ABSTRACT
A very limited amount of information is available in relation both to the residual effect of herbicides destinated to the destruction of cotton stalks and to the time interval required to prevent that development and yield of the following crop be affected. This work aimed to identify the residual activity of herbicides intended to eliminate cotton stalks and to estimate the safety interval (SI) of time for the next cotton sowing. Two trails were simultaneously carried out, the first one for a single application and a second one for the two sequential applications of herbicide treatments, in a 15×5 factorial design organized in randomized complete blocks with four replications. Levels of first factor were constituted by herbicide treatments and the levels of the second factor were composed five periods of time for cotton sowing after herbicide application (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days). Herbicides were 2,4-D, glyphosate, saflufenacil, [imazapic + imazapyr], dicamba, fluroxypyr and sulfentrazone. Results provided an indication of residual activity of herbicide treatments in soil and indicated that a single application or two sequential applications of glyphosate + dicamba + saflufenacil have a considerable potential to affect cotton and a period exceeding 100 days for a single application and exceeding 120 days for two sequential applications was necessary. Treatments with 2,4-D and 2,4-D + glyphosate provided the shortest safe interval and may be used for cotton stalk destruction with no risks for the crop sowing after the withdrawal period.
Subject(s)
Pest Control/methods , Gossypium , Agricultural Pests , 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid , Herbicides , InsectaABSTRACT
Knowledge of factors related to the dynamics of herbicides in the environment is of fundamental importance to predicting the behavior of herbicides in soils with different attributes, to select appropriate dosages, as well as to avoid harmful effects on the environment and subsequent crops. The objective of this work was to evaluate the sorption and desorption of ametryn in seven soils with different attributes. Initially, the equilibrium time was determined by the "Batch Equilibrium". Then, it was performed the sorption test with different concentrations (0.5; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 24 and 32 mg L-1) of ametryn in 0.01 mol L-1CaCl2. 10 mL of these solutions were added to samples of 2.00 g of each soil, remaining under rotary shaking for 4 hours. After centrifugation and filtration, the ametryn concentration in the supernatant was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Desorption was evaluated using the tubes containing 16 mg L-1 prior to sorption testing. The results indicated that the sorption and desorption of ametryn depend on the physicochemical attributes of the soil. Sorption was higher in soils with high organic matter content and high ion exchange capacity, while desorption was inversely proportional to sorption.
O conhecimento dos fatores relacionados à dinâmica de herbicidas no ambiente é de fundamental importância para prever o comportamento de herbicidas em solos com diferentes atributos e para seleção de dosagens adequadas, bem como para evitar efeitos prejudiciais ao ambiente e às culturas subsequentes. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a sorção e dessorção do ametryn em sete solos com diferentes atributos. Inicialmente, foi determinado o tempo de equilíbrio pelo método "Batch Equilibrium". Em seguida foi realizado o ensaio de sorção com diferentes concentrações (0,5; 1; 2; 4; 8; 16; 24 e 32 mg L-1) de ametryn em CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1. Foram adicionadas 10 mL destas soluções a amostras de 2,00 g de cada solo, permanecendo sob agitação rotatória por 4 horas. Após centrifugação e filtração, a concentração do ametryn no sobrenadante foi determinada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A dessorção foi avaliada utilizando os tubos que continham 16 mg L-1 antes do ensaio de sorção. Os resultados indicaram que a sorção e a dessorção do ametryn depende dos atributos físico-químicos do solo. A sorção foi maior em solos com alto teor matéria orgânica e alta capacidade de troca iônica, enquanto que a dessorção foi inversamente proporcional à sorção.
Subject(s)
Soil , Plant Weeds , HerbicidesABSTRACT
Resumo O artigo discute o uso da inscrição em restos a pagar e seus impactos na credibilidade e na transparência do orçamento público. A partir de uma tipificação dos quatro tipos de carry-over existentes na regulação brasileira, articularam-se evidências do surgimento de um "orçamento paralelo" nos três níveis de governo com aspectos de regulamentação e controle externo. A evolução dos saldos e da inscrição de restos a pagar foi captada pelos saldos dessas contas no governo federal, nos governos de 26 estados e Distrito Federal, e em cerca de 4.100 municípios. Adicionalmente, observaram-se a interpretação dada pelos Tribunais de Contas para a inscrição em restos a pagar sem lastro financeiro, assim como o nível de transparência dada pelos governos com maiores saldos de restos a pagar. Os resultados indicam que, além do crescente endividamento, a fraca regulação sobretudo dos restos a pagar não processados está reduzindo seriamente a credibilidade e a transparência do orçamento em todos os níveis de governo.
