ABSTRACT
Abstract Rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes can help their hosts absorb nutrients and regulate the levels of plant hormones. Moreover, they can modulate the expressions of host genes, assist hosts in eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secreting volatile organic compounds. Therefore, rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes are considered as determinant factors driving processes involved in the growth of host plants. However, the physiological and ecological functions, as well as the molecular mechanism underlying the behavior of rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes in their role in the adaptive capacity of host plants in the karstic high-calcium environment have not been systematically studied. This review summarizes the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes which help host plants to adapt to various kinds of adverse environments. The adaptive capacities of plants growing in adverse environments, partly, or totally, depends on microorganisms co-existing with the host plants.
Resumo Os microorganismos e endófitos da rizosfera podem ajudar seus hospedeiros a absorver nutrientes e regular os níveis de hormônios vegetais. Além disso, eles podem modular as expressões dos genes hospedeiros, auxiliar os hospedeiros na eliminação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e secretar compostos orgânicos voláteis. Portanto, microorganismos e endófitos da rizosfera são considerados determinantes dos processos envolvidos no crescimento de plantas hospedeiras. No entanto, as funções fisiológicas e ecológicas, bem como o mecanismo molecular subjacente ao comportamento dos microrganismos e endofíticos da rizosfera no seu papel na capacidade adaptativa das plantas hospedeiras no ambiente cárstico de alto teor de cálcio, não foram sistematicamente estudados. Esta revisão resume os mecanismos fisiológicos e moleculares de microrganismos e endófitos da rizosfera que ajudam as plantas hospedeiras a se adaptarem a vários tipos de ambientes adversos. As capacidades adaptativas das plantas que crescem em ambientes adversos, em parte ou totalmente, dependem de microrganismos coexistentes com as plantas hospedeiras.
Subject(s)
Symbiosis , Calcium , Plants , Rhizosphere , EndophytesABSTRACT
@#Introduction: Anadara-granosa synthesization through hydrothermal-method produces beta-tricalcium(beta-TCP), a biomaterial that is able to provide a pathway for calcium-ions in dentin reparative formation thus qualifies TCP as pulp-capping material.Nanoencapsulation is needed as calcium-ions have shown its rapid solubility which is the main cause of high probability risk of tunnel defect.The present study aimed to understand the correlation between stirring time, particle size and level of calcium of beta-TCP nanoencapsulation synthesized from Anadara-granosa-shells. Methods: Anadara-granosa-shells powder was hydrothermically-processed for 18hours and sintered for 3hours. After homogenous beta-TCP powder mixed with aquadest in magnetic stirrer acquired, Na-alginate was added during the stirring process following CaCl2 drop by drop into the mixture.Sample divided into 6-test groups according to the stirring time; P1-one hours;P2-two hours;P3-three hours;P4-four hours;P5-five hours;P6-six hours.All samples centrifuged at 2500rpm for 6minutes and freeze-dried for 12hours.PSA-test and Calcium level-test were performed on the sample test groups, followed by ANOVA-test and post hoc with significance level of P-value=0,05. Results: Data showed average of particle-sizes P1=±336.44; P2=±325.7; P3=±340.94; P4=±452.6; P5=±556.6; P6=± 593.93.ANOVA-test result indicated a significant difference and backed up by Gomes howell test result.Significant differences were found between group first-second-third and group four-five-six also between group five and group six. Calcium level test result was P1=±10.41; P2=±9.53; P3=±9.87; P4=±5.52; P5=±5.33; P6=±5.25.ANOVA-test showed a significant difference and supported by post-hoc LSD-test.Significant differences noted between group one and other groups also between group-two-three and group-four-five-six. Conclusion: In the process of Nanoencapsulation of Anadara-granosa-shells, particle size gradually increased and calcium level gradually decreased along with the longer stirring time was performed.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes can help their hosts absorb nutrients and regulate the levels of plant hormones. Moreover, they can modulate the expressions of host genes, assist hosts in eliminating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secreting volatile organic compounds. Therefore, rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes are considered as determinant factors driving processes involved in the growth of host plants. However, the physiological and ecological functions, as well as the molecular mechanism underlying the behavior of rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes in their role in the adaptive capacity of host plants in the karstic high-calcium environment have not been systematically studied. This review summarizes the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rhizosphere microorganisms and endophytes which help host plants to adapt to various kinds of adverse environments. The adaptive capacities of plants growing in adverse environments, partly, or totally, depends on microorganisms co-existing with the host plants.
