ABSTRACT
The diverse clinical manifestations of Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) present a dilemma to clinicians and pediatricians play an important role in its diagnosis and multidisciplinary approach. LCH, previously known as histiocytosis X, is an uncommon hematological disorder characterized by uncontrolled stimulation and proliferation of normal antigen-presenting cells, Langerhans cells. The purpose of this report is to describe the case of a 7-month-old female child with multisystem involvement who presented with breath-holding spells and to discuss the clinical, radiological, and histopathological features of LCH.
ABSTRACT
Background: Currently, recommended heart dose constraints are difficult to meet in whole?breast irradiation (WBI) for left?sided breast cancer patients, who cannot be treated with the deep inspiration breath hold. We performed a radiotherapy planning study to establish if the use of intensity?modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or volumetric?modulated arc therapy (VMAT) allows for better sparing of the heart and its subvolumes than the three?dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D?CRT), and how these attempts affect the dose delivered to the other organs. Methods: A total of 17 left?sided and 10 right?sided consecutive patients treated with free?breathing WBI were retrospectively included. The 3D?CRT, IMRT, and VMAT plans were generated. Several dose杤olume parameters and plan quality indices were compared, separately for the left? and right?sided plans. Results: All the techniques fulfilled the planning objectives. In the left?sided plans, there was no heart or left ventricle dose reduction with IMRT, nor with VMAT; the maximum dose in the left anterior descending coronary artery was reduced with VMAT (P = 0.005); V5 for the contralateral breast, contralateral lung, and total?body increased markedly in VMAT, and for the ipsilateral lung (V5IL) also in IMRT, compared with 3D?CRT (P < 0.001). In the right?sided plans, the V5 values, except for V5IL, did not differ between the three techniques. Conclusions: IMRT and VMAT had a limited heart?sparing benefit in the left?sided free?breathing WBI, at the cost of increased low?dose volumes, measured by V5. The low?dose volumes are not increased by IMRT or VMAT in the right?sided WBI, where heart sparing is not a problem, but the attempts to reduce cardiac doses in the left?sided WBI increase them.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO: A hipoventilação relacionada ao sono de origem central resulta em hipercapnia relacionada ao sono na vigência de condições normais do sistema respiratório e excluindo-se outros fatores. Os pacientes portadores dessa patologia podem se apresentar assintomáticos ou com queixas de cefaleia matinal, déficit cognitivo e fadiga, além de eventos como a observação de respiração superficial. No presente relato, descreve-se o caso de uma paciente de três anos, com exame físico geral e neurológico normais, desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor adequado, apresentando irregu-laridades respiratórias e bradicardia durante o sono. Encaminhada para investigação de distúrbios respiratórios do sono, sendo diagnosticada com hipoventilação relacionada ao sono. Através do estudo genético, evidenciou-se a deficiência de biotinidase como a possível causa da sintomatologia, comprovada por dosagens enzimáticas e teste genético molecular. O tratamento medicamentoso foi iniciado precocemente, determinando resolução dos sintomas descritos. A importância do presente relato se encontra na apresentação da deficiência da biotinidase com quadro cardiorrespiratório isolado em criança neurologicamente normal, ademais trata-se de um caso em que a etiologia de Breath-Holding Spells foi a deficiência dessa enzima. Correspondência sugerida pela resolução da hipoventila-ção central após a introdução da biotina. Além disso, nesse caso, os sintomas Apparent Life-Threatening Events, que aterrorizam o observador e até o profissional, foram solucionados com tratamento simples, a ingesta oral de biotina. Esse relato de caso corrobora com a expansão das possibilidades de manifestações fenotípicas das formas tardias de deficiência de biotinidase, como o fenótipo da Síndrome da Hipoventilação Central. (AU)
