Germenectomía de los terceros molares con cefalometría predictiva de brote

Introducción: Las complicaciones, asociadas al brote anormal de los terceros molares, es posible evitarlas con la germenectomía de estos dientes. Objetivo: Caracterizar la evolución de la germenectomía de terceros molares en pacientes con diagnóstico cefalométrico de brote anormal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Provincial "Saturnino Lora Torres", desde febrero de 2019 hasta marzo de 2021. Se estudiaron 32 pacientes de 13 a 15 años de edad, interviniéndose quirúrgicamente 78 terceros molares. Las variables fueron edad, sexo, color de la piel, localización y posición del tercer molar; así como las complicaciones trans y posoperatorias y la evolución. Resultados: Entre los 32 pacientes incluidos en el estudio predominó el sexo femenino (62,5 por ciento) y la edad de 14 años (40,6 por ciento). Las complicaciones ocurridas durante la germenectomía fueron más frecuentes en la arcada inferior. Aunque no fueron detectadas diferencias estadísticamente significativas según localización (valor de p>0,05); con 30 transoperatorias para un 38,4 por ciento y 75 posoperatorias para un 96,2 por ciento. Conclusiones: Se evidencia una evolución marcadamente favorable posterior a la germenectomía de terceros molares en la población de pacientes con diagnóstico cefalométrico de brote anormal. En ellos el sangrado transoperatorio y el dolor posoperatorio constituyen las complicaciones a considerar en este tipo de procedimiento quirúrgico(AU)

Introduction: Complications associated with the abnormal eruption of third molars can be avoided with germenectomy of these teeth. Objective: To characterize the evolution of third molar germenectomy in patients with a cephalometric diagnosis of abnormal bud. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in the Maxillofacial Surgery Service at Saturnino Lora Torres Provincial Hospital, from February 2019 to March 2021. Thirty two patients aged 13 to 15 years were studied, with 78 third molars undergoing surgery. The variables were age, sex, skin color, location and position of the third molar; as well as trans and postoperative complications and evolution. Results: Among the 32 patients included in the study, the female sex (62.5 percent) and the age of 14 years (40.6 percent) predominated. Complications that occurred during germenectomy were more frequent in the lower arch. Although no statistically significant differences were perceived according to location (p value > 0.05); with 30 intraoperative for 38.4 percent and 75 postoperative for 96.2 percent. Conclusions: There is evidence of a markedly favorable evolution after germenectomy of third molars in the population of patients with cephalometric diagnosis of abnormal bud. In them, transoperative bleeding and postoperative pain are the complications to consider in this type of surgical procedure(AU)

Cephalometric Characteristics in Chilean Latino Population with Normal Occlusion and Harmonic Profiles in Permanent Dentition. A Retrospective Study / Características Cefalométricas en Población Latina Chilena con Oclusión Normal y Perfiles Armónicos en Dentición Permanente. Un Estudio Retrospectivo

SUMMARY: Malocclusion is usually treated based on clinical decisions complemented with a cephalometric analysis, allowing the comparison of an individual with standard reference norms. Cephalometric standards have mostly been obtained from Caucasian population, but may not be appropriate for other ethnic groups, becoming a clinically relevant problem in multicultural and multiracial societies. The present study aimed to establish cephalometric norms for Chilean-Latino population, using a representative sample of class I individuals in permanent dentition. A sample of 72 cephalometric x-rays of class I growing individuals (47 women and 25 men) between 10 and 20 years of age with class I occlusion and harmonic profile was obtained from the records of the Universidad de los Andes taken between 2012 and 2019, including 1164 individuals. The radiographs were classified according to their cervical vertebral maturation status, and cephalometrically analyzed, obtaining vertical and sagittal parameters in soft and hard tissues, which were compared with Caucasian cephalometric norms. The statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test, ANOVA and Bonferroni tests). Cephalometric norms were obtained for hard and soft tissues. Upon comparison with Caucasian norms, the subjects included in the sample present a tendency towards a convex profile, significant incisal proclination, dental protrusion, labial biprotrusion and an acute nasolabial angle. There are cephalometric differences between the Caucasian cephalometric norms and those observed Chilean Latino population, displaying differences at a hard and soft tissue level that should be taken into account for clinical decision making in Orthodontics.