Resumen El artículo debate el uso de la inscripción en restante a pagar y sus impactos en la credibilidad y en la transparencia del presupuesto público. A partir de una tipificación de los cuatro tipos de carry-over existentes en la reglamentación brasileña, se articularon evidencias del surgimiento de un "presupuesto paralelo" en los tres niveles del gobierno con aspectos de reglamentación y control externo. La evolución de los saldos y de la inscripción en restante a pagar fue captada de los saldos de tales cuentas en el gobierno federal, en los gobiernos de 26 estados y el Distrito Federal, y cerca de 4.100 municipios. Además, se observó la interpretación dada por los Tribunales de Cuentas para la inscripción en restante a pagar sin lastre financiero, así como el nivel de transparencia dada por los gobiernos con mayores saldos de restante a pagar. Los resultados indican que, además del creciente endeudamiento, la débil reglamentación, sobre todo de los restantes a pagar no-tramitados, está reduciendo seriamente la credibilidad y la transparencia del presupuesto en todos los niveles de gobierno.
Abstract This article discusses the use of unpaid commitments and its impacts on the credibility and transparency of public finances. Based on a typification of the four types of existing carry-over in current Brazilian regulation, the article shows evidence of the emergence of a "parallel budget" in the three levels of government with regulation and external control issues. The development of the balances and enrollment of the unpaid commitments was proxied by the sum of these accounts in the Federal Government balance sheet, as well as in 26 States and the Federal District, and for 4,100 cities. Additionally, the interpretation given by the Courts of Auditors for unpaid commitments usage by governments without financial ballast was observed as well as the level of transparency given by those governments with the larger amounts of unpaid commitments. The results indicate that, besides the growing debt, the weak regulation of unverified unpaid commitments is seriously reducing the credibility and transparency of the budget at all levels of government.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Budgets , BrazilABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the interference of blood urine on red cell detection of subsequent adjacent specimen on Sysmex UF-1000i flow cytometer urine sediment analyzer and to propose some countermeasures.Methods Totally 60 copies of fresh urine specimens having the results in normal range were chosen,and then each copy was divided into three pieces.All the pieces of specimens were put on the tube rack between the low-,medium-and high-concentration blood urine,and the urine was in front of the specimens.UF-1000i automatic urinary sediment analyzer was used for detection under auto sampling mode,and paired t-test was carried out for the results before and after interferences by concentrations of blood urine.The carryover was measured for the specimens and blood urine,and the specimens underwent microscopy.Results The RBC results had no significant difference before and after the interference by low-concentration blood urine (P＞0.05),while had statistical differences before and after the interferences by medium-and high-concentration blood urine (P＜0.01).There was also obvious difference between the RBC results interfered by medium-concentration blood urine and by highconcentration one.There were no significant differences between the results of WBC,epithelial cell and cast before and after the interferences (P ＞0.05).The urinary sediment microscopy results were within the normal range,and the highconcentration blood urine had the carryover gain the maximum value.Conclusion UF-1000i automatic urinary sediment analyzer has the RBC result higher than the actual one after the interference,and the interference deteriorates with the increased concentration of blood urine.The blood urine specimen has to be tested separately,and deep cleaning has to be performed for the analyzer.The test by the analyzer had better be combined with microscopy to avoid carryover.
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Objective To investigate the interference of blood urine on red cell detection of subsequent adjacent specimen on Sysmex UF-1000i flow cytometer urine sediment analyzer and to propose some countermeasures.Methods Totally 60 copies of fresh urine specimens having the results in normal range were chosen,and then each copy was divided into three pieces.All the pieces of specimens were put on the tube rack between the low-,medium-and high-concentration blood urine,and the urine was in front of the specimens.UF-1000i automatic urinary sediment analyzer was used for detection under auto sampling mode,and paired t-test was carried out for the results before and after interferences by concentrations of blood urine.The carryover was measured for the specimens and blood urine,and the specimens underwent microscopy.Results The RBC results had no significant difference before and after the interference by low-concentration blood urine (P＞0.05),while had statistical differences before and after the interferences by medium-and high-concentration blood urine (P＜0.01).There was also obvious difference between the RBC results interfered by medium-concentration blood urine and by highconcentration one.There were no significant differences between the results of WBC,epithelial cell and cast before and after the interferences (P ＞0.05).The urinary sediment microscopy results were within the normal range,and the highconcentration blood urine had the carryover gain the maximum value.Conclusion UF-1000i automatic urinary sediment analyzer has the RBC result higher than the actual one after the interference,and the interference deteriorates with the increased concentration of blood urine.The blood urine specimen has to be tested separately,and deep cleaning has to be performed for the analyzer.The test by the analyzer had better be combined with microscopy to avoid carryover.
