An Approach To Demonstrate The Foramen Bursa Omenti Majoris And The Guarding Peritoneal Folds And The Recesses Of Omental Bursa

Background: Development of high-resolution computed tomographic imaging has substantially improved the radiologic examination of the omental bursa or lesser sac. However, dissection procedure to demonstrate the omental bursa and it two recesses in cadaver did not receive adequate attention in past decades. This was a cross-Methods: sectional, observational study on 20 cadavers. Relatively disease-free fresh adult cadavers of both sexes were selected randomly. Omental bursa was exposed through transgastric approach. Photographs taken after proper exposure. Results: In every dissection, omental bursa, superior and inferior recesses, foramen bursa omenti majoris, right and left gastropancreatic folds were clearly understood. In our study, an effort was made to establish a cadavericConclusion: dissection procedure to delineate omental bursa which may add to existing knowledge in medical education technology as well as help the surgoens particularly who are performing minimally invasive surgery (MIS)

Bourse aiguë de l'enfant en chirurgie pédiatrique du chu Gabriel touré / Acute bursa of the child in pediatric surgery at the teaching hospital Gabriel Touré

La bourse aiguë est une urgence médico-chirurgicale de part ses nombreuses étiologies menaçant le pronostic fonctionnel des testicules et leurs annexes. Objectifs : Identifier les causes des bourses aiguës de l'enfant et décrire leurs aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques. Matériels et méthode : Il s'agissait d'une étude descriptive retroprospective allant du 1er janvier 2010 au 31 Décembre 2015 portant sur tous les enfants âgés de 0 à 15 ans reçus et traités pour bourse aiguë dans le service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique du CHU Gabriel Touré. Résultats: En 6 ans, nous avons enregistré 42 patients soit une fréquence de 1,4% des urgences chirurgicales. L'âge moyen était de 2,98 ans (24jours-14 ans). La prématurité a représenté 11,9 % des cas. La tuméfaction scrotale douloureuse était le principal motif de consultation (76,2%), Les principales étiologies étaient la HISE (90,5%), le traumatisme scrotal (4,7%), l'orchiépididymite (2,4%) et la torsion testiculaire (2,4%). Le traitement était chirurgical dans 97,6% des cas. L'évolution après 3 mois était simple dans 97,6% des cas. Conclusion: La bourse aigue de l'enfant est une pathologie peu fréquente touchant surtout les nourrissons. La hernie inguino-scrotale étranglée était la principale étiologie. Le diagnostic doit être précoce et le traitement adéquat afin de reduire la morbi-mortalité

Acute bursa is a medico-surgical emergency because of its many etiologies threatening the functional prognosis of the testes and their appendages. Objectives: Identify the causes of acute bursaries in the child and describe their clinical and therapeutic aspects. Materials and method: This were a retrospective descriptive study from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2015, on all children aged 0 to 15 years received and treated for acute scholarship in the Pediatric Surgery department at the teaching hospital Gabriel Touré. Results: In 6 years, we registered 42 patients, ie a frequency of 1.4% of surgical emergencies. The mean age was 2.98 years (24 days-14 years). Prematurity represented 11.9% of cases. Painful scrotal tumefaction was the main reason for consultation (76.2%), The main a etiologies were HISE (90.5%), scrotal trauma (4.7%), orchi epididymitis (2.4%) and testicular torsion (2.4%). The treatment was surgical in 97.6% of cases. The course after 3 months was simple in 97.6% of cases. Conclusion: Acute bursa in children is an uncommon condition, especially affecting infants. Strangulated inguino-scrotal hernia was the main aetiology. The diagnosis must be early and the treatment adequate in order to reduce morbidity and mortality

Histomorphological structure of the Bursa cloacalis (Bursa of Fabricius) in young Leiothrix lutea: a comparative study using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy / Estructura histomorfológica de la Bursa cloacalis (Bursa de Fabricius) en jóvenes Leiothrix lutea: un estudio comparativo utilizando microscopía óptica y microscopía electrónica de transmisión

SUMMARY: This study aimed to investigate the microstructure and ultrastructure of the Bursa cloacalis (Bursa of Fabricius) (BC) in young Leiothrix lutea at various days of age (a few days after hatching) using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The bird BC was sampled at 1, 5, 7, and 9 days of age. Immediately after dissection, the structure and integrity of the BC (not degenerative) were retained and the specific temporal features could be visualized precisely. After hematoxylin-eosin staining and uranyl acetate/lead citrate staining, the microstructure and ultrastructure of the BC, respectively, could be observed clearly. The microscopic observations revealed the following: in addition to change in the size of BC or lymphoid follicles, many cavities were found in the BC; the distribution of the lymphoid follicles in Leiothrix lutea was different from that in other birds; and the segregating line between the bursal cortex and medulla became increasingly clear as the age increased. In conclusion, the structural data obtained in this study provides a better understanding of the specific immunological function of the BC in Leiothrix lutea.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la microestructura y ultraestructura de la Bursa cloacalis (BC) en Leiothrix lutea joven unos días después de la eclosión, utilizando microscopía óptica y microscopía electrónica de transmisión. La BC se muestreó a los 1, 5, 7 y 9 días de edad del Leiothrix lutea. Inmediatamente después de la disección, se observó la estructura y la integridad de la CB (no degenerativa) y se pudo visualizar con precisión las características temporales específicas. Después de la tinción con hematoxilina-eosina y con acetato de uranilo /citrato de plomo, pudimos observar claramente la microestructura y ultraestructura de la BC. Las observaciones microscópicas revelaron el cambio en el tamaño de la CB o de los folículos linfoides y además, se encontraron numerosas cavidades en la CB; la distribución de los folículos linfoides en Leiothrix lutea era diferente a la de otras aves; y la línea de segregación entre la corteza bursal y la médula se hizo cada vez más clara a medida que aumentaba la edad. En conclusión, los datos estructurales obtenidos en este estudio proporcionan una mejor comprensión de la función inmunológica específica de la Bursa cloacalis en Leiothrix lutea.