La maloclusión generalmente se trata con base en decisiones clínicas complementadas con un análisis cefalométrico, lo que permite la comparación de un individuo con normas de referencia estándar. Los estándares cefalométricos se han obtenido en su mayoría de población caucásica, pero pueden no ser apropiados para otros grupos étnicos, convirtiéndose en un problema clínicamente relevante en sociedades multiculturales y multirraciales. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer normas cefalométricas para población chileno-latina, utilizando una muestra representativa de individuos clase I en dentición permanente. Se obtuvo una muestra de 72 radiografías cefalométricas de individuos en crecimiento clase I (47 mujeres y 25 hombres) entre 10 y 20 años de edad con oclusión clase I y perfil armónico de los registros de la Universidad de los Andes tomados entre 2012 y 2019, incluidas 1164 personas. Las radiografías se clasificaron según su estado de maduración vertebral cervical, y se analizaron cefalométricamente, obteniendo parámetros verticales y sagitales en tejidos blandos y duros, que se compararon con normas cefalométricas caucásicas. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial (T-test, ANOVA y pruebas de Bonferroni). Se obtuvieron normas cefalométricas para tejidos duros y blandos. En comparación con las normas caucásicas, los sujetos incluidos en la muestra presentan una tendencia hacia un perfil convexo, proinclinación incisal significativa, protrusión dental, biprotrusión labial y un ángulo nasolabial agudo. Existen diferencias entre las normas cefalométricas caucásicas y las observadas en población latina chilena, mostrando diferencias a nivel de tejidos duros y blandos que se deben considerar para la toma de decisiones clínicas en Ortodoncia.

Does Postpartum Hypopituitarism Influence the Craniofacial Pattern? A Case-Control Study with Sheehan's Syndrome Patients

This study aimed to assess the craniofacial morphologic aspects of Sheehan's syndrome (SHS) patients.An observational study was performed with 19 women diagnosed with SHS and 19 controls matched by age and sex. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained, and 30 linear and angular measurements were analyzed using the Radiocef Studio 2 software. The mean age of patients was 65.47 ± 10.19 years. The main findings were propositioned maxilla (52.63 %) and mandible (52.63 %) relative to the cranial base, mandibular prognathism in 73.68 %, deep growth pattern in 42.1 %, increased mandibular plane in 36.84 %, and reduction in anterior facial height. The SHS group showed statistically significant differences in SNB (p=0.026), N-Me (p=0.006), soft palate length (p=0.011), and Ena-Me (p<0.001) in comparison with controls. The standard deviation score analysis revealed altered values in relation to total maxillary and mandibular lengths. SHS showed altered craniofacial morphology, characterized by maxillo- mandibular prognathism, brachyfacial type, increased mandibular plane, and reduction in soft palate length. This study reports novel findings in SHS.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los aspectos morfológicos craneofaciales de los pacientes con síndrome de Sheehan (SHS). Se realizó un estudio observacional con 19 mujeres diagnosticadas con SHS y 19 controles asociados por edad y sexo. Se obtuvieron radiografías cefalométricas laterales y se analizaron 30 medidas lineales y angulares mediante el software Radiocef Studio 2. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 65,47 ± 10,19 años. Los principales hallazgos fueron proposición maxilar (52,63 %) y mandíbula (52,63 %) con respecto a la base del cráneo, prognatismo mandibular en 73,68 %, patrón de crecimiento profundo en 42,1 %, aumento del plano mandibular en 36,84 % y reducción de la altura facial anterior. El grupo SHS mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en SNB (p=0,026), N-Me (p=0,006), longitud del paladar blando (p=0,011) y Ena-Me (p<0,001) en comparación con los controles. El análisis de la puntuación de la desviación estándar reveló valores alterados en relación con las longitudes maxilares y mandibulares totales. El SHS mostró una morfología craneofacial alterada, caracterizada por prognatismo maxilomandibular, tipo braquifacial, aumento del plano mandibular y reducción de la longitud del velo del paladar. Este estudio informa hallazgos novedosos en SHS.

