Estudio transversal en profesionales de la salud sobre aplicación y percepción de conocimientos bioéticos adquiridos en urgencias pediátricas / Estudio transversal en profesionales de la salud sobre aplicación y percepción de conocimientos bioéticos adquiridos en urgencias pediátricas

Introducción En comparación con ciencias clínicas básicas o aplicadas, la bioética es considerada una disciplina secundaria y subutilizada en la práctica diaria. Sin embargo, el razonamiento ético es indispensable para la calidad del cuidado. Existen pocos estudios sobre bioética en unidades de emergencia pediátrica. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la percepción sobre la importancia y la suficiencia del conocimiento teórico adquirido y la aplicación de los principios bioéticos en casos estandarizados. Métodos Realizamos un estudio descriptivo transversal en profesionales médicos y de enfermería que se desempeñan en unidades de emergencia pediátrica de Puerto Montt. Mediante una encuesta, evaluamos la percepción de la importancia y suficiencia del conocimiento bioético obtenido y la aplicación de los principios bioéticos en casos hipotéticos, pero probables, en la atención de urgencias pediátricas. Resultados De una población total de 50 médicos y 53 enfermeras, participaron en nuestro estudio 30 médicos (60%) y 20 enfermeras (37,7%). La mayoría reportó formación ética en pregrado (84%). Una minoría reportó formación durante la práctica (20%). Sin embargo, sólo 60% percibía tener conocimientos suficientes de bioética y 72% la consideraba importante para la práctica diaria. Además, al aplicar los principios de Beauchamp y Childress a casos clínicos estandarizados, el 82,7% no reconoció el principio de justicia y solo 50% reconoció los principios de autonomía y no maleficencia. Conclusión Aunque la mayoría de los profesionales de la salud tienen formación en bioética, el aprendizaje muchas veces se considera insuficiente y no se incorpora a la práctica diaria en las unidades de emergencia pediátrica.

Background Compared to basic or applied clinical sciences, bioethics is frequently considered as a secondary discipline and underutilized in daily practice. However, ethical reasoning is indispensable for the quality of care. There are few studies on bioethics in pediatric emergency units. Our objective was to evaluate the perception of the acquired bioethical knowledge and the application of bioethical principles in standardized cases. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study in medical and nursing professionals working at pediatric emergency units in Puerto Montt. Through a survey, we assessed the perception of the sufficiency of the acquired bioethics knowledge and the application of bioethical principles on hypothetical, but probable cases in emergency pediatric care. Results Of a total population of 50 physicians and 53 nurses, 30 physicians (60.0%) and 20 nurses (38.7%) participated in our study. The majority reported ethics training in undergraduate education: 84%. A minority reported training during practice: 20%. However, only 60.0% perceived having sufficient knowledge of bioethics and 72.0% considered it important for daily practice. Further, when applying the principles of Beauchamp and Childress to standardized clinical cases, 82.7% did not recognize the justice principle and only 50.00% the principles of autonomy and nonmaleficence. Conclusion Although most health professionals undergo bioethics training, learning is often considered insufficient and not incorporated into daily practice at pediatric emergency units.

Caring Ethics of Long-term Care for the Elderly / 中国医学伦理学

With the continuous increase of the elderly in China, the proportion of elderly with disabilities and dementia remains high. Long-term care, as a care system for elderly with disabilities and dementia, has some problems that misunderstanding of the concept of long-term care, the de-emotionalization of care behaviour, and the impact on family ethics. The care ethics grounds the universal caring experience, and provides an ethical norm with relationship as a pivot and emotion as a connection. Its characteristics of emphasis on contextual, relational and emotional have constructive implications for improving long-term care system. To realize care, it is significant to clarify the concept and improve the system in the ethical context, focus on both sides of the relationship based on demand, let care practice infiltrate into life through turning emotion into action, and build a long-term care system with a temperature to improve the overall quality of life of the elderly.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of health-care ethics among doctors in Tamil Nadu – A cross-sectional study