Comparison of clinical efficacy between bursa omentalis approach and medial-to-lateral approach in laparoscopic left hemicolectomy: a propensity score matching analysis / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: Splenic flexure mobilization is technically difficult during the resection of left hemicolon cancer. This study aims to compare the safety and effectiveness between the bursa omentalis approach (BOA) and medial-to-lateral approach (MTLA) in laparoscopic radical resection of left-sided colon cancer. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted. Inclusion criteria: (1) patients underwent radical resection of left hemicolon cancer; (2) the postoperative pathological result was adenocarcinoma; (3) patients aged 18-80 years old; (4) no liver, peritoneal or other distant metastasis. Exclusion criteria: (1) poor physical condition with serious heart, brain, lung, liver, kidney and hematopoietic system diseases; (2) unable to tolerate laparoscopic surgery; (3) history of other malignancies simultaneously, or multisource tumors; (4) emergency operation due to bleeding, obstruction, perforation, etc. Clinical data of 189 patients who underwent laparoscopic left hemicolectomy in the Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine from 2014 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to surgical approaches, patients were divided into the BOA group (52 cases) and MTLA group (137 cases). The whole group of patients were matched by propensity score matching (PSM) according to the nearest neighbor matching method. The caliper value was 0.01. The matching variables included gender, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, body mass index, tumor location and tumor stage. After PSM, 47 patients were included in the BOA group and MTLA group, respectively. There were no significant differences in baseline data between the two groups after PSM (all P>0.05). Paired t-test, paired rank sum test and paired Chi-square test were used to compare intraoperative and postoperative paramether between the two groups. Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival curve, and log rank test was used for inter group comparison. When the two survival curves intersect, the two-stage method and restricted mean survival time (RMST) were further performed. Results: Both groups of patients successfully completed the operation without conversion to laparotomy or intraoperative death. No combined splenectomy or pancreatectomy were performed in the two groups. There were also no significant differences in intraoperative blood loss, number of harvested lymph nodes, time to the first flatus and the length of hospital stay between the two groups (all P>0.05). However, the median laparoscopic dissection time in the BOA group was shorter than that in the MTLA group, and the difference was statistically significant (median: 56 minutes vs. 65 minutes, P=0.032). No entry to posterior pancreatic space was recorded in the BOA group but wrong entry to posterior pancreatic space happened to 6.4% (3/47) of patients (body mass index >25 kg/m(2)) when dissecting left Toldt's fascia in the MTLA group. The 3-year disease-free survival rate in BOA group and MTLA group was 90.2% and 86.1%, respectively (P=0.909) and the 3-year overall survival rate was 85.6% and 94.4%, respectively (P=0.532). Conclusions: BOA is safe and feasible in laparoscopic left hemicolectomy, especially for inexperienced surgeons. For obese patients, BOA facilitates the entrance into the correct anatomical level and avoid entering the retropancreatic space.

Identification of genogroups of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in poultry farms at Colombia / Identificación de genogrupos del virus de la enfermedad de gumboro en granjas avícolas en colombia

RESUMEN El virus de la enfermedad de Gumboro (IBDV) es un avibirnavirus con genoma dsARN que presenta altas tasas de mutación y recombinación. A pesar del efecto inmunosupresor en aves y la frecuencia con que ocurre la infección por este agente en el país son pocos los estudios que caracterizan los cuadros clínicos y se desconoce cuáles son los genogrupos circulantes. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la frecuencia de lesiones histopatológicas en órganos del sistema inmune e identificar los genogrupos del IBDV en aves comerciales de Colombia. Para determinar la frecuencia de presentación de lesiones en órganos del sistema inmune se analizaron 381 casos clínicos de las bases de datos del Laboratorio de Patología Aviar (LPA) de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá (periodo 2016-2018). Asimismo, se secuenciaron los productos de RT-PCR del gen que codifica para la proteína viral VP2 provenientes de 35 muestras de bursas de Fabricio. Como resultado se encontró evidencia de lesiones microscópicas compatibles con procesos de inmunodepresión en órganos del sistema inmune (bursa de Fabricio, timo, bazo y médula ósea) en el 25 % (97) de los casos analizados y se identificaron los genogrupos 1, 2 y 4 en la siguiente proporción: genogrupo 1-69 % (virus clásicos), genogrupo 2-25 % (variantes) y genogrupo 4-6 % (identificado en Suramérica). Estos hallazgos demuestran la presencia de lesiones en órganos del sistema inmune y la existencia de los genogrupos 1, 2 y 3 del IBDV circulando en aves comerciales en Colombia. Esta es la primera investigación en el país con este sistema de clasificación que permite evidenciar con mayor precisión los cambios en el genoma del IBDV. Lo anterior señala la necesidad de continuar con este tipo de estudios para tener una mejor comprensión de la infección en campo y orientar el diseño e implementación de estrategias de control.

