibição de High Beta. Conclui-se que com a inibição dessa onda, houve diminuição na ansiedade da criança, relaxamento muscular, com consequente melhora no equilíbrio, evidenciada na baropodometria. (AU)

Neurofeedback is a device that can detect brain wave patterns and redirect them to optimize balance and brain potentials and has been used in recent years in athletes and neurological conditions. The aim of this interventional case study was to analyze the effect of Neurofeedback (NFB) in a child with cerebellar ataxia in a Physiotherapy clinic located in the city of Fortaleza/CE. Two evaluations were made, one initial and one final, and the data were analyzed by Baropodometry and Stabilometry, 30 seconds in the biped position, and 50 seconds in the sitting position. The training was done for the inhibition of High Beta. We concluded that with the inhibition of this wave, there was a decrease in the anxiety, promoting a muscle relaxing and better equilibrium. (AU)

A Preliminary Study on qEEG in Burn Patients With Chronic Pruritus

OBJECTIVE: To explore and determine the reorganizational changes in the cortical neural circuits associated with pruritis, this study was undertaken to compare the electroencephalography (EEG) changes in burn patients having primary symptoms of chronic itching (pruritis) and their paired healthy subjects. METHODS: Eight subjects were recruited for this exploratory pilot study: 4 patients with pruritus after burn injury matched by gender and age with 4 healthy subjects. EEG recordings were analyzed for absolute alpha, low beta, high beta, and theta power for both groups. RESULTS: The mean age of the burn patients was 41.75 years; while the mean age for the matched healthy subjects was 41.5 years. All subjects were male. A decreased alpha activity was observed in the occipital channels (0.82 vs. 1.4; p=0.01) and a decreased low beta activity in the frontal area (0.22 vs. 0.4; p=0.049) in eyes closed conditions. An overall decreased theta trend was observed in both the eyes open and eyes closed conditions in burn patients, compared to healthy individuals. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study presents initial evidence that chronic pruritus in burn subjects may be associated with brain reorganizational changes at the cortical level characterized by an EEG pattern.

Association between clinical condition and F-waves changes in the acute phase of stroke / Associação entre condição clínica e alterações das ondas-F na fase aguda do acidente vascular cerebral

ABSTRACT Objective To relate F-waves with clinical and laboratory exams in the acute phase of stroke. Methods Inclusion criteria for this cross-sectional study were: hemiplegia, absence of previous cranial trauma, myopathy, diabetes, alcoholism or other known causes of peripheral neuropathy, and normal sensory and motor conduction. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, glycemia, glucosilate hemoglobin, and CPK were obtained at admission by routine blood exams. After hospital admission, the F-wave latencies and persistence were obtained from the deep peroneal nerve using symmetrical techniques. Results Evaluation of 20 individuals – mean age 66 years, 50% male and 85% Caucasian – showed association of F-wave persistence with glycemia (r = 0.71; p < 0.001) and NIHSS categorized (NIHSS 1-7 = 65.0 x NIHSS 9-23 = 100; p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis found only association of F-wave persistence with glycemia β = 0.59 (0.44–0.74); p < 0.001. Conclusion The increase in the persistence of F-waves are associated with hyperglycemia in the acute phase of stroke.

RESUMO Objetivo Relacionar as ondas-F com exames clínicos e laboratoriais na fase aguda do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). Os critérios de inclusão para este estudo transversal foram: hemiplegia, ausência de trauma craniano, miopatia, diabetes, alcoolismo ou outra causa conhecida de neuropatia periférica, além de condução sensorial e motora normal. O National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), glicemia, hemoglobina glicada e CPK foram obtidos na admissão por meio de exames de rotina. Após a admissão hospitalar, a latência e persistência das ondas-F foram obtidas por meio da estimulação do nervo fibular profundo utilizando técnicas simétricas. Foram avaliados 20 indivíduos – média de idade 66 anos, 50% homem e 85% caucasianos – apresentaram associação univariada da persistência das ondas-F com glicemia (r = 0.71; p < 0.001) e NIHSS categorizado (NIHSS 1–7 = 65.0 x NIHSS 9-23 = 100; p = 0.004). Na regressão multivariada foi encontrado associação somente entre persistência de ondas-F com glicemia β = 0.59(0.44–0.74); p < 0.001. Conclusão O aumento da persistência de ondas-F está associado com maior nível de glicemia na fase aguda do AVC.

Programa Antiestrés de Sincronización Cerebral mediante estimulación visual / Anti-stress software of synchronization of brain wave by visual stimulation

Se presenta un programa computarizado que permite la sincronización de las ondas cerebrales mediante una estimulación visual, a una frecuencia similar a la actividad eléctrica del cerebro en estado de sedación, lo cual favorece la disminución de los niveles de estrés en los pacientes que acuden al Centro de Histoterapia Placentaria para tratar las patologías de Vitiligo, Psoriasis y Alopecia Areata. La aplicación informática fue programada en lenguaje Delphi 7.0 y cuenta con dos módulos para su ejecución. El efecto antiestrés se determinó a través de criterios observacionales y mediante la cuantificación de los niveles de concentración de adrenalina y cortisol en suero sanguíneo(AU)

A computer program that allows synchronization of brain waves by visual stimulation, similar to the electrical activity of the brain in a state of sedation frequently, which helps to reduce stress levels in patients who come to Placental Histotherapy Center to treat Vitiligo, Psoriasis and Alopecia Areata is presented. The computer application was programmed in the language Borland Delphi 7.0 and has two modules for its execution. The anti-stress effect was determined by observational criteria and the cuantification of levels of epinephrine and cortisol concentration in the blood serum(AU)