Background: Proficiency in medical ethics is central to valuable patient care. The current medical education gives limited help in dealing with the ethical dilemmas. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of health-care ethics among doctors in Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study covering all doctors on payroll (171) as on August 1, 2018, was carried out in August 2018 at Government Tiruvannamalai Medical College. A total of 165 doctors were contacted and 148 questionnaires were collected back. The pre-tested questionnaire comprised 44 questions. Approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee was obtained. SPSS version 22 was used to analyze data. Association between sociodemographic variables and attitude, practice of the doctors toward the health-care ethics was compared using Chi-square test. Results: About 87.8% of respondents were aware of the definition of health-care ethics. About 78.4% of respondents knew the duties of ethical committee. Books and journals were the source of knowledge for 66.2% of respondents. About 52% of the respondents preferred to consult their guide/head of department when they faced an ethical/legal issue. Nearly 60% were aware of existence of ethical committee. About 62.2% of the respondents had positive attitude toward health-care ethics. About 69% of the respondents had good practice of health-care ethics. Age group, sex, specialty, and duration of work experience had no significant association with attitude toward health-care ethics. Age group had significant correlation with practice while sex, specialty, and duration of work experience did not. Conclusion: Nine-tenth of respondents were aware of the definition of health-care ethics. Three-fourth was aware of duties of ethical committee. Nearly two-third of the respondents had positive attitude toward health-care ethics. More than two-third of the respondents had good practice of health-care ethics.

Study on the Intervention to Birth Defects under the Vision of Care Ethics / 中国医学伦理学

The condition of birth defects in our country is very serious,which impose an enormous burdenon the families and society.Under the vision of care ethics,this paper emphasizes understanding and caring,analyzes the ethical dilemma in the prevention of birth defects and puts forward the prevention measures in line with the codes of ethics,aiming at strengthening the practical effect of birth defects prevention work,caring about the physical and mental health of child-bearing female,and promoting social development.

El espíritu de servicio y los valores éticos de enfermería / Spirit of service and ethical values in nursing

El estudio tuvo como Objetivo: la identificación de los valores éticos y de espíritu de servicio que aplica el personal de enfermería en un servicio clínico. Metodología: Se hizo un estudio descriptivo observacional y transversal, en una institución de segundo nivel de atención con 340 enfermeras adscritas, de las que 100 contestaron un formulario autoaplicable (emedic-1 con un alpha de Crombach de 0.915) de 26 ítems; entregado al inicio del turno y recogido, a través de las jefes de piso, al término de la jornada. La información se reporta en frecuencias relativas decrecientes. Las hipótesis direccionales plantean que: a) El nivel de espíritu de servicio en la muestra estudiada calificará como alto (siempre o en más del 80% de los casos) medio (casi siempre o entre el 60 y 79% de los casos ) o bajo (raras veces o menos del 59% de los casos) según la escala emedic-1; b) los valores éticos inherentes al cuidado enfermero como la humildad, prudencia y discreción se encontrarán en un nivel alto (siempre o en más del 80% de los casos) según la escala emedic -1. Resultados: Muestran que cuatro de los siete valores éticos calificaron alto, es decir se aplican siempre. En orden decreciente tuvieron el siguiente comportamiento: La prudencia, honestidad, fiabilidad, gentileza y discreción, diligencia, humildad, y veracidad en las notas clínicas. En cuanto a espíritu de servicio sólo dos de los 17 indicadores sobre el espíritu de servicio cayeron en calificación alta éstos son: El llamar al paciente por su nombre y evitar el trato frío e indiferente. Obtuvieron calificación media: La realización de procedimientos conforme a principios científicos y éticos, y el buen talante. Tres indicadores del espíritu de servicio deficientes son la flexibilidad ante las peticiones del paciente, olvido del paciente por exceso de trabajo, y la dificultad para ofrecer un "plus" en el servicio. Conclusiones: Un elemento muy destacable es el relacionado con el número de expertos que se reportan dentro del grupo estudiado. Más de la tercera parte de las entrevistadas se asumen como expertas clínicas. Los indicadores del espíritu de servicio que caracterizan al personal de enfermería entrevistado se expresan de manera diferenciada. Uno de los atributos mejor calificados es definitivamente el que se dirigen al paciente por su nombre evitando el trato frío o indiferente aunque lo deseable es que estos dos atributos vayan "siempre" acompañados de un buen talante al realizar los procedimientos.