ABSTRACT Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) is an avibirnavirus with a dsRNA genome, which has a high mutation and recombination rates. Despite the immunosuppressive effect in poultry and the frequency of infections by this agent, few studies in Colombia that characterize the clinical signs and identify the circulating genogroups have been reported. This study aimed to determine the frequency of histopathological lesions in immune organs and to identify IBDV genogroups in poultry from Colombia. In this way, the Laboratorio de Patología Aviar (LPA) databases from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia (period 2016-2018) were analyzed in order to identify the frequency of lesions present in immune organs. 35 samples of the bursa of Fabricius, positive by RT-PCR, were sequenced to the gene that codes for the VP2 protein. 97 (25 %) cases showed microscopic lesions in the immune organs. The genogroups identified and the frequencies were: genogroup 1-69 % (classical viruses), genogroup 2-25 % (antigenic variants), and genogroup 4-6 % (identified in South America). These findings demonstrate the lesions of immune organs and the presence of different genogroups circulating in commercial birds in Colombia. This indicates the need to continue with these studies in order to have a better understanding of the infection in the field and to guide the design and implementation of control strategies.

Morfologia da bolsa cloacal de emas, Rhea americana americana Linnaeus, 1758 / Morphology of rhea's cloacal bursa, Rhea americana americana Linnaeus, 1758

A bolsa cloacal é o órgão das aves responsável pela maturação e transferência de linfócitos para outros tecidos. Apesar da importância deste órgão nos mecanismos imunológicos desses animais, são escassas as informações a respeito de sua morfologia em emas. Neste estudo, objetivou-se descrever o desenvolvimento morfológico da bolsa cloacal de emas jovens. Utilizou-se 12 animais de ambos os sexos (6 machos e 6 fêmeas) para a microscopia de luz, eletrônica de transmissão e varredura. Microscopicamente, a bolsa cloacal da ema apresentou, em todas as idades a mucosa interna pregueada composta por lóbulos linfoides de diversos tamanhos, organizados como estrutura alveolar. Em cada prega verificou-se quatro componentes histológicos: as camadas mucosa, submucosa, muscular e adventícia. Esses lóbulos eram compostos de uma zona cortical, uma zona corticomedular e uma zona medular. Verificou-se a existência de linfócitos de tamanhos variados, linfoblastos, capilares sanguíneos, células reticulares epiteliais e macrófagos. Pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura, verificou-se que a superfície da mucosa dos lóbulos bursais apresentaram projeções poligonais, com a presença de curtas microvilosidades em toda a superfície. A comparação nas idades de 0 e 15 semanas de vida demostrou o desenvolvimento dos lóbulos bursais. O padrão morfológico da bolsa cloacal de emas difere do padrão comumente reportado para outras aves tais como pato selvagem, galinha da angola, ganso nativo, peru, codorna japonesa e falcão.(AU)

The cloacal bursa is the bird's organ responsible for maturation and transfer of lymphocytes to other tissues. Despite the importance of this organ in the immunological mechanisms of these animals, information about their morphology in rhea are scarce. We used 12 animals (6 males and 6 females) for light, transmission electron, and scanning microscopy. Microscopically, the cloacal bursa presented the inner mucosa consists of pleated lymphoid lobes of various sizes, organized as alveolar structure, in all ages. In each nail was found four histological components: mucosa, submucosa, muscular and adventitia layers. These lobes were composed of a cortical zone, a corticomedular zone and a medular area. It was verified the existence of varying sizes lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, blood capillaries, epithelial reticular cells and macrophages. By scanning electron microscopy, it was found that the mucous membrane surface of the bursal lobes showed polygonal projections, with the presence of short microvilli membranes throughout the surface. The comparison between 0 and 15 weeks demonstrated the development of the bursal lobes. The morphological pattern of the rhea cloacal bursa differs from standard commonly reported for other birds such as wild duck, Angola's chicken, native goose, turkey, Japanese quail, and Hawk.(AU)

Severe Sub-Acromial Bursitis with Rice Bodies in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Report and Review of Literature

@#sub-acromial bursitis secondary to extensive underlyingrheumatoid arthritis, sero-negative inflammatory arthritis ortuberculous joints. Although there is usually anaccompanying inflammatory arthropathy, it can occur in theabsence of any underlying systemic disorder. We report acase of five years old neglected rice body deposition inshoulder in a 54-years old lady diagnosed to be havingrheumatoid arthritis. After initial investigations, arthroscopicremoval of rice bodies with bursa excision relieved thesymptoms. The underlying rheumatic condition continued itscourse, generally sparing the involved shoulder joint. Wesuggest thorough examination for systemic rheumatologicdisease in patients diagnosed with such lesions.