Imaging study on the relationship between anterior and posterior occlusal planes and temporomandibular osteoarthrosis / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#The aim of this study was to compare the anterior and posterior occlusal plane characteristics of patients with different temporomandibular joint osseous statuses.@*METHODS@#A total of 306 patients with initial cone beam CT (CBCT) and cephalograms were included. They were divided into three groups on the basis of their temporomandibular joint osseous status: bilateral normal (BN) group, indeterminate for osteoarthrosis (I) group, and osteoarthrosis (OA) group. The anterior and posterior occlusal planes (AOP and POP) of the different groups were compared. Then, the regression equation was established after adjusting for confounding factors, and a correlation analysis between the occlusion planes and other parameters was performed.@*RESULTS@#SNA, SNB, FMA, SN-MP, Ar-Go, and S-Go were correlated with the occlusal planes. Relative to the BN and I groups, the FH-OP of the OA group increased by 1.67° on the average, FH-POP increased by 1.42° on the average, and FH-AOP increased by 2.05° on the average.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The occlusal planes were steeper in the patients with temporomandibular osteoarthrosis than in the patients without it, and the mandible rotated downward and backward. The height of the mandibular ramus, the mandibular body length, and the posterior face height were small. In clinical practice, attention should be given to the potential risk of temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis in such patients. In addition, SNB, FMA, SN-MP, Ar-Go, S-Go, and occlusal planes had moderate correlations.

Study of the cephalometric standards of individuals with normal occlusion and prevalence of the malocclusion in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Estudo dos padrões cefalométricos de indivíduos com oclusão normal e prevalência das maloclusões no município do Rio de Janeiro

ABSTRACT Objective: The accomplishment of this cephalometric objective to evaluate the face characteristics of this cefalometric work individuals had to the city of this cephalometric prevalence, as well as measure the objective of malocclusion. Methods: For this study, 531 sort of individuals of the masculine organizations of Rio de Janeiro had been submitted to the clinical chait of the course of Master in Orthodontics of the Center Research Leopold Mandic, of which if it got prevalence of malocclusion. Results: Of this sample, it was observed that 22 individuals with normal occlusion and that if they had never submitted the orthodontic treatment. In these patients they had been made taken from normal head in lateral cephalometric radiographs and evaluated the cephalometrics largeness: SNA, SNB, ANB, Axle "Y", NS.Go-Me, FMA, FMIA, IMPA, 1.NA, 1- NA, 1.NB, 1-NB, 1.1, 1.SN, 1.Go-Gn, SN.PLO, AO-BO, Line H, Z angle, P-NB, AFA, AFP and IAF. The gotten date had been submitted to the analysis with a level of significance of 5% (p< 0.05) and used descriptive statistics and the error of Dalbergh. The results showed that of the total of the evaluated sample, the malocclusion of 44.3% of Classroom I; 29.5% of Classroom II; 17.2% of Classroom III and 9.2% of normal occlusion. Conclusion: The individuals with normal occlusion of the city of Rio De Janeiro had presented equal cephalometric characteristics with many standard measures described in literature, except for the superior incisor that were presented vestibulate and the well inclined inferior incisor for vestibular contest.