Abstract: The phenomenon of study analysis is limited to the spirit of service and applies the values nurses in a clinical service. Objective: is to identify the level of spirit service and ethical values in the participating nurses. Methodology: Its was a descriptive study observational and cross in a institution of second level care with 340 nurses assigned, of which 100 answered a self-applied form (emedic ­ 1 with a Crombach of 0,915) of 26 items, distributed at the beginning of the shift and collected through the floor managers at the end of the journey. The information is analyzed in relative frequencies. The hypothesis were: Spirit of service level in the study will qualify as high and means according to the scale emedic-1; the ethical values inherent nursing care such as humility , prudence and discretion will be at level low in the scale emedic-1 Results: The ethical values of caring identified in descending order are: caution, honesty, reliability, gentleness, discretion, diligence, humility and truth in clinical notes. The relevant indicators of the spirit of service are: call the patient by name, to avoid the cold and indifferent treatment, performance of procedures under a scientific and ethical principles, and good humor. Three indicator of the poor spirit of service are flexibility to the demands of the patient, patient neglect by overwork, and difficulty to offer a "plus" service. Conclusions: one important element is the related with the number of experts, who where in in this investigation. More than the third part of the nurses are clinic experts, the indicators of the spiritual service, which characterized the nurses is expressed in different ways.One attribute is definitely the best qualified to address the patient by name to avoid indifferent treatment although it is desirable that these two attributes will "always" accompanied by a good mood to perform the procedures.

The attitudes of nurses from an intensive care unit in the face of errors: an approach in light of bioethics / Postura dos enfermeiros de uma unidade de terapia intensiva frente ao erro: uma abordagem à luz dos referenciais bioéticos / Postura de los enfermeros de una unidad de terapia intensiva frente al error: un abordaje utilizando referenciales bioéticos

This study analyzed the attitudes of nurses concerning the occurrence of errors in nursing procedures carried out in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) based on the bioethics framework. This descriptive study with qualitative approach was carried out with 14 nurses from a private hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Results were analyzed according to Bardin’s proposal of content analysis. The resulting themes were: acknowledging one’s fallibility; acknowledging and reporting errors; hiding errors. The nurses’ reports are based on considerations through the lens of bioethics: taking responsibility for an error implies acknowledging one’s own vulnerabilities; acknowledging an error with responsibility implies ethical conditions in the relationships among those involved; and errors are in the context of a particular environment. This study enables re-thinking nursing practice based on bioethics, resorting to the analysis of errors focusing on the relationships between those involved.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar, a partir dos referenciais da bioética, a postura dos enfermeiros diante de ocorrência de erros em procedimentos de enfermagem na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva, sob abordagem qualitativa, realizada com 14 enfermeiros de UTI de um hospital privado de São Paulo. A análise dos resultados foi realizada segundo a proposta de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Os resultados evidenciados foram: reconhecendo ser falível, reconhecendo e comunicando o erro, e omitindo o erro. Os relatos dos enfermeiros formaram a base para as considerações apontadas à luz dos referenciais bioéticos: a responsabilidade diante do erro supõe o reconhecimento das próprias vulnerabilidades, assumir o erro com responsabilidade supõe condições éticas nas relações entre as pessoas envolvidas e o erro tem um ambiente. Este estudo propicia repensar a prática de enfermagem pautada na bioética, recorrendo à análise do erro focada nas relações entre os envolvidos.

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar, a partir de referenciales de la bioética, la postura de los enfermeros delante de la ocurrencia de errores en procedimientos de enfermería, en una unidad de terapia intensiva (UTI). Se trata de investigación descriptiva, bajo abordaje cualitativo, realizado con 14 enfermeros de una UTI, en un hospital privado de Sao Paulo. El análisis de los resultados fue realizado según la propuesta de análisis de contenido de Bardin. Los resultados evidenciados fueron: reconociendo ser falible, reconociendo y comunicando el error, y omitiendo el error. Los relatos de los enfermeros formaron la base para las consideraciones apuntadas a la luz de los referenciales bioéticos; la responsabilidad delante del error supone el reconocimiento de las propias vulnerabilidades, asumir el error con responsabilidad supone condiciones éticas en las relaciones entre las personas envueltas y el error tiene un ambiente. Este estudio propicia repensar la práctica de enfermería pautada en la bioética, recurriendo al análisis del error enfocado en las relaciones entre los envueltos.