ABSTRACT: Idiopathic sleep-related hypoventilation occurs in individuals with hypercapnia during sleep in normal conditions of the respiratory system in the absence of other disorders. Patients with this condition may be asymptomatic or have complaints of morning headache, cognitive deficit and fatigue, and observation of shallow breathing. This report describes the case of a 3-year-old patient with normal physical and neurological exam, appropriate neuropsychomotor development, presenting breathing irregularities, and bradycardia during sleep. The patient was referred to an investigation for sleep respiratory disturbs and was diagnosed with hypoventilation related to sleep. The genetic study, done by enzymatic dosages and molecular genetic tests, showed the deficiency of biotinidase as a possible cause of symptomatology. The drug treatment was initiated early with the resolution of the symptoms. The present clinical report highlights the biotinidase deficiency with an isolated cardiorespiratory condition in a neurologically normal child, which also led to Breath-Holding Spells. This relation was suggested after central hypoventilation resolution following biotin introduction. Besides, Apparent Life-Threatening Events symptoms, which terrify the observer and even professionals, disappeared after the oral intake of biotin. Finally, this case report corroborates the expansion of possibilities for the phenotypic manifestations of late cases from biotinidase deficiency, as the SHC phenotyp. ((AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Child, Preschool , Biotin , Biotinidase Deficiency , Drug Therapy , Breath Holding , HypoventilationABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze the electroencephalogram (EEG) characteristics, heart rate (HR) changes and clinical characteristics during the episode of breath-holding spells(BHS), thus providing refe-rences for the differential diagnosis of infants with BHS.Methods:This was a retrospective single-center analysis involving consecutive 14 infants with HBS admitted in Wuhan Children′s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology from November 2016 to December 2019.Results:A total of 16 episodes of crying-induced BHS were detected in the EEG of 14 infants, of which 3 were mild episodes without loss of consciousness and 13 were severe episodes with loss of consciousness.During the mild episodes, EEG presented a phase with slow-slow mode, and the average duration of each phase was (23.3±5.8) s and (16.7±5.8) s, respectively.In addition, the average recovery time from unconsciousness in 13 severe episodes was (16.7±12.3) s. Among the 13 severe episodes, EEG of 12 episodes presented a phase with slow-flat-slow mode, and the average duration of each phase was (26.4±8.5) s, (8.0±5.1) s and (84.6±46.6) s, respectively.Besides, the second slow wave phase usually started by the generalized delta rhythm with predominance in leads of anterior brain, with the average duration at (6.7±1.5) s. During the 16 episodes of BHS, cyanosis occurred in the first phase of slow wav, and loss of consciousness occurred in the flat phase.Transient bradycardia was observed in the second slow wave phase of 7 episodes, the first slow wave phase of 4 episodes and the flat phase of 2 episodes.Conclusions:Typical EEG pattern of in infants with mild BHS is slow-slow mode, and most of them with severe BHS is slow-flat-slow mode.In the first slow wave phase, slow wave always evolves rapidly.The unconsciousness mostly occurs in the flat period, the lasting time of which is closely related to the duration of the flat phase.The generalized delta rhythm with predominance in leads of anterior brain mostly starts in the second slow wave phase.A brief bradycardia often accompanies with the episodes of BHS in infants.
ABSTRACT
Background: Chefs exposed to cooking fumes are at risk due to the toxic products that are produced during cooking. Studies have shown that exposure to cooking fumes decreases lung capacities, affects breathing and cause other respiratory diseases. Yoga strengthens the respiratory musculature due to which chest and lungs inflate & deflate to fullest possible extent & muscles are made to work to maximal extent. Pranayama makes efficient use of abdominal & diaphragmatic muscles and improves the respiratory apparatus. Aim: The present study was done to determine the effect of Yoga & Pranayama on chest expansion & breath holding time in chefs exposed to cooking fumes. Methods: In this experimental study 30 chefs exposed to cooking fumes who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria using Medical research council questionnaire for respiratory symptoms were selected for yoga and pranayama program for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week for 45 minutes. Pre and post respiratory functions were assessed by measuring chest expansion and breath holding time. Stastical analysis was done by using Wilcoxan test to compare the pre & post chest expansion. Paired t test was used to compare the pre & post breath holding time. Results: There was significant increase in chest expansion and breath holding time compared to pre yoga and pranayama practice. Conclusion: This study showed that there is significant effect of yoga and pranayama on chest expansion & breath holding on chefs.