RESUMO Objetivos: A realização deste trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar cefalometricamente as características faciais de indivíduos pertencentes ao município do Rio de Janeiro-RJ, bem como mensurar a prevalência de maloclusão. Métodos: Para este estudo, 531 indivíduos do gênero masculino pertencentes às organizações militares do Rio de Janeiro foram submetidos à ficha clínica do curso de Mestrado em Ortodontia da Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, dos quais se obteve a prevalência de maloclusão. Resultados: Dessa amostra, observou-se que 22 indivíduos possuíam oclusão normal e que nunca haviam se submetido a tratamento ortodôntico. Nesses pacientes foram feitas tomadas de telerradiografias de cabeça em norma lateral e avaliadas as grandezas cefalométricas: SNA, SNB, ANB, Eixo "Y", NS.Go-Me, FMA, FMIA, IMPA, 1.NA, 1-NA, 1.NB,1-NB, 1.1, 1.SN, 1.Go-Gn, SN.PLO, AO-BO, Linha H, ângulo Z, P-NB, AFA, AFP e IAF. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise com nível de significância de 5% (p< 0,05) e utilizadas estatísticas descritivas e o erro de Dalbergh. Os resultados mostraram que do total da amostra avaliada, a maloclusão foi de 44,3% de Classe I; 29,5% de Classe II; 17,2% de Classe III e 9,2% de oclusão normal. Conclusão: Os indivíduos com oclusão normal do município do Rio de Janeiro apresentaram características cefalométricas condizentes com muitas medidas padrões descritas na literatura, exceto para o incisivo superior que apresentou-se vestibularizado e o incisivo inferior bem inclinado para vestibular.

Relación del crecimiento sagital de los maxilares y el índice de maduración cervical / Relationship between the sagittal growth of the maxillary and the cervical maturation index

Resumen El crecimiento del maxilar se manifiesta de manera diferente respecto a la mandíbula, la cual se caracteriza por un desarrollo sagital más tardío. El objetivo de esta investigación fue asociar el crecimiento sagital del maxilar superior e inferior con el índice de maduración cervical en radiografías cefálicas laterales de pacientes entre 8 a 20 años de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador. Se realizó una investigación con enfoque cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo, correlacional y de corte transversal retrospectivo, con una base de datos de 10.586 radiografías cefálicas laterales. Se observó que el pico de crecimiento inicia alrededor de los 9 años en las mujeres y en los hombres a los 11 años, y este culmina a los 13 años en el sexo femenino y entre los 14 y 17 años en el sexo masculino. Además, se determinó una correlación baja ente el crecimiento sagital del maxilar superior y los estadios de maduración vertebral (r=0,338) así como con el maxilar inferior (r= 0,357). Finalmente, se concluyó que el crecimiento del maxilar superior se produce en los primeros estadios de maduración cervical, mientras que en el maxilar inferior el crecimiento longitudinal se produce a partir del estadio III de maduración cervical.

Abstract The growth of the maxilla manifests itself differently from the mandible, which is characterized by a later sagittal development. The objective of the research was to associate the sagittal growth of the upper and lower jaw and the cervical maturation index in lateral cephalic radiographs of patients between 8 and 20 years of age from the city of Cuenca. A descriptive, correlational and retrospective cross-sectional quantitative approach was conducted with a database of 10,586 lateral cephalic radiographs. It was observed that the peak of growth begins around 9 years of age in women and at 11 years in men, and culminates at age 13 in females, and between 14 and 17 years in males. In addition, a low correlation was determined between the sagittal growth of the upper jaw and the stages of vertebral maturation (r = 0.338) as well as with the lower jaw (r = 0.357). Finally, it was concluded that the growth of the upper jaw occurs in the first stages of cervical maturation, while in the lower jaw, longitudinal growth occurs from stage III of cervical maturation.

Longitud del maxilar superior en relación con el biotipo facial en individuos de Cuenca, Ecuador