La bioética: ética del cuidado de la vida y la salud para el desarrollo humano / Bioethics: Life and health care ethics for human development / A bioetica: etica do cuidado da vida e a saúde para desenvolvimento humano

Introducción: la presente investigación desarrolla la segunda parte del informe final que recoge los resultados de las expresiones de los participantes respecto a los imaginarios y compromisos cotidianos con la ética del cuidado y la bioética para aportar a la calidad de vida como condición para alcanzar un desarrollo humano integral que poseen los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad de Caldas; interpretar los imaginarios y construir sentido de la bioética, como una ética del cuidado vivenciada conscientemente y repensar su aporte al desarrollo humano. Objetivos: para el logro de los objetivos se interpretaron los datos desde el nivel pragmático, es decir, conocer para poder; el nivel teórico para ubicar en el contexto, el sentido de los conceptos. Metodología: se abordó la investigación mediante una metodología cualitativa en grupo focal de debate con técnica de entrevista oral dirigida con pregunta abierta. La unidad de trabajo: estudiantes de Trabajo Social y Maestría en Cultura y Drogas; unidad de análisis: textos producidos luego de la transcripción de las respuestas de los participantes sobre los tópicos de investigación, planteados. Resultados: los resultados apuntan al sentido reflexivo que dan los estudiantes de los grupos a los elementos que consideran de mayor relevancia para asumir la bioética como una ética del cuidado en el logro de un desarrollo humano integral.

Introduction: This research carries out the second part of the Final Report with the results of the participants’ expressions regarding the imaginary and everyday compromises to care ethics and bioethics in order to support the quality of life as a condition to reach an integral human development of the students from the Faculty of Juridical and Social Sciences at the Universidadde Caldas. It also interprets the imaginaries and constructs the sense of bioethics as a consciously experienced care ethics, and to rethink its contribution to human development. Objectives: In order to reach the objectives, the data were interpreted from the pragmatic level, meaning, knowing how to to be able to accomplish something; the theoretical level to locate the the sense of the concepts within the context. Methodology: The qualitative method was used in the research by means of a focus group with open interviews . Work unit: students from the Social Work Program and Master’s Program in Culture and Drugs; analysis unit: texts produced with the transcript of responses from the participants on the research topics raised. Results: The results lead to the reflexive sense that the students give to the elements that they consider the most relevant to assume bioethics as a care ethics in achieving an integral human development.

Introdução: a presente pesquisa desenvolve a segunda parte do disforme final que recolhe los resultados das expressões dos participantes respeito aos imaginários e compromissos cotidianos com a ética do cidadão e a bioética para aportar à qualidade de vida como condição para alcançar um desenvolvimento humano integral que têm os estudantes da Faculdade de Ciências Jurídicas e Sociais da Universidade de Caldas; interpretar os imaginários e construir sentido da bioética, como uma ética do cidadão do cuidado da experiência conscientemente e repensar seu aporte ao desenvolvimento humano. Objetivos: para o logro dos objetivos interpretaram se os dados desde o nível pragmático é dizer, conhecer para poder; o nível teórico para situar no contexto, o sentido dos conceitos. Metodologia: Se abordou a pesquisa mediante uma metodologia qualitativa em grupo focal de debate com técnica de entrevista oral dirigida com pergunta aberta. A unidade de trabalho: estudantes de trabalho Social e Maestria em Cultura e Drogas; unidade de análise: textos produzidos logo da transcrição das respostas dos participantes sobre os tópicos da pesquisa, pranteados. Resultados: Os resultados apontam ao sentido reflexivo que dão os estudantes dos grupos aos elementos que consideram de maior relevância para assumir a bioética como uma ética do cidadão no logro dum desenvolvimento humano integral.