ABSTRACT
Breath holding spasms are common psychological problems seen in children and may serve as a markerfor stubbornness and anger. There are no clear clinical guidelines for the management of breath holdingspasms whereas a medical and psychological approach works best in both cases. The present paper is aclinical review on breath holding spasms for psychiatrists and serves as an overview of the topic. Variousmedical and non medical interventions are also discussed along with management.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was designed to optimize the flip angle (FA) and scan timing of the hepatobiliary phase (HBP) using the 3D T1-weighted, gradient-echo (GRE) imaging with controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA) technique on gadoxetic acid-enhanced 3T liver MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-two patients who underwent gadoxetic acid-enhanced 3T liver MR imaging were included in this study. Four 3D T1-weighted GRE imaging studies using the CAIPIRINHA technique and FAs of 9° and 13° were acquired during HBP at 15 and 20 min after intravenous injection of gadoxetic acid. Two abdominal radiologists, who were blinded to the FA and the timing of image acquisition, assessed the sharpness of liver edge, hepatic vessel clarity, lesion conspicuity, artifact severity, and overall image quality using a five-point scale. Quantitative analysis was performed by another radiologist to estimate the relative liver enhancement (RLE) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS: The scores of the HBP with an FA of 13° during the same delayed time were significantly higher than those of the HBP with an FA of 9° in all the assessment items (P < 0.01). In terms of the delay time, images at the same FA obtained with a 20-min-HBP showed better quality than those obtained with a 15-min-HBP. There was no significant difference in qualitative scores between the 20-min-HBP and the 15-min-HBP images in the non-liver cirrhosis (LC) group except for the hepatic vessel clarity score with 9° FA. In the quantitative analysis, a statistically significant difference was found in the degree of RLE in the four HBP images (P = 0.012). However, in the subgroup analysis, no significant difference in RLE was found in the four HBP images in either the LC or the non-LC groups. The SNR did not differ significantly in the four HBP images. In the subgroup analysis, 20-min-HBP imaging with a 13° FA showed the highest SNR value in the LC-group, whereas 15-min-HBP imaging with a 13° FA showed the best value of SNR in the non-LC group. CONCLUSION: The use of a moderately high FA improves the image quality and lesion conspicuity on 3D, T1-weighted GRE imaging using the CAIPIRINHA technique on gadoxetic acid, 3T liver MR imaging. In patients with normal liver function, the 15-min-HBP with a 13° FA represents a feasible option without a significant decrease in image quality.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acceleration , Artifacts , Breath Holding , Contrast Media , Fibrosis , Gadolinium DTPA , Injections, Intravenous , Liver , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Signal-To-Noise RatioABSTRACT
Objective To explore the effects of heart rate changes after holding breath and time for recovering stable heart rate on the quality of coronary CTA.Methods Totally 700 patients undergoing coronary CTA examination in some hospital were enrolled into the study,whose data on initial heart rate at rest condition,maximal heart rate during breath holding,stable heart rate after breath holding as well as the time consumed for recovering stable heart rate were collected and analyzed.Results A heart rate trendgram was drawn to find out the rules for heart rate changes and time for recovering stable heart rate,so that proper retrospective or prospective scanning scheme could be determined.Conclusion Mastering the rules in heart rate changes and time for recovering stable heart rate contributes to guiding coronary CTA.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To compare three, motion-resistant, T1-weighted MR sequences on the hepatobiliary phase for gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging of the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 79 patients underwent gadoxetic acid-enhanced, 3T liver MR imaging. Fifty-nine were examined using a standard protocol, and 20 were examined using a motion-resistant protocol. During the hepatocyte-specific phase, three MR sequences were acquired: 1) gradient recalled echo (GRE) with controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA); 2) radial GRE with the interleaved angle-bisection scheme (ILAB); and 3) radial GRE with golden-angle scheme (GA). Two readers independently assessed images with motion artifacts, streaking artifacts, liver-edge sharpness, hepatic vessel clarity, lesion conspicuity, and overall image quality, using a 5-point scale. The images were assessed by measurement of liver signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and tumor-to-liver contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). The results were compared, using repeated post-hoc, paired t-tests with Bonferroni correction and the Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: In the qualitative analysis of cooperative patients, the results for CAIPIRINHA had significantly higher ratings for streak artifacts, liver-edge sharpness, hepatic vessel clarity, and overall image quality as compared to, radial GRE, (P < 0.016). In the imaging of uncooperative patients, higher scores were recorded for ILAB and GA with respect to all of the qualitative assessments, except for streak artifact, compared with CAIPIRINHA (P < 0.016). However, no significant differences were found between ILAB and GA. For quantitative analysis in uncooperative patients, the mean liver SNR and lesion-to-liver CNR with radial GRE were significantly higher than those of CAIPIRINHA (P < 0.016). CONCLUSION: In uncooperative patients, the use of the radial GRE sequence can improve the image quality compared to GRE imaging with CAIPIRINHA, despite the data acquisition methods used. The GRE imaging with CAIPIRINHA is applicable for patients without breath-holding difficulties.