Resumo Os microorganismos e endófitos da rizosfera podem ajudar seus hospedeiros a absorver nutrientes e regular os níveis de hormônios vegetais. Além disso, eles podem modular as expressões dos genes hospedeiros, auxiliar os hospedeiros na eliminação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) e secretar compostos orgânicos voláteis. Portanto, microorganismos e endófitos da rizosfera são considerados determinantes dos processos envolvidos no crescimento de plantas hospedeiras. No entanto, as funções fisiológicas e ecológicas, bem como o mecanismo molecular subjacente ao comportamento dos microrganismos e endofíticos da rizosfera no seu papel na capacidade adaptativa das plantas hospedeiras no ambiente cárstico de alto teor de cálcio, não foram sistematicamente estudados. Esta revisão resume os mecanismos fisiológicos e moleculares de microrganismos e endófitos da rizosfera que ajudam as plantas hospedeiras a se adaptarem a vários tipos de ambientes adversos. As capacidades adaptativas das plantas que crescem em ambientes adversos, em parte ou totalmente, dependem de microrganismos coexistentes com as plantas hospedeiras.
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Objective To explore the effects of the different concentrations of magnesium ions on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification in rats. Methods VSMCs were obtained from rat aortic, and were identified by immunocy-tochemistry. VSMCs were then randomly divided into control group, high phosphorus group and magnesium intervention group. VSMCs were cultured with 10%fetal bovine serum in control group. VSMCs were cultured with high phosphorus in high phosphorus group. VSMCs were cultured with different concentrations of magnesium chloride based on the high phos-phorus medium in magnesium intervention group (final concentrations of magnesium ions were 1, 2 and 3 mmol/L). The calci-um content and alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activity were measured after the stimulation for 7 days. The expression of Cbfα1 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. Results Compared with control group, calcium deposits were found significantly higher in high phosphorus group and magnesium intervention group. The calcified nodules gradually reduced with the increased magnesium ion concentration in the intervention group. The calcium contents were significantly lower in the intervention groups (2 and 3 mmol/L) compared with those of high phosphorus group (P<0.05), but no difference was found between 1 mmol/L magnesium intervention group and high phosphorus group. There were no significant differences in the ALP activity and Cbfα1 mRNA expression between intervention groups (2 and 3 mmol/L) and control group (P<0.05). The ALP activity and the expression of Cbfα1 mRNA were gradually decreased with the increased magnesium ion concentration in the inter-vention group, and which were lower than those of high phosphorus group (P<0.05). Conclusion Magnesium can reduce calcification and osteoblastic transdifferentiation, which may be achieved by reducing the expression of Cbfα1 in VSMCs.
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Objective To Study the effects of Danhong mixture on water and calcium contents in brain tissue of rats with acute cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury.Methods 60 healthy SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups,respectively,a sham operation group,a model control group,and 4 drug treatment groups.Models of cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury were established by 4 blood-vessel method,and administrated with different doses of Danhong mixture injection and compound salvia miltiorrhiza injection.Effects of Danhong mixture on water and calcium content in brain tissue of rats with acute cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury were observed.Results Water and calcium content in brain tissue of rats with acute cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury were significantly decreased in Danhong mixture of high dose group (P＜0.01),(water was 75.84％ and calcium was 114.56 μg/g).Water and calcium content were also significantly decreased in Danhong mixture of medium dose group (P＜0.01),(water was 80.13％ and calcium was 132.35 μg/g)Water and calcium content showed decreasing tendency in Danhong mixture of low dose group,but without statistical significance,its numerical value was respectively 73.94％ and 106.32 μg/g.Conclusion Danhong mixture can reduce water and calcium content in brain tissue of rats with acute cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury,which indicated its neuroprotective effects.
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PURPOSE: A renal compensatory hyperfunction after the surgical removal of a contralateral normal kidney includes hyperfiltration and hyperexcretion. These changes in the remaining kidney may increase or decrease the stone-forming potential. The effects of a uninephrectomy (uNX) on stone formation were investigated in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350gm) were divided into 3 groups (n=10 in each). Group 1 were left untreated and served as the control. Group 2 were fed 0.8% ethylene glycol and 1% ammonium chloride (crystal-inducing diet, CID) in their drinking water for 4 weeks without a uNX. Group 3 were fed the same CID for 4 weeks from 2 weeks after the uNX. The stone metabolic study analyzed the excretion rate differences of the lithogenic and inhibitory constituents in the serum and 24-hour urine in the rats. The crystal deposits were examined by polarizing microscopy and the renal calcium content was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the control group (56.44+/-4.90 ng/gm) and the CID-treated groups in terms of the renal calcium content (p< 0.01). In addition, the magnitude of the increase was significantly higher in group 3 (2875.50+/-1783.90 ng/gm) than in group 2 (1053.54+/-866.71ng/gm) (p< 0.05). The mean grade of the crystal deposit in group 3 (3.60 +/- 0.70) was markedly higher than in group 2 (2.40 +/- 1.35) (p< 0.05). When comparing group 2 and 3, the serum creatinine level increased significantly (p< 0.05), whereas the creatinine clearance and 24-hour urinary excretion of citrate decreased significantly (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that uNX increases the stone-forming potential of the remaining kidney in the presence of other lithogenic risk factors.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Absorption , Ammonium Chloride , Calcium Oxalate , Calcium , Citric Acid , Creatinine , Diet , Drinking Water , Ethylene Glycol , Kidney , Microscopy , Models, Animal , Nephrolithiasis , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Risk Factors , Spectrum AnalysisABSTRACT