La bioética y la ética del cuidado para el desarrollo humano integral / Bioethics and care ethics for integral human development / A bioética e a ética do cidadano para o desenvolvimento humano integral

Objetivo. El propósito del trabajo es mostrar los resultados de la primera fase de la investigación, correspondiente al significado que otorgan estudiantes de pre y postgrado sobre los tópicos desarrollados: la bioética, la ética del cuidado y el desarrollo humano, con el objetivo de interpretar los significados que sobre estos temas poseen los participantes con el fin de promover una conciencia crítica en pro de la vida; interpretar los resultados a la luz de los aspectos teóricos revisados. Metología. Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo de análisis de discurso y una mirada evaluativa; el cual se llevó a cabo entre los años 2007 y 2008 con dos grupos de discusión conformados por estudiantes de Trabajo Social y de la Maestría en Cultura y Droga de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad de Caldas; se aplicó una guía de preguntas abiertas que permitiera establecer el significado por medio de la comparación intratextual sobre los tópicos planteados. Resultados. Entre los resultados se muestran las expresiones dadas por los estudiantes frente a los tres temas: los de pregrado de forma muy intuitiva, los de postgrado con desempeños comunicativos arraigados en su conocimiento disciplinar y modalidades de pensamiento de mayor complejidad, en una comunicación más flexible y fluida, pero con vacíos significativos en el conocimiento teórico, lo que demuestra la necesidad de un estudio sistemático de los temas revisados tanto a nivel de pre como de postgrado en la Universidad.

The purpose of this work is to show the results of the first part of the research, regarding the meaning undergraduate and post graduate students give to topics studied: bioethics, care ethics and human development. The objective is to promote a critical conscience pro-life; interpret the results based on theoretical aspects previously revised, with a qualitative focus for discourse analysis, and a comprehensive look. The study was carried out in 2007 and 2008 with two discussion groups made by students of the Social Work program and the Master Program in Culture and Drugs of the Juridical and Social Sciences Faculty of the Universidad de Caldas. An open question guide was applied in order to establish the meaning, by means of inter-textual comparison on the topics stated above. The results include the students’ approximations regarding the three topics; the undergraduate students answered in an intuitive manner, while the postgraduate students answered with a communicative performance based on their disciplinary knowledge of higher complexity, with a more flexible and fluid speech, but with significant voids in theoretical knowledge. The latter shows the need of a systematic study of the above-mentioned topics in both undergraduate and postgraduate levels at the university.

O propósito do trabalho é apresentar os resultados da primeira fase da pesquisa, correspondente ao significado que outorgam estudantes de pré e pós-graduação sobre os tópicos desenvolvidos: a bioética, a ética do cidadão e desenvolvimento humano, com o objetivo de interpretar os significados que sobre estes temas têm os particulares com o fim de promover uma consciência critica em pro da vida; interpretar os resultados á luz dos aspectos teóricos revisados, utilizando um enfoque qualitativo de analise de discurso e uma mirada evaluativo, o qual leva se a cabo entre os anos 2007 e 2008 com dois grupos de discutição conformados por estudantes de Trabalho Social e da Maestria em Cultura e Droga da Faculdade de Ciências Jurídicas e Sociais da Universidade Caldas; aplicou se uma guia de perguntas abertas que permitiram estabelecer o significado por médio da comparação intratextual sobre os tópicos pranteados. Entre os resultados se mostram as expressões dadas pelos estudantes frente aos três temas: Os de pré-graduação de forma muito intuitiva, os de pós-graduação com desempenhos comunicativos arraigados em seu conhecimento disciplinar e modalidades de pensamento de maior complexidade, numa comunicação mais flexível e fluida, mas com vazios significativos no conocimiento teórico, o que demonstra a necessidade dum estudo sistemático dos temas revisados tanto no nível de pré como pós-graduação na universidade.

Bioética de la anorexia nerviosa ¿autonomía, beneficencia o responsabilidad? / Ethics in anorexia nervosa: Autonomy, beneficence or responsibility?

In patients with anorexia nervosa, ethical dilemmas will appear in case of difficult and serious medical situations. Although the principle of beneficence could be used to argue for the use of coercive medical therapies, the respect for autonomy must take precedence. The latter is a central principle of bioethics. However, the interactions between autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice become quite complex when these patients need to be treated. Difficulties must be overcome and a balance between these considerations must be reached. This paper gives an account of ethical values relevant to moral assessment in anorexia nervosa: conviction, responsibility and care.