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acceleration , Artifacts , Liver , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Retrospective Studies , Signal-To-Noise RatioABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To compare three, motion-resistant, T1-weighted MR sequences on the hepatobiliary phase for gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging of the liver. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 79 patients underwent gadoxetic acid-enhanced, 3T liver MR imaging. Fifty-nine were examined using a standard protocol, and 20 were examined using a motion-resistant protocol. During the hepatocyte-specific phase, three MR sequences were acquired: 1) gradient recalled echo (GRE) with controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA); 2) radial GRE with the interleaved angle-bisection scheme (ILAB); and 3) radial GRE with golden-angle scheme (GA). Two readers independently assessed images with motion artifacts, streaking artifacts, liver-edge sharpness, hepatic vessel clarity, lesion conspicuity, and overall image quality, using a 5-point scale. The images were assessed by measurement of liver signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and tumor-to-liver contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). The results were compared, using repeated post-hoc, paired t-tests with Bonferroni correction and the Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: In the qualitative analysis of cooperative patients, the results for CAIPIRINHA had significantly higher ratings for streak artifacts, liver-edge sharpness, hepatic vessel clarity, and overall image quality as compared to, radial GRE, (P < 0.016). In the imaging of uncooperative patients, higher scores were recorded for ILAB and GA with respect to all of the qualitative assessments, except for streak artifact, compared with CAIPIRINHA (P < 0.016). However, no significant differences were found between ILAB and GA. For quantitative analysis in uncooperative patients, the mean liver SNR and lesion-to-liver CNR with radial GRE were significantly higher than those of CAIPIRINHA (P < 0.016). CONCLUSION: In uncooperative patients, the use of the radial GRE sequence can improve the image quality compared to GRE imaging with CAIPIRINHA, despite the data acquisition methods used. The GRE imaging with CAIPIRINHA is applicable for patients without breath-holding difficulties.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acceleration , Artifacts , Liver , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Retrospective Studies , Signal-To-Noise RatioABSTRACT
Background: Yoga makes the mind calm & relaxed, strengthens & tunes the body, brings them into harmony with each other. Pranayama have been shown to reduce the resting respiratory rate, further they increase the vital capacity, timed vital capacity, Maximum voluntary ventilation, Breath holding time, Maximum expiratory pressure. Savitri pranayama is one of the unique pranayama techniques which involves slow, rhythmic, and deep breathing. This pranayama has an added advantage that it is effective even if it is done in lying down position .So it can be practiced by non-ambulatory patients too. Aims & Objective: To compare changes in respiratory parameters in the subjects practicing Savitri Pranayama and with that of subjects not practicing any type of Pranayama. Material and Methods: New entrants in yoga class of shivanand ashram, Ahmedabad were selected as subjects for this study & compared with control group- not performing any type of exercise or yoga. The test group were trained by a qualified instructor & then practiced savitri pranayama for 6 days in a week for 12 weeks. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate, Maximum Breathing Capacity, Expiratory pressure,40mm endurance test, Breath holding time were recorded twice in test group - before starting pranayama & after 12 weeks. Readings of control group were taken in both phases too. Results: First phase recording showed no significant differences in any of the tested parameters between Test and Control groups. Second phase recordings showed significant differences in all the tested parameters between Test and Control groups. Conclusion: In the test group there is statistically significant increase in PEFR, MBC, EP, 40mm endurance test & BHT. So it is concluded that a practice of Savitri Pranayama has beneficial respiratory effects. This pranayam can be practiced by bedridden & physically handicap persons. It has psychological effect for relaxing the patients so can be practiced for mental well-being.