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Objective To explore the feasibility of the Coapresta2000 automatic coagulation analyzer for detecting C‐reactive protein(CRP) .Methods The performance of the Coapresta2000 automatic coagulation analyzer for detecting CRP was analyzed ,in‐cluding accuracy ,linearity ,precision ,carryover rate and the correlation between the Ottoman automatic special protein real time ana‐lyzer and the Coapresta2000 automatic coagulation analyzer .Results The men recovery rate of 3 batches of reagent by the Coapres‐ta2000 automatic coagulation analyzer for detecting CRP for detecting plasma CRP was 106 .0% with better accuracy ;the within‐run precision was less than 10% and the inter‐day precision was less than 15% ;the carryover rate was 0 .32% ;the related equation in the Ottoman automatic special protein real time analyzer and the Coapresta2000 automatic coagulation analyzer for detecting plas‐ma CRP was Y=0 .001 2X+0 .489 ,the correlation coefficient was r2 =0 .997 5 ,the difference was not statistically significant(P>0 .05) .The CRP results of plasma sample detected by these two instruments was highly correlative ;the linearity in the Coapres‐ta2000 automatic coagulation analyzer for detecting CRP was 0-200 mg/L .Conclusion The Coapresta2000 automatic coagulation analyzer for detecting CRP has better within‐run precision ,low carryover rate ,high correlation with the Ottoman automatic special protein real time analyze ,which has a value for further study .
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Objective To assess the whether the performance parameters of MEK‐7222K hematology analyzer conforming to the related requirements and applying in clinic .Methods MEK‐7222K hematology analyzer was used as the target analyzer .The blank test ,intra‐batch and inter‐batch precision test ,carryover rate test and linear verification were respectively performed .The whole blood WBC count detection results were compared between the MEK‐7222K hematology analyzer and the microscopic manual count for evaluating the accuracy of instrument measurement .Results The MEK‐7222K hematology analyzer met the requirements in the blank value ,intra‐batch precision ,inter‐batch precision and carryover rate ;the linear validation was passed ;the qualification rate of WBC classification met the accuracy requirement of WBC classification count .Conclusion The various performance parameters of the M EK‐7222K hematology analyzer meet the requirements and can be used in clinic .
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Objective To evaluate the analytical performance of Mindray BS‐820 automatic biochemical analysis system used in primary hospitals in Guangzhou area for verifying whether its performance meeting the clinical requirements .Methods Accord‐ing to the EP5‐A2 ,EP6‐A ,EP7‐A2 and EP‐17A files recommended by CLSI and the Pharmaceutical Industry Standard of the Peo‐ple′s Republic of China YY/T0654‐2008 ,the precision ,linear rang ,anti‐interference capability ,sensitivity and carry‐over rate of the Mindray BS‐820 automatic biochemical analysis system were evaluated by adopting 16 routine biochemical items .Results The pre‐cision results of all 16 analyzing items conducted by the Mindray BS‐820 automatic chemical analysis system conformed to the re‐quirements .The results of 15 items showed good linear relation during the testing range (r≥0 .997 9) .In 16 biochemical items ,the anti‐interference capability of TBIL ,TP ,TC ,TG ,LDL ,HDL ,UREA and Ca to bilirubin ,triglyceride and hemoglobin conformed to or were higher than the anti‐interference capability declared by manufacturer ,but among other 8 items ,the anti‐interference capabil‐ity of 3 items was lower than that declared by manufacturer .The limit of blank(LOB) of all 16 analyzing items was less than LOB in the kit instruction .The carry‐over rate of Glu was 0 .02% ,less than 0 .50% .Conclusion This instrument has good precision , sensitivity and low carry‐over rate(0 .02% ) ,the linear range is ideal ,r≥0 .997 9 ,the anti‐interference capability basically satisfies the clinical needs .Therefore this instrument is suitable for the use in the middle‐small scale laboratory department .
ABSTRACT
El primer paso para obtener seguridad en los resultados emitidos por el laboratorio clínico es confirmar que los procedimientos de medida utilizados tienen un desempeño analítico aceptable. Para conseguirlo se verificó el contador hematológico Beckman Coulter LH 750 de acuerdo con las especificaciones del fabricante y con los requisitos de calidad de este laboratorio. Los parámetros de desempeño evaluados, tanto en modo manual como automático, fueron: porcentaje de arrastre, según protocolo CLSI H26-A2, precisión en condiciones de repetibilidad, precisión en condiciones de precisión intermedia y veracidad, según protocolo CLSI EP15-A2 utilizando controles BIO-RAD, intervalo de medición, según protocolo CLSI EP6-A, límite de cuantificación, según protocolo CLSI EP17-A2 e intervalos de referencia, según protocolo CLSI EP28-A3C. Los datos se analizaron mediante LinChecker y GraphPad 5. En los ensayos realizados se cumplió con las especificaciones estipuladas por el fabricante, como así también con el requisito de calidad de este laboratorio que es variabilidad biológica mínima. También se verificaron los intervalos de referencia para individuos adultos. De esta manera, se logró realizar la verificación del contador hematológico, evidenciando que los parámetros analíticos evaluados tienen un desempeño aceptable.