Perspectiva Bioética del cuidado de Enfermería / Ethics. Moral. Bioethics. Care Ethics and Nursing.

En el presente artículo se presenta una aproximación a la perspectiva bioética del cuidado de Enfermería, se plantean inicialmente algunos elementos de reflexión acerca de la ética y la moral y sus aportes a la reflexión bioética; seguidamente se analizan elementos conceptuales de la bioética: origen, concepto, rasgos característicos, áreas de estudio, tendencias de la bioética en América latina y el Caribe y su relación con la ética del cuidado, propio de Enfermería

An approach to the nursing care bioethics perspective is shown in the present article, initially reflection elements about the ethics and the moral are taking into account, together with a bioethics reflection, followed by the analysis of bioethics conceptual elements: origin, concept, characteristics, different study fields, Latin America and Caribbean bioethics tendencies and the relation of the bioethics with the care ethics of nursing.

An Ethical Appraisal of Informed Consent in the Clinical Setting / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study attempted to analyze problems of informed consent in the clinical setting and appraise ethical aspects inherent in such issues in order to boost awareness of informed consent and its implementation among healthcare professionals. METHODS: Study methods included identifying ethical meanings of informed consent in the clinical setting based on the principal ethics, and exploring the process of informed consent utilizing communicative ethics and feminine care ethics RESULTS: The ethical basis of informed consent encompasses not only respect for autonomy but also prohibiting malice, practicing beneficience, and establishing justice. These principles, however, are limited in illustrating the ethical aspects of communicative ethics and care ethics that are entailed in informed consent within clinical settings. The ethical meaning of informed consent involves a communicative and caring process between healthcare professionals, patients, and family built on mutual respect. CONCLUSION: Healthcare professionals must fully understand the ethical meanings of informed consent and in turn respect and protect the clients' right to know and making decisions. Nurses especially, must take on the role of mediator and advocate throughout the process of obtaining informed consent, and practice ethical caring by facilitating communication grounded in mutual understanding among the physician, patient, and family members.

Educar para el Cuidado Materno Perinatal: Una propuesta para reflexionar / Educating for perinatal maternal care: a proposal for reflection

El propósito del cuidado materno perinatal es la salud y la calidad de vida de la madre y el niño, lo cual se puede lograr mediante una interacción que se ejerce entre la madre, la familia y el cuidador; es allí donde se comparten conocimientos, experiencias y percepciones acerca del cuidado, y a su vez se generan responsabilidades para que se alcance este fin. Para lograrlo, es preciso reconocer que la práctica del cuidado materno perinatal difiere de un lugar a otro y de un tiempo a otro, porque el cuidar como toda actividad humana se ejecuta siempre en el seno de una determinada cultura y una sociedad, es decir, se articula con la cultura en el marco de un contexto histórico. Así el cuidado materno perinatal es vía de transmisión, conservación y actualización de la cultura de una generación a otra. El reflexionar sobre las relaciones entre cuidado y cultura me llevó a plantear una propuesta educativa que parte de una visión más integradora de la realidad utilizando como estrategia la educación participante a través de la cual se desarrolla la capacidad de las personas para investigar, reflexionar, participar y cuidar asumiendo responsabilidad por su propio proceso de desarrollo. / The purpose of the perinatal maternal care is the mother’s and child’s health and life quality, which can be achieved through the interaction between the mother, family and caretaker. It is within this relationship where knowledge, experiences and perceptions about care are shared, generating responsibilities to achieve this goal. However, to obtain this, it is necessary to realize that the perinatal maternal care practice differs from one place to another and from time to time, since care taking, like every human activity, is always set in a particular culture and society, that is to say, it is articulated with culture in within a historical context. This way, the perinatal maternal care is a transmission, conservation, and culture upgrade channel, from one generation to the nex...