ABSTRACT
Objective To quantify the temporal changes in the volume of blood flow to the skin of the forearm and lower leg during static maximum inspiratory breath-holding of different durations.Methods Blood flow to the skin of the forearm and lower leg were continuously measured with laser Doppler flowmetry in 12 healthy subjects.They were randomly selected to hold their breath for 10,20 or 40 seconds,or as long as possible.The volume of skin blood flow,the onset latency and the recovery latency were measured before,during and after the breath holding.Results Blood flow decreased significantly during each breath-hold with any durations.The magnitude of the decrease and its latencies were similar with all the durations.The average volume of skin blood flow and it's minimum value during each breath-hold were significantly lower in the forearms than in the lower legs.However,the average onset latency (4.41 ±0.44 s) and the average recovery latency (5.95 ±0.59 s) in the forearms were significantly shorter than in the lower legs (4.83 ± 0.70 s for onset and 7.33 ± 0.91 s for recovery).Conclusion The volume of skin blood flow decreases during a static maximum inspiratory breath-hold,and the magnitude of the increase is not related to the duration of the breath-hold.The generalized increase in skin sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity during a static breath-hold is greater in the forearm than in the lower leg.
ABSTRACT
Background and Objective: Rapid industrialization, environmental pollution and overcrowding gradually deteriorate the ventilatory ability or functions of human beings. This requires special and specific breathing techniques to transcend the limits of our physical and mental abilities experienced in everyday life. Hence, in the present study, the beneficial effect of pranayama with reference to respiratory rate and breath holding time was studied. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in the department of Physiology, Seth G.S. Medical College and K.E.M. Hospital, Mumbai after the institutional ethical clearance and written consent from each participant. The participants were divided into control and study groups with 45 members each of both the sexes at the age group of 20±2 years. The study group was asked to perform Kapalbhati, Anulom Vilom, Bhramari and Udgeeth pranayama. The duration of the study was eight weeks. The respiratory rate and breath holding time in both the groups were recorded and analysed for statistical significance using students ‘t’ test and p<0.05 was considered the level of significance. Result: In study group, the respiratory rate was decreased significantltly (p=0.000) whereas the breath holding time was increased significantly (p=0.000) when compared to that of control group. Discussion and Conclusion: Pranayama increases the overall capacity of lungs and gradually improves the ventilatory functioning of lungs. Due to proper working of these organs, vital energy flows to maintain the normal homeostasis of the body and thus it helps for prevention, control and rehabilitation of many respiratory diseases.
ABSTRACT
Ayurveda refers to bronchial asthma as Tamaka Swasa and it is well explained in Charaka Samhita. It contributes several modalities of the treatment for Swasa roga( asthma). Among all modalities of treatment, polyherbal combinations are said to be well-accepted, safe and effective in asthma. A study was carried out in 40 patients of either sex in between the age of 15-65 years to assure the clinical response of Padmapatradi yoga in bronchial asthma (Tamaka Swasa) at P.G. department of Kayachikitsa, D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag, Karnataka. The sum total properties of Padmapatradi yoga is tikta katu rasa, laghu and tikna guna (light and penetrating properties), ushna virya (hot potency) and vatakaphagna (decrease vata and kapha dosa) Padmapatradi yoga is effective in increased peak expiratory flow rate, breath holding time, and reduces the absolute eosinophil count of studied cases and also found statistically highly significant at p<0.001 level. The drug is quite safe and acts as a bronchodilator, antihistaminic and anti-inflammatory.