The first step for safety in the results issued by the clinical laboratory is to confirm that all analytical measurement procedures have shown an acceptable analytical performance. A quality performance evaluation of automated hematology analyzer Beckman Coulter LH 750 was performed according to the quality requirements of our laboratory and manufacturer's specifications. The performance parameters evaluated by both manual and automatic mode were: carryover according to CLSI H26-A2 protocol; repeatability, intermediate precision and trueness according to CLSI EP15-A2 protocol and using BIO-RAD controls; linearity according to CLSI EP6-A protocol; quantification limits according to CLSI EP17-A2 protocol; and reference intervals according to CLSI EP28-A3C protocol. Data were analyzed using LinChecker and GraphPad5 programs. The tests performed complied with the requirements stipulated by the manufacturer and the quality requirements of our laboratory like minimal biological variability. Reference intervals for adult individuals were also checked. Consequently, performance evaluation of the automated hematology analyzer showed that the assessed laboratory parameters have acceptable performance.
O primeiro passo para obter segurança nos resultados emitidos pelo laboratório clínico é confirmar que os processos de medição utilizados tenham um desempenho analítico aceitável. Para obtê-los foi verificado o analisador hematológico Beckman Coulter LH 750 de acordo com as especificações do fabricante e os requisitos de qualidade deste laboratório. Os parâmetros de desempenho avaliados, tanto em modo manual quanto automático, foram: percentual de arrastamento, de acordo com o protocolo CLSI H26-A2, em condições de repetitibidade, precisão em condições de precisão intermediária e veracidade, conforme o protocolo CLSI EP15-A2 usando controles Bio-Rad, intervalo de medição segundo o protocolo CLSI EP6-A, limite de quantificação, de acordo com CLSI EP- 17-A2 e intervalos de referência, de acordo com o protocolo CLSI EP28-A3C. Os dados foram analisados através de LinChecker e GraphPad 5. Nos ensaios realizados foram obsevadas as especificações estabelecidas pelo fabricante, bem como a exigência de qualidade deste laboratório que é variabilidade biológica mínima. Os intervalos de referência para indivíduos adultos também foram verificados. Desta forma, foi possível realizar a verificação do analisador hematológico, que demonstra que os parâmetros analíticos avaliados têm um desempenho aceitável.
Subject(s)
Hematologic Tests , Reference Standards , Guidelines as Topic , Reference Values , Checklist , Evaluation StudyABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the performance of Sysmex XN‐9000 automated hematology analyzer .Methods According to international and domestic standards ,performance of analyzer was evaluated .Results The within‐batch and between‐batch preci‐sion ,carryover pollution rate ,linearity range and the accuracy of Sysmex XN‐9000 analyzer were all conform to related require‐ments .Leukocyte classification results compared with manual classification ,the correlation of neutrophil ,lymphocyte ,monocyte and eosinophil were fine ,but correlation of basophil was not very ideal .Conclusion The performance of Sysmex XN‐9000 analyzer could be satisfying ,could meet the needs of clinical inspection and diagnosis and treatment .
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the Carryover between the chemistry and immunoassay in Beckman Coulter Laboratory Au-tomation System and decide to whether sharing samples for testing between chemistry and immunoassay systems or not. Methods According to a certain order,high concentration samples and low concentration samples of HCG with different sample volume (500 μl,2 000 μl)were tested on Beckman AU5421 automatic biochemical analyzer.The HCG of low concen-tration samples were then tested to evaluate the carryover between the chemistry and immunoassay and explored the correc-tive procedure to deal with the carryover by increasing special cleaning process of beckman AU5421 automatic biochemistry analyzer.Results Under different sample volume,the carryover in a single module and as a whole of the beckman AU5421 automatic biochemistry analyzer were 5.44,15.47,23.51 and 45.96 ppm respectively (t=14.553,P <0.001;t=5.527,P =0.005;t=3.985,P =0.016;t=20.457,P <0.001).By increasing special cleaning process the carryover of 0.22 ppm was detected in 500 μl sample volume of the beckman AU5421 automatic biochemistry analyzer as a whole.Conclusion The car-ryover between the chemistry and immunoassay in Beckman Coulter Laboratory Automation System could been sovled by in-creasing special cleaning process of beckman AU5421 automatic biochemistry analyzer.