The purpose of the perinatal maternal care is the mother'sand child's health and life quality, which can be achievedthrough the interaction between the mother, family andcaretaker. It is within this relationship where knowledge,experiences and perceptions about care are shared, generating responsibilities to achieve this goal. However,to obtain this, it is necessary to realize that the perinatalmaternal care practice differs from one place to anotherand from time to time, since care taking, like every humanactivity, is always set in a particular culture and society,that is to say, it is articulated with culture in within ahistorical context. This way, the perinatal maternal care isa transmission, conservation, and culture upgradechannel, from one generation to the next. Meditating onthe relationship between care and culture, led to theoutline of an educational proposal based on a moreintegrative vision of reality, using as participant educationas a strategy, though which it is possible to developpeople's capacity to research, meditate, participate andcare assuming the responsibility for their owndevelopment process

La ética del cuidado

Esta recopilación bibliográfica pretende resaltar algunos aspectos importantes acerca del origen de la ética del cuidado, para de esta manera poder entender el cuidado de enfermería, a la luz de los valores y principios éticos que emergen de su disciplina. Se resaltan aquellas responsabilidades, derechos, valores y principios éticos en la relación paciente-enfermera, durante las diversas etapas del proceso de enfermería, al igual que en todos aquellos momentos de contacto directo al ingreso a un centro asistencial, y a la salida de él. Todo lo anterior nos lleva a finalizar nuestra revisión en un análisis que pretende fortalecer los aspectos éticos en la atención de salud y el cuidado de enfermería al individuo.

This bibliographic review pretends to emphasize some important aspects about the origin of care ethics, to understand nursing care, under the orientation of values and ethic principles originated in its discipline. Those responsibilities, rights, values and ethical principles in patient nurse relation are stated, during different steps of the nursing process, as in all direct contact situations at the admittance and discharge from a hospital. The above, takes us to end our review in an analysis which pretends to strength ethic aspects in health and nursing care.

An Ethical Reflection on the Public Health Policy in the Post-SARS Era / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The mass epidemic of SARS in China during the spring of year 2003 reveals defects in the guidelines for Chinese public health policy. During the marketizing process of Chinese economy, our government neglected the vital importance of public health to national security, which led to insufficient investment in public health, negligence of prophylaxis and lack of effective measures to deal with emergency cases. It constitutes the underlying cause of the mass epidemic of SARS. Therefore, we must amend our public health policy and reconstruct our public health system to secure the ultimate interest of the utmost majority of our people.

Aesthetical-ethical Paradigm of Care Ethics in Nursing / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study was to find aesthetical-ethical paradigm of care ethics by understanding the unique moral character of care as an art and to suggest the optimal direction of nursing ethics. METHOD: This study used meaning-heuristic and -interpretive methods of hermeneutics based on philosophical aesthetic theory; Baumgarten's aesthetics, Schiller's theory of aesthetical education and Kant's theory of aesthetical judgement. RESULT: The concept of care implied aesthetical and ethical character; caring as an art was related to moral feeling based on human dignity und emotional communication in interpersonal-relationship. Caring as an art was interpreted as a moral ideal for the promotion of the humanity und the interaction in personal-relationship according to nursing theories. Philosophical aesthetics could provide the theoretical base for the interpretation of caring as an art. The proper paradigm of care ethics in nursing could be found in character-trait ethics and communication ethics according to the philosophical aesthetics. CONCLUSION: This study could show aesthetical-ethical paradigm of care ethics in nursing by the heuristic interpretation of caring as an art according to the philosophical aesthetics.

On Health Management of College Students from the Perspective of Care Ethics / 中国医学伦理学

Health management of college students closely focuses on the health related problems of college students during their college life.From the perspective of life care,a school-based health management is carried out to conduct real concern and care for the health of college students,and establish a healthy life value for them.Not only the growth and development of these young people are promoted for their whole life,but also the overall health of the whole community is enhanced,so that the health management of college students has a remarkable significance for the health requirements and impact of the society as a whole.

A Time-Value-Based Explanation and Construction of Harmonious Medical Ethics Education / 中国医学伦理学

Statement of harmonious medical ethics education is the theoretical attribute in the specific field of medical ethics education in the overall time-value of constructing a harmonious society.This proposition is the inevitable theoretical response to the existent inherent contradictions in medical ethics domain,whose values mainly manifest three dimensions including the value pursuit of a harmonious life,the value construction of the harmony of humanity and utility,the value orientation of harmony of doctors and patients.Moreover,this article discusses the construction of harmonious medical ethics education from three levels,including strengthening the education of care ethics,paying attention to the value of situational ethics,promoting the cultivation of communication ethics.