ABSTRACT
@#Objective To observe the changes of cerebrovascular reactivity(CVR)in cerebral infarct, and ascertain the correlation between them. Methods Breath-holding index (BHI) was obtained with transcranial Doppler combined breath-holding test in 193 subjects with cerebral infarct and 113 controls. Results The BHI in cerebral infarct patients was significantly lower than that in controls(P=0.000),and CVR was a independent influential factor for cerebral infarct(P=0.000). Conclusion Impaired CVR is associated with cerebral infarct, which should be paid more attention to.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Sevoflurane has been used to provide an inhaled induction by using a vital capacity breath, which is fast and has few side effects. We compared the clinical effects of a vital capacity inhalation induction (VCII) with sevoflurane in patients of preoxygenation or air-breathing before anesthetic induction. METHODS: After IRB approval, patients were randomly assigned to receive preoxygenation (O2 group, 70 patients) or air breathing (Air group, 70 patients) via SIBI (Single Breath Induction) connectorTM before VCII with 8% sevoflurane in 75% N2O/O2 from primed circuit. The clinical characteristics were compared between two groups in respect to prolongation of breath holding after loss of consciousness (response to verbal command) and side effects (airway, hemodynamic, motor) during VCII. RESULTS: O2 group showed lower incidence (60.0% vs. 87.1%, P < 0.05) and shorter duration (27.1 s vs. 36.4 s, P < 0.05) in prolongation of breath holding than Air group. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in clinical effects between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found that preoxygenation reduces the incidence and duration of prolongation of breath holding during VCII with sevoflurane compared with air-ventilation before VCII. We suggest that the prolongation of breath holding might be related to Hering-Breuer response to maximal lung inflation during VCII.
Subject(s)
Humans , Apnea , Breath Holding , Ethics Committees, Research , Hemodynamics , Incidence , Inflation, Economic , Inhalation , Lung , Respiration , Unconsciousness , Ventilation , Vital CapacityABSTRACT
A study was conducted to examine ; first, the cardiac response caused by various breath holding maneuvers, body water immersion and underwater swimming (US) ; second, the reproducibility of cardiac response in us; and third, the blood component variations caused by us. Water temperature used was 30°C. Fourteen healthy adults of both gender participated in this study. The results were as follows:<BR>1. Those with stronger bradycardial response to apneic facial immersion (AFI) were subject to induced cardiac arrhythmias during or after us. And those with cardiac arrhythmias caused by AFI were inclined to produce a similar response even when their whole body was immersed as well as during us. Thus the test usingAFI proved to be valuable.<BR>2. Heart rate of almost all subjects repeatedly showed a convex pattern, and their response to cardiac arrhythmias during and after us corresponded fairly accurately. Therefore it is presumed that cardiac function under the influence of US could be reproduced to some extent.<BR>3. During static maneuvers, mainly bradycardiac arrhythmias were detected, including 2°AV block Wenckebach type in case of head out water immersion. On the other hand, brady, tachy and a combination of both were detected under us. From these findings and considering that the subjects with cardiac arrhythmias showed significant and specific variation of blood electrolyte and lactate, it was believed that various factors, including non-reciprocal increase of autonomic activities, the variations of blood component and so forth, simultaneously and interactively caused the cardiac arrhythmias during US.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the changes of cerebral vasoreactivity(CVR) in patients with acute cerebral infarction of various clinical subtypes.Methods The 70 patients with acute cerebral infarction were divided into 3 subtypes:atherothrombotic infarction (AI)group(n=22), lacunar infarction (LI)group(n=33), cardiogenic infarction (CI)group(n=15).The mean blood flow velocity (Vm), pulse index(PI), resistance index(RI) in bilateral middle cerebral artery(MCA) were detected, and breath holding index (BHI) was measured by TCD in these patients through breath holding test. All the data were compared with the health controls. Results Compared with normal control group,the Vm,PI and RI were significantly increased (P0.05). Conclusions There are differents in CVR in patients with acute cerebral infarction of various subtypes. The damage of CVR is more obviously in AI and LI group. There is clinical significance for measurement of CVR to evaluate the haemodynamic changes in various subtype of acute cerebral infarction.
ABSTRACT
0.05), respectively.Conclusion The cerebrovascular reactivity to CO_2 or the cerebral circulation reserve in senile hypertensive patients may be improved effectively by reasonable antihypertensive therapy.
ABSTRACT
Objective To assess the cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in health subjects and patients with risk factors by means of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) with breath-holding maneuver, and its association with risk factors of cerebrovascular disease.Methods The breath-holding index (BHI), which was the percentage increase in middle cerebral artery(MCA)blood flow velocity and was as index of CVR assessment, was detected during breath-holding by TCD and breath-holding technique in 137 patients with various risk-factors of cerebrovascular disease and 87 normal controls.The regression analysis was done between the CVR and risk factors.Results The mean blood velocity before (Vm) and after holding test (Vm′) were significantly lower in group with age of 20-40 years than that of the age of 41-60 and over 60 years(all P