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Objective To evaluate the performance of the body fluid mode on the automatic analysis system-XT-4000i .Methods XT-4000i analyzer was used to detect the precision ,accuracy ,carryover rate ,meanwhile to validate the detection limit of the pa-rameters(WBC and RBC) .Results The range of the precision for WBC-BF was 0 .90% -5 .54% ,for RBC-BF was 1 .13% -5 .13% .The carry over rates were 0 .09% for WBC and 0 .14% for RBC ,respectively .As for as the analyzer range ,the results of the linearity and the detection limit verification were in line with the requirements of the analyzer ;the comparison between the man-ual microscopy results and the analyzer results meet the requirements of XT-4000i analyzer .Conclusion The performance of XT-4000i analyzer is in line with the requirements of the instrument range ,which can be used for clinical body fluid analysis and detection .
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O girassol é uma oleaginosa de destaque entre as culturas utilizadas em sucessão à soja na região dos cerrados. No entanto, poucas informações referentes aos efeitos da atividade residual de herbicidas aplicados na soja sobre o desenvolvimento e rendimento do girassol são conhecidas. Visando avaliar a atividade residual de herbicidas, aplicados em pré e pós-emergência na cultura da soja sobre o girassol cultivado em sucessão, foram conduzidos ensaios em campo e em casa de vegetação. No ensaio de campo, foram empregados nove tratamentos (doses em kg de i.a. ha-1): imazaquin (0,161), diclosulam (0,035), sulfentrazone (0,600) e flumioxazin (0,050), em aplicações de pré-emergência, e chlorimuron-ethyl (0,015), imazethapyr (0,060), imazethapyr (0,100) e fomesafen (0,250), aplicados em pós-emergência da soja, mais uma testemunha (sem herbicida). Um bioensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com as amostras de solo dos tratamentos coletadas em seis épocas distintas (0, 35, 70, 105, 140 e 200 dias após a aplicação). Os resultados permitem concluir que o imazethapyr (0,100kg ha-1) e o diclosulam (0,035kg ha-1) causam redução no rendimento do girassol. A sensibilidade ao diclosulam perdura durante todo o cultivo do girassol.
The sunflower is a oilseed crop kind of prominence before the cultures used in succession in the Brazil. However, little information concerning the effects of residual activity of herbicides on the crop in this region are known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the residual activity of herbicides in weed management in pre and post-emergence soybean and evaluate its effects on sunflower crop in succession. In field experiments we adopted the randomized block design with four replications, being appointed nine treatments (kg of i.a. ha-1): imazaquin (0.161), diclosulan (0.035), sulfentrazone (0.600) and flumioxazin (0.050) in pre emergence applications, and chlorimuron-ethyl (0.015), imazethapyr (0.060), imazethapyr (0.100) and fomesafen (0.250) applied post emergence soybean and a control without herbicide. One bioassay was differentiated by the treatments contained in each treatment and soil samples collected at six different times (0, 35, 70, 105, 140 and 200 days after application); evaluated the dry matter accumulation of sunflower plants as a function of time of sample collection. The results showed that: imazethapyr (0.1kg ha-1) and diclosulan (0.035kg ha-1) caused a reduction in sunflower yield. Sensitivity to diclosulan continued throughout the interval evaluation of the range of bioassay.
ABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o sistema CLEARFIELD® quanto ao controle do arroz-vermelho, influência sobre a produtividade, bem como a fitotoxicidade ocasionada pelo possível residual no solo da mistura formulada de imazethapyr e imazapic em genótipo de arroz tolerante (IRGA 422CL) e não-tolerante (IRGA 417), os quais serviram como plantas indicadoras. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso em esquema bifatorial (4x3) com parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas principais representadas pela rotação entre arroz tolerante (IRGA 422CL) e o arroz não-tolerante a imidazolinonas (IRGA 417). Nas sub-parcelas foram aplicados os tratamentos para o controle de arroz-vermelho em diferentes épocas de aplicação (pós-emergência (V4), pré+ pós emergência (no dia da semeadura + V4). A fitotoxicidade foi caracterizada com base na cor das folhas, largura, crescimento e desenvolvimento do limbo foliar. Observou-se que a fitotoxicidade foi maior quando o herbicida foi aplicado em pós-emergência permanecendo seus efeitos até 383 dias após a aplicação. O controle de arroz-vermelho não é eficiente com a utilização de apenas um ano agrícola do sistema CLEARFIELD® e o melhor nível de controle e produtividade foi obtido após dois ou três anos consecutivos desse sistema.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the CLEARFIELD ® system regarding the control of red rice, influences on productivity, as well as the possible phytotoxicity caused by carryover soil formulated mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic in tolerant rice genotype (IRGA 422CL) and non-tolerant (IRGA 417), which served as indicator plants. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme (4x3) with subplots, the main plots represented by rotating tolerant rice (IRGA 422CL) and rice not tolerant to imidazolinone (IRGA 417). In sub-plot treatments were applied to control red rice in different stages of the post-emergence (V4), pre + post emergence (day of seeding V4). Phytotoxicity was characterized based on the color of the leaves, width, growth and development of the leaf. It was observed that phytotoxicity was greater when the herbicide was applied post-emergence, effects remaining until 383 days after application. The control of red rice is not efficient with the use of only one agricultural year of CLEARFIELD® system and the best level of control and yield was obtained after two or three consecutive years of this system.