RESUMEN Introducción: El crecimiento y desarrollo craneofacial pueden ser evaluados mediante las radiografías cefálicas laterales, con el fin de brindar un buen diagnóstico y un plan de tratamiento efectivo. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre la longitud del maxilar superior y el biotipo facial en individuos de 18 a 45 años de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador, durante el año 2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y relacional, la muestra fue de 160 radiografías cefálicas laterales obtenidas en un centro radiológico dental maxilofacial de la ciudad de Cuenca. Se utilizó el software AutoCAD para el trazado cefalométrico. Para el análisis estadístico se usó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y la prueba post hoc de Tukey con un nivel de confiabilidad del 95 % (p<0,05). Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación Rho de Spearman para determinar la relación entre la longitud maxilar (mm) y la medición esqueletal. Resultados: Se encontró que la longitud del maxilar superior de acuerdo al biotipo facial es menor en el alto y aumenta en el bajo; el biotipo facial alto presentó la menor longitud maxilar (52,18 ±4,20 mm) y el promedio más alto fue el medio-bajo (54,37 ±4,15 mm). En el sexo masculino el promedio más alto se observó en el biotipo bajo (55,38 ±4,55 mm) y el menor valor fue en el biotipo medio alto (53,10 ±3,23 mm), en el sexo femenino el promedio más alto se encontró en el biotipo facial medio bajo (53,84 ±4,01 mm) y el promedio más bajo fue en el biotipo alto (51,64 ±3,68 mm). Conclusiones: En la medida que el biotipo facial aumenta la longitud del maxilar disminuye. No existe una relación significativa entre la longitud maxilar y edad y entre la longitud y sexo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Craniofacial growth and development can be evaluated through lateral head radiographs, in order to provide a good diagnosis and an effective treatment plan. Objective: To identify the relationship between the length of the upper jaw and the facial biotype in individuals aged 18 to 45 years in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador, during the year 2019. Method: A quantitative, descriptive and relational study was carried out; the sample was of 160 lateral head radiographs obtained in a maxillofacial dental radiology center in the city of Cuenca. AutoCAD software was used for the cephalometric tracing. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test and Tukey's post hoc test were used with a reliability level of 95% (p<0.05). Spearman's Rho correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between maxillary length (mm) and skeletal measurement. Results: It was found that the length of the upper jaw according to facial biotype is shorter in the upper jaw and increases in the lower; the tall facial biotype presented the shortest maxillary length (52.18±4.20 mm) and the highest average was the medium-low (54.37±4.15 mm). In males, the highest average was observed in the low biotype (55.38±4.55 mm) and the lowest value was in the medium high biotype (53.10±3.23 mm); in females, the highest average was found in the medium-low facial biotype (53.84±4.01 mm) and the lowest average was in the high biotype (51.64±3.68 mm). Conclusions: As the facial biotype increases, the length of the maxillary decreases. There is no significant relationship between maxillary length and age, or between length and sex.

RESUMO Introdução: O crescimento e desenvolvimento craniofacial podem ser avaliados por meio de radiografias laterais da cabeça, a fim de fornecer um bom diagnóstico e um plano de tratamento eficaz. Objetivo: Identificar a relação entre o comprimento do maxilar superior e o biótipo facial em indivíduos de 18 a 45 anos na cidade de Cuenca, Equador, durante o ano de 2019. Método: Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, descritivo e relacional, a amostra foi de 160 radiografias cefálicas laterais obtidas em um centro de radiologia. O software AutoCAD foi utilizado para o traçado cefalométrico. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e o teste post hoc de Tukey com nível de confiabilidade de 95% (p<0,05). O coeficiente de correlação de Rho Spearman foi utilizado para determinar a relação entre o comprimento maxilar (mm) e a medida esquelética. Resultados: Verificou-se que o comprimento do maxilar superior de acordo com o biótipo facial é menor nos altos e aumenta nos baixos ; o biótipo facial alto apresentou o menor comprimento maxilar (52,18 ± 4,20 mm) e a maior média foi o médio-baixo (54,37 ± 4,15 mm). No sexo masculino, a maior média foi observada no biótipo baixo (55,38 ± 4,55 mm) e o menor valor foi no biótipo médio alto (53,10 ± 3,23 mm), no sexo feminino a maior média foi encontrada no biótipo médio. - biótipo facial baixo (53,84 ± 4,01 mm) e a menor média foi no biótipo alto (51,64 ± 3,68 mm). Conclusões: À medida que o biótipo facial aumenta, o comprimento da maxila diminui. Não há relação significativa entre comprimento maxilar e idade e entre comprimento e sexo.