Phytochemical Constituents of Capsella bursa-pastoris and Their Anti-inflammatory Activity

Phytochemical investigation of 80% MeOH extract of the aerial parts of Capsella bursa-pastoris yielded fourteen compounds (1 – 14). The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods to be methyl-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranosyl disulfide (1), 10-methylsulphinyl-decanenitrile (2), 11-methyl-sulphinyl-undecanenitrile (3), 1-O-(lauroyl)glycerol (4), phytene-1, 2-diol (5), (3S,5R,6S,7E)-5,6-epoxy-3-hydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (6), loliolide (7), β-sitosterol (8), 3-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-propanone (9), 1-feruloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), pinoresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), luteolin (12), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (13), and luteolin 6-C-β-glucopyranoside (14). Although compound 1 was reported as synthetic compound, 1 was first isolated from natural source. NMR spectral data assignments of 1, 2 and 3 were reported for the first time, and compounds 1 – 14 were for the first time reported from this plant source. The anti-inflammatory effects of 1 – 14 were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine microglia BV-2 cells. Compounds 12 exhibited strong inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in LPS-activated BV-2 cells with IC50 values of 9.70 µM.

Posterior Vitreous Structures Evaluated by Swept-source Optical Coherence Tomography with En Face Imaging

PURPOSE: To evaluate posterior vitreous structures using swept-source (SS) optical coherence tomography (OCT) with en face imaging. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed OCT images of healthy individuals who did not have intra-ocular disease. We obtained high-definition horizontal and vertical line scans crossing the fovea and 3D scans using SS-OCT, with the 3D scan centered between the fovea and the optic-nerve head. An enhanced vitreous visualization function was used to highlight vitreous structures. En face mode was used to measure the area of Martegiani (AM) and bursa premacularis (BP). We performed all measurements using a built-in function of the viewing software. RESULTS: We enrolled 24 eyes from 12 healthy individuals. The mean patient age was 28.7 ± 4.6 years (range, 24 to 39 years). The mean AM and BP areas were 5.73 ± 0.88 and 18.76 ± 6.95 mm2, respectively. In en face imaging, AM shape was most frequently a vertical oval (18 / 22, 81.8%), while the predominant BP shape was round (16 / 20, 80.0%). AM was in contact with the optic disc, either at the temporal-disc margin (13 eyes, 59.1%) or the nasal optic-disc margin (9 eyes, 40.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Posterior vitreous structures, such as AM and BP, were readily visualized using en face imaging with SS-OCT. Investigating normal vitreous configuration might help in understanding changes in vitreous structures associated with retinal pathology.

Arterial vascularization of the cloacal bursa of the greater rhea (Rhea americana americana Linnaeus, 1758) / Vascularização arterial da bolsa cloacal de emas (Rhea americana americana Linnaeus, 1758)

The cloacal bursa is an organ in fowls, which triggers lymphocyte maturation and transference to other tissues. Since there is scanty information on its morphology in wild species in spite of its importance in the fowls´ immunological system, current analysis describes the arterial vascularization of the cloacal bursa in the greater rhea. Twenty juvenile rheas (male and female), which died of natural causes, were obtained from the Center for the Multiplication of Wild Animals (CEMAS/UFERSA). The animals were dissected and their thoracic aorta cannulated and red-stained Latex Neoprene 650 was introduced. The cloacal bursa was irrigated from the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta similar to the caudal mesenteric artery and to the right and left internal iliac arteries. The right and left internal pudenda arteries originated from the right and left internal iliac arteries which, in their turn, gave rise to cloacalbursa arteries and to the right and left cloacal arteries in all studied animals. The caudal mesenteric artery contributed to the arterial blood of the cloacal bursa in almost all studied animals through the anastomosis of right or left internal pudenda artery, with direct branches to the cloacal bursa. The cloacal bursa of the greater rhea is irrigated by cloacal-bursa arteries and cloacal right and left and also by the mesenteric caudal artery, with small variations with regard to the number and layout of the anastomoses and branches from the arteries. The latter are specific characteristics and differentiate them from standards perceived in other fowls.