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Animal scientists employ Latin square designs to reduce the required number of animals for detecting statistical differences in animal experiments. Randomization procedures do not balance residual effects that possibly exist in Latin square experiments. A spreadsheet-based program is available for making Latin square designs balanced for the first-order residual effects. The balance of remote residual effects may also be very important to consider when a relatively long latent period exists after a treatment. We have developed a spreadsheet-based program, the Completely Balanced Latin Square Designer (CBLSD), to facilitate the generation of Latin squares (n = prime number – 1) balanced for immediate and remote carryover effects. The program allows a user to choose the number of treatments that is equal to the number of animals and periods in a square. A user may also input the number of squares. Then, the CBLSD instantly generates a Latin square balanced for the multi-order as well as first-order carryover effects. Also provided is a schedule table for an experiment sorted by period and animal. The CBLSD enables animal experimenters to quickly and accurately make Latin squares balanced for the immediate and remote carryover effects. The program is freely available upon request.
El diseño estadístico llamado Cuadrado Latino se utiliza en experimentación con animales con el fin de reducir el número de animales requerido para detectar diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Los procedimientos comunes de aleatorizacion no balancean los efectos residuales que podrían existir al usar el Cuadrado Latino. Ya se encuentra disponible un programa, basado en una hoja de cálculo, que sirve para balancear Cuadrados Latinos en sus efectos residuales de primer orden. Sin embargo, también se debería realizar el balanceo de los efectos residuales remotos, particularmente cuando existe un periodo latente relativamente prolongado después de un tratamiento. Hemos desarrollado un programa denominado Completely Balanced Latin Square Designer (CBLSD), basado en una hoja de cálculo, para facilitar la generación de Cuadrados Latinos (n = numero primo -1) balanceados para los efectos acumulativos (persistentes) tanto inmediatos como remotos. El programa permite al usuario escoger el número de tratamientos equivalente al número de animales y periodos en un cuadrado. El usuario puede también asignar el numero de cuadrados. El CBLSD instantáneamente genera un Cuadrado Latino balanceado tanto para los efectos persistentes de primer orden, como para los multi-orden. Adicionalmente, se provee una tabla para programar los tratamientos en un experimento organizado por periodo y por animal. El CBLSD permite balancear Cuadrados Latinos rápidamente y con precisión. El programa está disponible de manera gratuita para todos los interesados, mediante solicitud vía email a los autores.
O delineamento estadístico chamado Quadrado Latino é utilizado na experimentação com animais com o propósito de reduzir o número de animais requerido para detectar diferenças significativas entre tratamentos. Os procedimentos comuns de aleatorização não balanceiam os efeitos residuais que poderiam existir ao usar o quadrado latino. Tem-se disponível una planilha eletrônica que serve para balancear quadrados latinos em seus efeitos residuais de primeiro ordem, no entanto, dever-se-ia realizar um balanceio dos efeitos residuais remotos, particularmente quando existe um período latente relativamente prolongado depois de um tratamento. Foi desenvolvido um programa denominado Completely Balanced Latin Square Designer (CBLSD), baseado numa planilha eletrônica para facilitar a geração de quadrados latinos (n = número primo -1) balanceados para os efeitos acumulativos (persistentes), tanto imediatos como remotos. O programa permite ao usuário escolher o número de tratamentos equivalente ao número de animais e períodos em um quadrado. O usuário também pode indicar o número de quadrados. O CBLSD instantaneamente gera um quadrado Latino balanceado para os efeitos persistentes de primeiro ordem e para os multi-ordem. Adicionalmente, tem uma tabela para programar os tratamentos no experimento organizado por períodos e por animais. O CBLSD permite balancear quadrados Latinos rapidamente e com precisão.O programa está disponível de forma gratuita, mediante solicitude via email dos autores.