Cephalometric profile norms for southeastern african-brazilian adults according to the Legan-Burstone analysis: a pilot study

The aim of this pilot study was to determine cephalometric profile norms for a sample of African-Brazilian young adults with excellent occlusion and compare them to Caucasian standards. Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 43 individuals of both genders (28 male and 15 female), with average age of 22.40 ± 3.40 years, were used to evaluate 13 variables proposed by the Legan-Burstone analysis. Student´s independent t-test was used to compare resulting values with those set by European-American standards. Results: Significant differences were found (p < 0.001) between African-Brazilians and Caucasians as for: maxillary and mandibular prognathism, vertical height ratio, lower face-throat angle, lower vertical height-depth ratio, nasolabial angle, upper and lower lip protrusion, mentolabial sulcus and vertical lip-chin ratio. Facial convexity angle, maxillary incisor exposure and interlabial gap did not present statistical differences when ethnic groups were compared. Males displayed increased lower face-throat angles and vertical lip-chin ratios (p <0.05) while females presented increased maxillary incisor exposures (p <0.05). Conclusion: Caucasian cephalometric norms do not apply to African-Brazilian young adults. Therefore, morphological differences in the faces of such individuals should be taken into account during diagnosis and orthodontic treatment planning stages.

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo piloto foi determinar as normas do perfil cefalométrico para uma amostra de jovens adultos afro-brasileiros com oclusão excelente e, compará-las com os padrões caucasianos. Métodos: Cefalogramas laterais de 43 indivíduos de ambos os sexos (28 homens e 15 mulheres), com idade média de 22,40 ± 3,40 anos, foram utilizados para avaliar 13 variáveis propostas pela análise de Legan-Burstone. O teste t independente de Student foi utilizado para comparar os valores resultantes com os estabelecidos pelos padrões euroamericanos. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p <0,001) entre afro-brasileiros e caucasianos quanto a: prognatismo maxilar e mandibular, razão vertical da altura, menor ângulo face-pescoço, menor razão vertical altura profundidade, ângulo nasolabial, protrusão labial superior e inferior, sulco mentolabial e razão vertical lábio-mento. O ângulo de convexidade facial, a exposição dos incisivos superiores e o gap interlabial não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas quando comparados os grupos étnicos. Os homens apresentaram maiores ângulos face-pescoço e razões verticais lábio-queixo (p<0,05), enquanto as mulheres apresentaram maior exposição dos incisivos superiores (p <0,05). Conclusão: As normas cefalométricas caucasianas não se aplicam a jovens adultos afro-brasileiros. Portanto, diferenças morfológicas nas faces desses indivíduos devem ser levadas em consideração durante as etapas de diagnóstico e planejamento do tratamento ortodôntico.

Is Tracing of Anatomical Structures Essential for Cephalometric Analysis? A Retrospective Study

In this study, we attempt to identify and trace cephalometric landmarks using two methods within the constraints of hand tracing (manual tracing). In the first method, we identify the specific landmarks pertaining to the particular structure and locate it as a continuation of the landmark tracing. In the second method, we segregate the landmarks but mark only the particular structure with a point in a way which is not too dissimilar to digitalized tracing.METHODS20 lateral Cephalograms were manually traced and analysed by the two different methods employed. Measurement obtained between the two tracings was analysed. Linear and angular measurements were taken for three cephalometric analyses, namely- Steiner’s analysis, McNamara Analysis, and Rakosi-Jarabak’s analysis.RESULTSThe analysis values were checked by the two methods of manual tracing. There seemed to be no significant difference between tracing done by locating the anatomical landmarks associated with the point and with tracing done by locating the reference points. Independent sample t-test was done to determine if any significant difference was present between the two methods of tracing.CONCLUSIONSTracing done by locating only the points after identifying the reference points is in a way, similar to how digital tracing is done. This could help put the doubts related to digitalized tracing to rest and confirm the accuracy of both the tracing methods. However, locating the anatomical landmarks along with the points could help the observer in relating to the point in an easier manner and improve the accuracy of manual tracing by inexperienced postgraduates and beginners.

Establishment of Cephalometric Norms for UCLP Cases from Central India Population Falling Under Goslon 1 and 2 Based on Burstone Analysis.

