Standardizing electrocardiographic and arterial pressure parameters in creole horses of the Bogotá Savannah / Estandarización de parámetros electrocardiográficos y presión arterial en caballos criollos de la Sabana de Bogotá

ABSTRACT Background: Cardiovascular parameters may vary between breeds and physiological stages, hindering the cardiovascular evaluation in horses. Objective: Standardize electrocardiographic (ECG) and arterial pressure (AP) parameters in creole horses from the Bogota Savannah. Methods: 100 male and female horses were evaluated, divided into four groups (n=25 each) according to age: group 1 (G1), between 6 months and 1 year old; group 2 (G2), between 1 and 4 years old; group 3 (G3), between 4 and 10 years old; and group 4 (G4), over 10 years old. Bipolar, unipolar and precordial leads in ECG, as well as systolic AP (SAP), mean AP (MAP), and diastolic AP (DAP) were evaluated in all groups. Results: 99 animals showed sinus rhythm, among which one female from G2 and one from G4 exhibited left fascicles anterior block; a female from G3 had sinus arrhythmia and one female from G2 evidenced 3 premature ventricular complexes. The presence of a unique and positive P wave, a QRS complex of the QR type and a biphasic T wave, were the most common in all groups. A significant decrease in the cardiac axis was observed in G1 when compared to the other groups. The G1 group showed a significant increase in heart rate, SAP, MAP and DAP values. Conclusions: Taking into account the environmental conditions and how the investigation was developed, it is possible to conclude that creole horses from the Bogotá Savannah differ in their cardiovascular parameters in relation to age.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Los parámetros cardiovasculares en los caballos pueden variar entre razas y etapas fisiológicas, lo que dificulta la evaluación cardiaca. Objetivo: Estandarizar parámetros electrocardiográficos (ECG) y de presión arterial (PA) en caballos criollos de la Sabana de Bogotá. Métodos: Fueron estudiados 100 caballos entre machos y hembras divididos en cuatro grupos de acuerdo con su edad (n=25): grupo 1 (G1), entre 6 meses y 1 año de edad; grupo 2 (G2), entre 1 y 4 años; grupo 3 (G3), entre 4 y 10 años, y grupo 4 (G4), mayores de 10 años. Se evaluaron derivaciones bipolares, unipolares y precordiales en ECG, así como en PA Sistólica (PAS), PA Media (PAM), y PA Diastólica (PAD) en todos los grupos. Resultados: 99 animales mostraron ritmo sinusal, entre los cuales se observó bloqueo anterior del fascículo izquierdo en una hembra del G2 y en una del G4; a su vez, una hembra del G3 presentó arritmia sinusal y en una del G2 se evidenciaron tres complejos ventriculares prematuros. La presencia de una onda P única y positiva, complejo QRS tipo QR y onda T bifásica fueron los más observados en todos los grupos. Una disminución significativa del eje cardiaco se observó en el G1 cuando se comparó con los demás grupos; además, el G1 presentó aumento significativo en valores de frecuencia cardiaca, PAS, PAM y PAD. Conclusiones: Teniendo en cuenta las condiciones del medio y la forma en que la investigación se ejecutó, es posible concluir que los parámetros cardiovasculares de caballos criollos de la Sabana de Bogotá difieren con relación a su edad.

The role of frontal plane cardiac axis shift in the diagnosis of wide QRS tachycardia / 实用医学杂志

Objective To explore the value of axis shift between the baseline normal sinus rhythm (NSR) and WCT in diagnosis of wide QRS-complex tachycardia (WCT). Methods 390 surface ECGs of 186 patients with WCT were obtained from April 2012 to April 2018 at Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital at which the arrhythmia diagnosis was proven by intracardiac electrophysiological study. The axis shift between the baseline NSR and WCT was calculated by table lookup method. Then we analyzed the role of axis shift in diagnosis of WCT. Results Among the 186 patients with WCT, 147 (79.03％) were ventricular tachycardia (VT) , and 39 (20.97％) were supraventricual tachycardia (SVT) with conduction abnormalities. In the 95％ confidence interval, the axis shift showed an outstanding discrimination performance. The area under the ROC curve is 0.708 (0.579-0.817, P =0.007). Compared with left axis deviation, right axis deviation, the right axis deviation of LBBB morphology, the axis shift> 68 degree is more sensitive (53.06％) , and the specificity (91.43％) is also more desirable. Moreover, if the axis shift set> 130 degree, the specificity can reach 100％, and the sensitivity (12.24％) is equivalent to northwestern axis. Conclusion A significant axis shift between the baseline NRS and WCT can distinguish WCT accurately. Given the ease of grasping, it can probably be feasible to popularize as a routine diagnosis method for WCT in primary hospitals.

Value of fetal cardiac axis measured in the fetal echocardiography of the second trimester / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To establish the reference ranges for fetal cardiac axis in the mid-second trimester and to evaluate the use of fetal cardiac axis in prenatal diagnosis.Methods 6744 unselected singleton pregnancies were enrolled from September 2008 to October 2010.Routine screening scan of second trimester and fetal echocardiography were performed at 18- 23+6 weeks gestation.Fetal cardiac axis was measured on the four-chamber view of the heart.Results The 6744 fetuses had a mean cardiac axis of (37.03 ± 6.10)°,ranging from 9.80° to 102.41°. Using above or below 95％ range of population (26.63° -49.40°) as a cut-off,there were significant difference of cardiac axis between normal group [(36.96 ± 5.91)°,P ＜0.01] and the group with heart defects [(43.12 ± 15.67)°,P ＜0.01],the group with intrathoricic anomalies or abdominal wall defect [(51.74 ± 15.97)°].ConclusionsThe reference ranges of fetal cardiac axis for local population in mid-second trimester may helpful for detecting congenital defects.Presence of an abnormal cardiac axis in the fetuses is associated with a substantial risk of congenital heart disease and/or other extra cardiac defects.

Clinical Significance of Fetal Cardiac Axis in Screening of Fetal Cardiac and Extracardiac Intrathoracic Anomaly / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to investigate a possible role for fetal cardiac axis in prenatal screening of congenital cardiac or extracardiac intrathoracic anomaly. Introduction: The incidence of the congenital heart disease is reported to be 8 per 1000 live births. The congenital heart disease is the most common major anomaly in newborn, and significantly affects perinatal morbidity and mortality. Because about 90% of congenital heart disease occurs in fetus without risk factors, it is important to screen congenital heart disease in low risk patients for the congenital heart disease. METHOD: 48 cases of cardiac(38 cases) and extracardiac intrathoracic(10 cases) anomaly and 205 cases for control were evaluated for measurement of cardiac axis and analyzed by Student`s t-test and correlation analysis with SPSS/PC+ packages. RESULTS: The mean cardiac axis of control group was 39.4degrees (SD: 9.2degrees, range: 20degrees ~ 65degrees), and in the lesion group it was 42.1degrees (SD: 28.9degrees, range: -34degrees ~ 127degrees). If we use mean cardiac axis+/-2SD of normal fetuses as a range of normal cardiac axis(21degrees ~ 58degrees), 16/48(33.3%) of the congeital heart disease or extracardiac intrathoracic anomaly will be detected and specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of the fetal cardiac axis in screening cardiac or intrathoracic anomaly will be 96.6%, 69.6%, 86.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The fetal cardiac axis may be a useful parameter in screening fetal cardiac or extracardiac intrathoracic anomaly, and could be used clinically as a parameter for evaluation of the four-chamber view of the heart.