A bolsa cloacal é o órgão das aves responsável pela maturação e transferência de linfócitos para outros tecidos. Apesar da importância deste órgão nos mecanismos imunológicos das aves, são escassas as informações a respeito de sua morfologia em espécies silvestres, fato que ensejou descrever a vascularização arterial do mesmo em emas. Foram utilizadas 20 emas jovens (machos e fêmeas) obtidas no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS/UFERSA), as quais vieram a óbito por causas naturais. Os animais foram dissecados e a aorta torácica canulada e perfundida com Látex Neoprene 650 corado com pigmento vermelho. Verificou-se que a irrigação da bolsa cloacal é originada a partir de ramos terminais da artéria aorta abdominal, tais como, as artérias ilíacas internas, direita e esquerda e a artéria mesentérica caudal. Das artérias ilíacas internas, direita e esquerda, originaram-se as artérias pudendas internas, direita e esquerda, que por sua vez deram origem às artérias bursocloacais e cloacais, direita e esquerda em todos os animais estudados. A artéria mesentérica caudal contribuiu com o aporte sanguíneo arterial da bolsa cloacal em quase todos os animais estudados, por meio de anastomose com a artéria pudenda interna direita ou com a artéria pudenda interna esquerda, mas também emitiu ramos diretamente a bolsa cloacal. A bolsa cloacal de emas é irrigada pelas artérias bursocloacais e cloacais direita e esquerda e ainda, pela artéria mesentérica caudal, podendo apresentar pequenas variações quanto ao número e disposição de anastomoses e ramos emitidos, peculiares à espécie, o que as diferenciam do padrão comumente reportado para outras aves.

Dermatitis caused by the tropical fowl mite Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) (Acari: Macronyssidae): a case report in humans

Abstract: We herein report human dermatitis caused by the tropical fowl mite Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese). The cases occurred in an apartment in a residential district of Porto Alegre City, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where three members of the same family presented with pruritic lesions on the arms and legs. On inspecting the bathroom, several mites measuring approximately 1.0mm in length were observed coming from a nest of Rufous Hornero, Furnarius rufus (Gmelin). This is the first report of O. bursa in the urban area of Porto Alegre City, from a nest of F. rufus that bites humans.

Ação trófica de aditivos fitogênicos, glutamina e ácido glutâmico sobre a Bursa de Fabrícius e intestino delgado de frangos de corte / Trophic action of phytogenic additives, glutamine and glutamic acid on Bursa Fabricii and small intestine of broilers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of phytogenic additives and glutamine plus glutamic acid, associated or not, on histomorphometry of bursa of Fabricius and small intestine, oocyst count and lesion scores, and carbon turnover of duodenal mucosa of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria acervulina. A total of 450 male broiler chickens was distributed into a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of control diet (CD); CD + coccidiosis vaccine; CD + antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidial (APE/AC); CD + glutamine and glutamic acid (Gln/Glu); CD + phytogenic additives (PA); CD + Gln/Glu + PA. Birds on treatment CD + vaccine were vaccinated via drinking water at three days of age against coccidiosis. At 16 days of age all birds of all treatments were inoculated orally and individually with 500,000 oocysts of Eimeria acervulina. There was no treatment effect on lesion score in the intestinal epithelium of birds. The smaller number of excreted oocysts was observed in groups of birds fed diets containing APE/AC and PA. Were observed better results of villus height and crypt depth for duodenum and ileum of birds of treatments containing Gln/Glu at 7 days of age, and Gln/Glu and PA at 21 days of age. Higher percentage of cortical area from bursa follicles was observed in birds fed diets supplemented with Gln/Glu and PA at 7, 14 and 21 days of age. Increased turnover of intestinal mucosa was observed in treatments containing Gln/Glu, indicating acceleration in development and regeneration of damaged tissue. Glutamine plus glutamic acid and phytogenic additives can provide improvements to structure, and thus to intestinal function, as well as to better immune response against the infectious challenges. Phytogenic additives can be used for coccidiosis control of broiler chickens where the use of antibiotic performance enhancers and anticoccidials is prohibited...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos aditivos fitogênicos e da glutamina mais ácido glutâmico, associados ou não, sobre a histomorfometria da Bursa de Fabricius e intestino delgado, sobre contagem de oocistos e escores de lesão e sobre o turnover do carbono da mucosa intestinal de frangos de corte experimentalmente infectadas com Eimeria acervulina. Para isso foram utilizados 450 pintos de corte machos distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com seis tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de dieta controle (DC); DC + Vacina de coccidiose; DC + antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho e anticoccidiano (AMD/AC); DC + glutamina e ácido glutâmico (Gln/Glu); DC + sditivos fitogênicos (AFs); DC + Gln/Glu + AFs. As aves do tratamento DC + Vacina foram vacinadas via água de bebida, aos três dias de idade, contra coccidiose. Aos 16 dias de idade todas as aves de todos os tratamentos foram inoculadas oralmente e individualmente com 500.000 oocistos de Eimeria acervulina. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos para escore de lesão no epitélio intestinal das aves. O menor número de oocistos excretados foi observado nos grupos de aves alimentadas com dieta contendo AMD/AC e AFs. Foram observados melhores resultados para altura das vilosidades e profundidade das criptas do duodeno e ílio das aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, aos 7 dias de idade e Gln/Glu e AFs aos 21 dias de idade. Maior porcentagem de área cortical dos folículos bursais foi observada em aves alimentadas com dieta suplementada com Gln/Glu e AFs aos 7, 14 e 21 dias de idade. Maior turnover da mucosa intestinal foi observada em aves dos tratamentos contendo Gln/Glu, indicando aceleração do desenvolvimento e regeneração do tecido lesado. Glutamina mais ácido glutâmico e aditivos fitogênicos podem oferecer melhorias à estrutura e, consequentemente, à função do intestino, bem como melhores condições para resposta imune frente à desafios infecciosos...