This study was done as there is a need to evaluate separate hard and soft tissue parameters for UCLP as we cannot compare the deformity with normal. A study by Abhilasha Yadav has defined the Burstone norms for class I subjects in Central India as compared to Caucasians. The objective is to derive norms for UCLP itself as the pattern of growth and development of bone, muscle is not normal that can be compared with any population and needs to treated, based on specific norms.METHODS75 cases of UCLP from Central India, with an age range of 18-25 yrs. were selected for the study. The COGS analysis values for Central Indian UCLP cases (falling under GOSLON 1 and 2) was established and compared with class I Caucasians and class I Central Indian subjects. The cephalograms were traced, analysed and interpreted using the landmarks and values established in Burstone analysis (cephalometric analysis for orthognathic surgery). The mean, standard deviation and Z values were calculated to compare the values between three groups.RESULTSThe Central Indian UCLP cases demonstrated decreased anterior cranial base length, upper third height of face, decreased anteroposterior maxillary length, decreased upper and lower incisor height as well as molar height, retroclined upper anterior, significantly decreased facial convexity, nasolabial angle and reduced maxillary prognathism while mandible showed prognathism.CONCLUSIONSThe study reported significant differences in certain cephalometric parameters of UCLP cases from central India population with that of Caucasian and class I central Indian population. The results obtained for central India’s UCLP cases can be used as cephalometric norms for planning orthognathic surgery specifically for cleft cases.

Correlation of profile esthetic indexes and esthetics evaluation in young females / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To find the facial soft tissue measured indexes related to esthetic evaluation.Methods Thirty women were selected and scanned with CBCT;all individuals showed normal jaw,and lateral profile was taken in natural head posture.All the data measured including E line were imported with software Winceph 8.0 and overlapped,acquiring lateral cephalometric radiographs in natural head posture.29 orthodontists and 85 laypersons were invited to evaluate the attractiveness of this 30 profile silhouettes.18 esthetic indexes including E line were measured by Winceph 8.0.Paired t-tests were carried out for measured values of aesthetic indexes from two groups.Then Pearson correlation analysis was used to each silhouette score and values of aesthetic indexes were analyzed.Results Orthodontists group had average 0.05 points higher than laypersons.The aesthetic evaluation was different between orthodontists and laypersons with statistical significance.The measured indexes were correlated with measured values of two groups,including TLL-TVL,B'-TVL,Pos'-TVL (P＜0.05).Conclusions There are differences between orthodontists and laypersons in soft-tissue profile esthetic evaluation.The value of TLL-TVL,B'-TVL and Pos TVL are three key soft-tissue measurements that influence the esthetic indexes both for orthodontists and laypersons.The head position is an element that influences esthetic evaluation.

Evaluation of Hard Tissue Cephalometric Norms for Maharashtrian Population using Downs Analysis

Aim: Based on Downs analysis, the present study aims to evaluate hard tissue cephalometric norms for the Maharashtrianpopulation.Materials and Methods: The digital lateral cephalograms of 100 subjects with Maharashtrian ethnicity within the age rangeof 18–30 years with normal occlusion were obtained. Downs analysis was performed using Dolphin software. The obtainedvalues were statistically analyzed to evaluate hard tissue norms for the Maharashtrian population.Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in hard tissue norms between Maharashtrian population andCaucasian norms.Conclusion: Ethnic differences exist between Maharashtrian population and Caucasian population, which should be consideredwhen formulating an orthodontic treatment plan.

Las Curvas Para Medir Circunferencia Cefálica Y Las Potenciales Diferencias Antropométricas En Latinoamérica Y El Mundo / Cephalic Circumference Curves And Potential Anthropometric Differences In Latin America And The World

Resumen La circunferencia cefálica (CC) es una medición que detecta alteraciones del crecimiento adecuado del cerebro. Las curvas de CC más utilizadas mundialmente son las propuestas por los CDC, NCHS y OMS. A pesar de las críticas sobre la metodología para crearlas, se han hecho actualizaciones para corregir inconsistencias. Esto ha servido para detectar y tratar oportunamente problemas de tamaño craneal tanto en los extremos pequeños (microcefalia) o grandes (macrocefalia). Algunos autores opinan que existe la necesidad de contar con curvas regionales para mejorar el valor diagnóstico de éstas en cada población. Otros, como Kenton Holden y colaboradores, han propuesto nuevas curvas que consolidan diferentes bases de datos con el objetivo de reducir el riesgo de errores en el diagnóstico de microcefalia o macrocefalia leve. Es necesario estudiar cuál es el patrón de crecimiento craneal normal de niños/as latinoamericanos por cada región o país, así como conocer las diferencias interétnicas.