ABSTRACT
Latin square designs are often employed in animal experiments to minimize the number of animalsrequired to detect statistical differences. Generally, potential carryover effects are not balanced out byrandomization. Systemic methods are available for equalizing the residual effects. We have developedan Excel® spreadsheet-based program, the Balanced Latin Square Designer (BLSD), to facilitate thegeneration of Latin squares balanced for carryover effects. The program allows a user to input the numberof treatments that is equal to the number of animals and periods in a square. A user may also input thenumber of squares. Then, the BLSD automatically generates Latin squares balanced for the first ordercarryover effects. For an even number of treatments, each treatment immediately precedes and followsevery other treatment exactly once in the square. For Latin squares with an odd number of treatments,the first order residual effects can be balanced only if they are replicated an even number of times. Theprogram also displays a table for an experimental schedule sorted by period and animal. The BLSD allowsanimal scientists to quickly and accurately generate Latin squares balanced for the first order carryovereffects. The program is freely available upon request.
El diseño del tipo Cuadrado Latino es muy empleado en experimentación, buscando minimizarel número de animales que se requieren para detectar diferencias estadísticas entre tratamientos.Generalmente, los efectos remanentes potenciales (de arrastre) no se logran balancear mediante lasimple aleatorizacion de animales y tratamientos. Existen métodos sistémicos para igualar los efectosresiduales. Presentamos acá una aplicación de Excell® que denominamos Diseñador de Cuadrados Latinos Balanceados (BLSD, por su sigla en Ingles), y que sirve para facilitar la generación deCuadrados Latinos balanceados para efectos de arrastre. El programa permite al usuario ingresar elnúmero de tratamientos equivalente al número de animales y periodos en un cuadrado. El usuariopuede también ingresar el número de cuadrados. Luego, el BLSD automáticamente genera CuadradosLatinos balanceados para los efectos de arrastre de primer orden. Cuando se trate de un número par detratamientos, cada tratamiento inmediatamente precede y sobreviene al otro tratamiento exactamenteuna vez en el cuadrado. Para Cuadrados Latinos con número impar de tratamientos, los efectosresiduales de primer orden pueden ser balanceados sólo si son replicados un número par de veces.El programa además ofrece una tabla para experimentos programados por animal y por periodo. ElBLSD permite al investigador generar, con precisión y rapidez, Cuadrados Latinos balanceados paralos efectos de arrastre de primer orden. El programa se encuentra disponible de forma gratuita paraquienes lo soliciten.
O delineamento Quadrado Latino é muito utilizado na experimentação, procurandominimizar o número de animais requeridos para detectar diferenças estatísticas significativas entretratamentos. Geralmente, os efeitos residuais potenciais não podem ser balanceados mediante umasimples aleatorização de animais e tratamentos. Existem métodos sistêmicos para igualar os efeitosresiduais. Apresentamos uma aplicação em Excell® que denominamos Balanced Latin SquareDesigner (BLSD), que serve para facilitar a geração de Quadrados Latinos para efeitos residuais. Oprograma permite ao usuário ingressar o número de tratamentos equivalente ao número de animaise períodos em quadrado. O usuário pode também ingressar o número de quadrados. Logo o BLSDautomaticamente gera quadrados latinos balanceados para os efeitos residuais de primeira ordem.Quando se tem um número par de tratamentos, cada tratamento imediatamente precede e sucede aoutro tratamento exatamente uma vez no quadrado Latino. Para Quadrados Latinos com númeroimpar de tratamentos, os efeitos residuais de primeira ordem podem ser balanceados unicamente, simé replicado um número par de vezes. O programa também oferece uma tabela para experimentaçãoprogramada por animal e por período. O BLSD permite ao pesquisador gerar, com precisão e rapidez.Quadrados Latinos balanceados para os efeitos residuais de primeira ordem. O programa encontrasedisponível de forma gratuita.
Subject(s)
Animals , Clinical TrialABSTRACT
Herbicidas do grupo das imidazolinonas, como imazethapyr e imazapic, podem persistir no solo e afetar culturas não-tolerantes cultivadas em sucessão. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito residual da mistura formulada de imazethapyr+imazapic sobre azevém semeado e conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação. Para isso, inicialmente foi conduzido um experimento em campo, em que aplicou-se sobre a cultivar tolerante de arroz ("IRGA 422 CL") diferentes doses da mistura formulada de imazethapyr+imazapic, representadas por: 0L ha-1 (testemunha); 0,7L ha-1 em pré-emergência (PRE) seguido da aplicação de 0,7L ha-1 em pós-emergência (POS); 1,0L ha-1 em PRE; e 1,0L ha-1 em POS. Posteriormente, aos 194 dias após a aplicação das doses, foram coletadas amostras intactas de solo na camada de 0-10cm, as quais foram utilizadas na condução de um bioensaio com azevém. Foram avaliadas a porcentagem de plantas emergidas aos três e 22 DAE (dias após a emergência) e a matéria seca do azevém aos 40 DAE. Verificou-se que a aplicação dos herbicidas na cultura do arroz no verão não ocasiona danos ao azevém semeado 194 dias após a aplicação do produto.