Cryptosporidium spp. in bursa of Fabricius of broiler chickens from Uruguay / Cryptosporidium spp. em bursa de Fabrícius de frangos de corte no Uruguai

The presence of Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in broiler chickens of 32-40 days of age, colonizing the bursa of Fabricius. The histologic study with haematoxylin and eosin staining was done on specimens of trachea, complete intestinal tract and bursa. Samples of intestinal content were also studied using Kinyoun staining technique. All birds with signs of illness were positive to the presence of parasite, showing a hypertrophic bursa of Fabricius, filled with caseous content. The bursal epithelial cells were full of different developmental stages of Cryptosporidium spp. This note describing the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. in industrial flocks of broiler chickens, is the first report of this parasite in Uruguay.

A presença de Cryptosporidium spp. foi detectada em frangos de corte de 32-40 dias de idade, colonizando a bursa de Fabrícius. O estudo histológico com hematoxilina e eosina foi feito em amostras de traqueia, trato intestinal completo e bursa. As amostras de conteúdo intestinal também foram estudadas utilizando a técnica de coloração de Kinyoun. Todas as aves com sinais de doença foram positivas para a presença do parasita, mostrando uma bursa de Fabrícius hipertrófica com grande quantidade de conteúdo caseoso. As células epiteliais bursais estavam repletas de diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento de Cryptosporidium spp. Esta nota, que descreve a presença de Cryptosporidium spp. em lotes industriais de frangos de corte, é o primeiro relato deste parasita no Uruguai.

Two Cases of Shoulder-Hand Syndrome after Stroke : Clinical Symptoms and MRI Findings / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

In two cases of poststroke shoulder-hand syndrome, the patients complained of hemi-paretic shoulder pain. Both cases showed characteristic findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the paretic shoulder. Case 1 underwent MRI before the syndrome occurred, while Case 2 underwent MRI after the syndrome occurred. In both cases, chemical saturation T2-weighted images revealed high intensity signals mainly anterior to the scapula, but also surrounding the articular capsule of the shoulder joint. Also, the subscapular muscle and subscapular bursa appeared damaged, and bloody fluid extended into the connective tissue. In Case 2, chemical saturation T2-weighted images revealed high intensity signals in the axillary fat. The paretic hands of both patients showed conscious and objective allodynia, edema, and decreased range of finger flexion and carpal extension. Observed symptoms were consistent with a diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Adherence of the posterior brachial plexus to the subscapular muscle may result in positional relationship changes and tears to the cords when the paretic shoulder is moved. The resultant small fiber neuropathy may result in edema by conduction block. Furthermore, aseptic synovitis from neurogenic inflammation may also occur. In Case 1, the arthritis of the shoulder appeared before the neuropathy. This indicates that damage to the subscapular bursa rather than neuropathy may be the underlying cause of the arthritis.

Effect of Diclazuril on the Bursa of Fabricius Morphology and SIgA Expression in Chickens Infected with Eimeria tenella

The effects of diclazuril on the bursa of Fabricius (BF) structure and secretory IgA (SIgA) expression in chickens infected with Eimeria tenella were examined. The morphology of the BF was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, while ultrastructural changes were monitored by transmission electron microscopy. E. tenella infection caused the BF cell volumes to decrease, irregularly arranged, as well as, enlargement of the intercellular space. Diclazuril treatment alleviated the physical signs of damages associated with E. tenella infection. The SIgA expression in BF was analyzed by immunohistochemistry technique. The SIgA expression increased significantly by 350.4% (P<0.01) after E. tenella infection compared to the normal control group. With the treatment of diclazuril, the SIgA was relatively fewer in the cortex, and the expression level was significantly decreased by 46.7% (P<0.01) compared with the infected and untreated group. In conclusion, E. tenella infection in chickens induced obvious harmful changes in BF morphological structure and stimulated the expression of SIgA in the BF. Diclazuril treatment effectively alleviated the morphological changes. This result demonstrates a method to develop an immunological strategy in coccidiosis control.

Reliable screening technique for evaluation of wild crucifers against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.).

Wild crucifers namely Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica fruticulosa, B. rugosa, B. spinescens, B. tournefortii, Camelina sativa, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Crambe abysinnica, Cronopus didymus, Diplotaxis assurgens, D. gomez-campoi, D. muralis, D. siettiana, D. tenuisiliqua, Enatharocarpus lyratus, Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba along with five cultivated Brassica species including B. rapa (BSH-1), B. juncea (Rohini), B. napus (GSC-6), B. carinata (DLSC-2) and Eruca sativa (T-27) were screened against mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) with a standardized technique under definite level of aphid pressure developed using specially designed cages. Observations have revealed that B. fruticulosa, B. spinescens, Camelina sativa, Crambe abysinnica and Lepidium sativum were resistant to mustard aphid L. erysimi with aphid infestation index (AII) ≤1. Capsella bursa-pastoris was highly susceptible to bean aphid, Aphis fabae during its vegetative stage (with 100% mortality). Other genotypes were found in the range of ‘susceptible’ to ‘highly susceptible’ with AII ranging 3-5.