PURPOSE: A renal compensatory hyperfunction after the surgical removal of a contralateral normal kidney includes hyperfiltration and hyperexcretion. These changes in the remaining kidney may increase or decrease the stone-forming potential. The effects of a uninephrectomy (uNX) on stone formation were investigated in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (300-350gm) were divided into 3 groups (n=10 in each). Group 1 were left untreated and served as the control. Group 2 were fed 0.8% ethylene glycol and 1% ammonium chloride (crystal-inducing diet, CID) in their drinking water for 4 weeks without a uNX. Group 3 were fed the same CID for 4 weeks from 2 weeks after the uNX. The stone metabolic study analyzed the excretion rate differences of the lithogenic and inhibitory constituents in the serum and 24-hour urine in the rats. The crystal deposits were examined by polarizing microscopy and the renal calcium content was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the control group (56.44+/-4.90 ng/gm) and the CID-treated groups in terms of the renal calcium content (p< 0.01). In addition, the magnitude of the increase was significantly higher in group 3 (2875.50+/-1783.90 ng/gm) than in group 2 (1053.54+/-866.71ng/gm) (p< 0.05). The mean grade of the crystal deposit in group 3 (3.60 +/- 0.70) was markedly higher than in group 2 (2.40 +/- 1.35) (p< 0.05). When comparing group 2 and 3, the serum creatinine level increased significantly (p< 0.05), whereas the creatinine clearance and 24-hour urinary excretion of citrate decreased significantly (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that uNX increases the stone-forming potential of the remaining kidney in the presence of other lithogenic risk factors.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Absorption , Ammonium Chloride , Calcium Oxalate , Calcium , Citric Acid , Creatinine , Diet , Drinking Water , Ethylene Glycol , Kidney , Microscopy , Models, Animal , Nephrolithiasis , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Risk Factors , Spectrum AnalysisABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The surgical removal of normal kidney elicits dramatic changes in the remaining kidney. Changes in urinary excretion of lithogenlc substances and urinary inhibitor may increase or decrease the stone-forming potential. The aim of this study was to determine if unilateral nephrectomy could enhance urinary calculi formation in animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adult male rats were divided randomly into 3 groups. Group 1(n=5) were fed with pellet and tap water for 4 weeks without nephrectomy Group 2(n=5) were fed with the same pellet and 0.8% ethylene glycol plus 1% ammonium chloride in drinking water for 4 weeks without nephrectomy Group 3(n=5) were fed with the same pellet and the same lithogenic diet from 2 weeks after uninephrectomy for 4 weeks. Each right kidney was harvested after 4 weeks feeding. One half of the each kidney were fixed for H & E stain to examine crystal deposits. The remaining half of the kidneys were treated with 12N KOH and 6N HCI for the measurement of calcium content with atomic absorption spectrophotometer. About 3-5cc of blood was collected from the inferior vela cava for determinations of serum creatinine, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus & chloride. Urine was collected over a 24 hour interval before and after lithogenic diet, and urine volume, 24-hour urinary excretions of oxalate, citrate, uric acid, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, and creatinine were measured. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between group 1(0.243 +/- 0.014mmo1/kg) and lithogenic diet groups(group 2 and group 3 in calcium content(p 0.05). There were no calcium oxalate crystal deposit in the group 1, but there were about 2-5 crystal deposits with partially polarized light microscope( x 100) in group 2 and group 3, and there was no significant difference between group 2 and group 3. After taking lithogenic diet, the serum creatinine, serum magnesium, serum phosphors, urine pH & 24-hour urinary excretions of oxalate increased significantly in group 2 and group 3, whereas creatinine clearance & 24-hour urinary excretions of calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, citrate decreased significantly in the same groups(p < 0.05). But, there were no significant difference of serum calcium, chloride, and 24-hour urinary excretions of magnesium, uric acid among three groups after 4 weeks feeding. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral nephrectomy would not increase stone forming potential.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Absorption , Ammonium Chloride , Calcium Oxalate , Calcium , Citric Acid , Creatinine , Diet , Drinking Water , Ethylene Glycol , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Kidney , Magnesium , Models, Animal , Nephrectomy , Phosphorus , Potassium , Sodium , Uric Acid , Urinary Calculi , WaterABSTRACT
Objective: To provide experiment data for ultra fine prepared mineral drugs Methods: Electron microscope scannin,X ray diffraction were used in identification, atomic emit sectrum was used in determination. Results: The dissolution rate of ca 2+ composition could be high.The ultra fine prepared of minaral drugs could be prepared with powder diameter of K 4。 Conclusion: Ultra fine Prepared fluoritum and gypsum fibrosum may Save clinically dose.