Imidazolinone herbicides, such as imazethapyr and imazapic, may persist in the soil and carryover to non-tolerant crops. This work aimed at evaluating the field carryover of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr+imazapic affecting ryegrass. For this reason, a field experiment was carried out, in which different rates of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic were applied on a tolerant rice cultivar (';IRGA 422 CL';): 0L ha-1 (check plot); 0.7L ha-1 preemergence (PRE) followed by 0.7L ha-1 postemergence (POS); 1.0L ha-1 PRE; 1.0L ha-1 POS. Later, 194 days after herbicide application, intact soils cores samples were collected at 0 to 10cm depth to carry out a bioassay in greenhouse, sowing ryegrass. It was evaluated the percentage of plants established at three and 22 DAE (days after emergence) and ryegrass dry biomass at 40 DAE. The results showed that herbicides applied on rice crop during summer does not cause damage to the ryegrass sowed 194 days after herbicide application.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the detection and treatment of carry-over of automatic biochemistry analyzer. Methods We detected the sample carry-over by determining one high level quality control serum and three zero levels serum continuously in five days. We used mixed patients serum to detect the carry-over come from reagent probe, muddler and cuvette by arranging test sequence of different item, combination and the times of rerun. We also used different methods such as immersion, cleaning probe, extended priming to handle the reagent carry-over.Results The sample carry-over was -0.37%～0.48% on new analyzer and 0.51～1.17% on old analyzer, respectively. The carry-over of CHO, TG, HDL on reagent probe and muddler of TBA was 86.9%～208.7% and 86.0%～256.5% on old analyzer, respectively. There was no reagent carry-over among other items on old analyzer. There was no carry-over on reagent probe on new analyzer, the carry-over of different items on cuvette of TBA was -0.9%～1.7%. After immersion, cleaning and extended priming, the carry-over of CHD, TG, HDL on TBA reagent probe fell to -1.1%～2.7% and -0.07%～0.09%, respectively.Conclusions The methods which have been mentioned above can detect the sample and reagent carry-over. The carry-over can be reduced by immersion, cleaning, extended priming and testing in different unit.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the performance of the ABX Micro C-reactive protein(CRP)in determination of CRP.Methods The analytic characteristics including precision,carry-over,linearity, stability,interference and comparability were examined.Results The coefficient of variation(CV)was less than 5.1%,10% and d.3% for within-run,between-run and between-day,respectively.Carryover was less than 1.2%.Whole blood samples held at either room temperature or 4℃ were stable for 48 hours with relative deviation less than 6.0% relatively.Linear range was 1.0-70.0 mg/L using undiluted samples.The comparison between the ABX Micro CRP and Behring Nephelometer Ⅱ was well correlated Both serum:Y=0.996 7X-0.398 5,r~2=0.965 9;serum for BN Ⅱ,whole-blood samples for the ABX Micro CRP:Y=0.908 8X-0.138 2,r~2=0.959 4;both serum and whole-blood samples for the ABX Micro CRP: Y=1.001 7X-0.898 2,r~2=0.952 7.No obvious interference was observed by hyperhemoglobinemia and hyperlipidemia.Conclusion The determination of CRP test with ABX Micro is accurate and reliable.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: We evaluated the performance of the Rapidlab 860 (Chiron Diagnostics, Medfield, MA, USA), the newly introduced automated blood gas&electrolytes analyzer, according to the guidelines of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. METHODS: The tested analytes were pH (hydrogen ion activity), PCO(2) (carbon dioxide pressure or tension), PO(2) (oxygen pressure or tension), Na(+) (sodium), K(+) (potassium), Ca(++) (ionized calcium), Cl(-)(chloride), HCO(3)(-)(bicarbonate), ctCO(2) (concentration of total carbon dioxide). Within-day precision, between-day precision, and sample-related carryover were analyzed using quality control materials at three different concentration levels for each analyte. Correlation was compared with the routinely used NOVA-Stat Profile 5 (Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA) with patient's whole blood samples. RESULTS: The within-day coefficients of variations (CVs) for pH, PCO(2), Na(+), K(+), Ca(++), HCO(3)(-), and ctCO(2) were less than 5.0%. The within-day CVs for PO(2) and Cl(-) at low concentration levels were 7.128% and 5.065%, respectively. The between-day CVs for each group were less than 5.0% in all analytes. Sample-related carryover was less than 5.0% in all items. Coefficients of correlation exceeded 0.950 except for PCO(2) and HCO(3)(-). CONCLUSIONS: Rapidlab 860 showed good precision, close correlation with NOVA-Stat Profile 5 and sample-related carryover was barely present for pH, PCO(2), PO(2), Na(+), K(+), Ca(++), Cl(-), HCO(3)()-ctCO(2).