Evaluation of bursal lymphoid depletion: comparison between the conventional histology method and digital lymphocyte depletion evaluation system / Avaliação da depleção linfóide bursal: comparação entre a histologia convencional e o sistema de avaliação digital da depleção linfocitária

Fifty-five bursa of Fabricius (BF) were evaluated by optical microscopy for three different avian histopathologists (H1, H3 and H4) to determine the degree of lymphoid depletion. One histologist evaluated the same slides at two different times (H1 and H2) with four-months interval between the observations. The same BFs were evaluated using the system of Digital Lymphocyte Depletion Evaluation (ADDL), being performed by three differents operators of the system, not histopathologists. The results showed was a significant difference between the histopathologists and between the scores established by the same expert (H1 and H2). However, there were not significant differences between the scores with the ADDL system, obtained using ADDL. The results make clear the fragility of the subjective lymphocyte depletion score classification by the traditional histologic method, while the ADDL system proves to be more appropriated for the assessment of the lymphoid loss in the BF.(AU)

Cinquenta e cinco bursas de Fabricius (BF) foram avaliadas através da microscopia óptica por três diferentes histopatologistas aviários (H1, H3 e H4) para determinar o grau de depleção linfóide. Um histopatologista avaliou as amostras em dois momentos distintos (H1 e H2) com quatro meses de intervalo entre as observações. As mesmas BF foram avaliadas utilizando-se o sistema de Avaliação Digital da Depleção Linfocitária (ADDL), sendo realizadas por três diferentes operadores do sistema, não histopatologistas. Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os histopatologistas e entre um mesmo histopatologista (H1 e H2). Contudo, não houve diferenças significativas entre os escores obtidos utilizando-se ADDL. Estes resultados caracterizam a fragilidade da classificação subjetiva em escores de depleção linfóide, enquanto o sistema ADDL prova ser um sistema robusto de avaliação da perda linfocitária na BF.(AU)

Desempenho e resposta imune de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com cromo na forma orgânica / Immune response and performance by broiler chickens dietarysupplemented with chromium in organic form

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação de cromo-orgânico, sobre o desempenho, biometria dos órgãos digestivos e linfoides, histomoformetria da bolsa cloacal e rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres de frangos de corte de 1 a 41 dias de idade, naturalmente submetidos a estresse por calor cíclico. Foram utilizados 400 pintos de corte da linhagem Cobb, em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos: 0; 350; 700; 1050 e 1400 ppb de cromo na ração. Os valores do índice de temperatura de globo e umidade foram respectivamente, 83,39 e 80, para fase de crescimento e terminação. A suplementação do cromo orgânico influenciou (P 0,01) de forma quadrática a conversão alimentar dos animais segundo a equação Y=1,67-0,00016x+0,00000012x² (r² 0,976), na fase de 1 a 21 dias de idade. Os níveis de suplementação do cromo orgânico proporcionaram melhor índice de eficiência produtiva e maior percentual de parênquima cortical nas aves aos 21 dias. Na fase de 1 a 41 dias de idade, verificou-se que o peso de penas foi influenciado positivamente com os níveis de cromo orgânico e que não houve efeito para o desempenho dos frangos. Conclui-se que a suplementação da ração com cromo orgânico melhora desempenho e a resposta imune de frangos de corte frente a condições de estresse por calor.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding organic chromium dietary supplementation on performance, digestiveand lymphoid organs biometry and histomorphometry of the clocal bursa and on carcass and prime cuts performance of broilersfrom 1 to 41 days old, naturally stressed by heat cyclic. We used 400 chicks Cobb, the experimental design adopted was acompletely randomized, with five treatments: 0; 350; 700; 1050 and 1400 ppb chromium in diet. The supplementation withorganic chromium influenced (p<0,01) quadratic form on alimentary conversion the animals according to the equation Y = 1.67to 0.00016 x 0.00000012 x ² (r ² 0.976) in the period 1 to 21. The levels of supplementation of organic chromium improvementproductive efficiency and percentage of cortical parenchyma of broilers to 21 days. In phase to 1 from 41 days old, it was observedimprovement the feathers weight with levels of organic chromium, and there wasn’t influence on performance of broilers. Thechromium in the organic form improves the performance of broiler chickens and immune response by broiler chickens in cyclic heat stress.

The brown lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) of northwestern Turkey with new records, their spatio-temporal distribution and harbouring plants

The brown lacewings (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) of northwestern Turkey with new records, their spatio-temporal distribution and harbouring plants. The occurrence and spatio-temporal distribution of brown lacewing species (Neuroptera, Hemerobiidae) in Bursa province, northwestern Turkey, was investigated during 1999-2011. A total of 852 brown lacewing specimens of 20 species, including the genera of Hemerobius, Megalomus, Micromus, Sympherobius, and Wesmaelius were collected. Of these, 12 species were new records for northwestern Turkey while Sympherobius klapaleki is a new record for the Neuroptera fauna of Turkey. The most widespread species were Hemerobius handschini and Sympherobius pygmaeus with percent dominance values of 42.00 and 15.96%, respectively. Wesmaelius subnebulosus was the earliest emerging hemerobiid species and had the longest flight activity lasting from March to October. The species of southern origin characterized by the Mediterranean elements constituted 55% of the hemerobiid fauna and prevailed over the species of northern origin that belong to the Siberian centres. The total number of hemerobiid species reached a peak in July with captures of 15 species per month. There were 11, 13, 18 and 5 hemerobiid species occurring at altitudes between 1-500, 501-1000, 1001-1500 and 1500-2000 m, respectively. In addition, plant species harbouring hemerobiids are given for each species, and their association with the hemerobiid fauna is discussed.

Vascularização da bolsa cloacal em Gallus gallus domesticus (Linhagem Master Gris Cou Plumé) / Vascularization of the cloacal bursa in Gallus gallus domesticus (Master Gris Cou Plumé Lineage)

Estudou-se a vascularização da bolsa cloacal em aves da linhagem Master Gris Cou Plumé, quanto a sua origem, número e distribuição dos vasos. Procedeu-se a dissecação dos vasos por meio de duas incisões paramedianas na base do pigóstilo, em 20 exemplares de seis semanas de idade após fixação em solução aquosa de formol a 10%. Anteriormente à fixação, a artéria isquiádica direita foi canulada para perfusão do sistema arterial com solução aquosa a 50% de Neoprene Látex "450", corado com pigmento vermelho. A bolsa cloacal foi irrigada pelas artérias: bursocloacal direita, presente em 19 exemplares (95%) apresentando de um a cinco ramos arteriais; bursocloacal esquerda, presente em todos os casos (100%), apresentando de um a cinco ramos arteriais; cloacal direita, observada em 13 aves (65%), exibindo de um a quatro ramos arteriais; cloacal esquerda, presente em 13 aves (65%), emitindo de dois a três ramos arteriais; e ilíacas internas direita e esquerda, observadas uma única vez (5%), que enviaram dois ramos arteriais. Quanto à distribuição, pode-se afirmar que os quadrantes caudais da bolsa cloacal, de ambos antímeros, foram os que mais receberam ramos arteriais, sendo que o esquerdo recebeu ramos da A. bursocloacal, A. cloacal e A. ilíaca interna em 19 casos (95%), 13 (65%) e um (5%), respectivamente. Os quadrantes craniais direito e esquerdo foram irrigados por ramos da A. bursocloacal em cinco (25%) e quatro casos (20%), respectivamente. Foram observadas grandes variações no aporte sanguíneo da bolsa cloacal da linhagem estudada em relação às demais da espécie Gallus gallus domesticus, concluindo-se que estas diferenças podem estar associadas à maior ou menor funcionalidade do órgão, ou mesmo das características morfofuncionais da linhagem empregada. Estatisticamente não foram observadas diferenças em relação às artérias responsáveis pelo suprimento sanguíneo, quando considerado o antímero e o número de ramos arteriais enviados à bolsa cloacal.

The vascularization of the cloacal bursa in fowls from Master Gris Cou Plumé lineage was studied in relation to origin, number and distribution of vessels. After cannulation of the right sciatic artery in 20 specimens of six-week-old, the arterial system was perfused with a 50% aqueous solution of Neoprene Latex "450" colored with red pigment. Subsequently the specimens were fixated in aqueous 10% formaldehyde. Vessels were dissected through two paramedian incisions at the base of the pygostyle. The cloacal bursa showed to be irrigated by the arteries: right bursocloacal, present in 19 specimens (95%) with one to five arterial branches; left bursocloacal, present in all cases (100%) and showing one to five arterial branches; right cloacal, observed in 13 birds (65%) with one to four arterial branches; left cloacal, also present in 13 birds, sending two to three arterial branches; and right and left internal iliac arteries, observed only in a single individual (5%), which sent two arterial branches. As for distribution, it can be stated that the caudal quadrants of both sides of cloacal bursa were the ones that most received arterial branches. The left one received branches from the bursocloacal, cloacal and internal iliac arteries in 19 (95%), 13 (65%) and one (5%) cases, respectively. The right and the left cranial quadrants were irrigated, respectively, by branches of the bursocloacal artery in five cases (25%) and in four cases (20%). Great variations in blood supply of cloacal bursa were observed in the lineage studied in relation to others lineages of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, concluding that these differences may be associated with greater or lesser functionality of this organ, or even the morphofunctional characteristics of the tested lineage. Statistically were not found significant differences in relation to the arteries responsible by blood supply when considered antimere and number of arterial branches sent to the cloacal bursa.