Abstract The cephalic circumference (CC) is a measurement that detects alterations in the proper growth of the brain. CC curves most used worldwide are those proposed by the CDC, NCHS and WHO. Despite criticism of the methodology used to create them, updates have been made to correct inconsistencies, and that has helped to detect and treat on time problems of cranial size at both the small (microcephaly) and large (macrocephaly) ends. Several authors have suggested that regional reference curves should be made, and others, like Kenton Holden and colleagues, have proposed new curves that consolidate different databases, aiming to reduce the risk of errors in the diagnosis of microcephaly or mild macrocephaly. It is necessary to study what the normal cranial growth pattern of Latin American children is for each region or country, as well as to determine the interethnic differences.

Parámetros cefalométricos para determinar biotipo facial en adultos chilenos / Cephalometric norms related to Facial type in eugnathic Chilean adults

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Determinar normas cefalométricas relacionadas con el biotipo facial en una población eugnácica chilena adulta y compararla con los parámetros cefalométricos clásicos. Material y método: Estudio transversal. Se analizaron 96 telerradiografías digitales de adultos jóvenes chilenos eugnácicos entre 18 y 35 años. El análisis cefalométrico fue realizado con el software Quick Ceph 2000®. Resultados: El ángulo goníaco tuvo un valor promedio de 121.96º, el ratio de Bjork-Jarabak 67.11%, el ángulo SN-GoGn 32.65º, el ángulo interbasal de Schwarz 23.8º, el VERT de Ricketts un valor de 2.33 y la altura facial inferior de Ricketts un valor de 44.1º. Se observaron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres para el ratio de Bjork-Jarabak, ángulo SN-GoGn, ángulo interbasal de Schwarz y el VERT de Ricketts. Conclusiones: Los parámetros estudiados: ángulo goníaco, ángulo SN-GoGn, ángulo interbasal, altura facial inferior de Ricketts, son similares a las normas cefalométricas establecidas por sus autores originales, a excepción del ratio de Björk-Jarabak y el VERT de Ricketts. Asimismo, existe un fenómeno de dimorfismo sexual significativo, que debe ser tomado en cuenta al momento de diagnosticar a los individuos adultos.

ABSTRACT: Objective: The aim of this study was to determine cephalometric standards related to facial type in a eugnathic adult Chilean population and to compare them with the classical cephalometric parameters. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Ninety six eugnathic young Chilean adults (between 18 and 35 years old) were included in this study. Lateral digital standardized cephalometric radiographs were used. The cephalometric analysis used Quick-Ceph 2000® software. Results: The mean value of the gonial angle was 121.96º, the Biörk-Jarabak ratio was 67.11%, SN-GoGn angle was 32.65º, interbasal angle (Schwarz) was 23.8º, Ricketts VERT was 2.33 and Ricketts lower facial height 44.1º. There was a significant difference between men and women for the Biörk-Jarabak ratio, SN-GoGn, interbasal angle and Ricketts VERT. Conclusion: Cephalometric standards obtained are similar to those established by the original authors, except for the Björk-Jarabak ratio and Ricketts lower facial height. However, there is a significative sexual dimorphism that should be considered when making a patient´s diagnosis.

Application of digital technology in orthodontic clinic / 口腔疾病防治

@#The rapid development of digital technology has made the processes of orthodontic data collection, diagnosis, design and treatment more accurate, comprehensive, convenient and safe and has improved the clinical efficiency of orthodontists. Safe, non-invasive, rapid three-dimensional facial imaging and digital dental models have enabled orthodontists to collect accurately visualized case data. In addition, during diagnosis and design, orthodontists can comprehensively analyze teeth, jaws, and cranial surfaces in 3 dimensions. Through advances that range from digitized whole-dentition information to computer-replicated design and computer-aided manufacturing, invisible orthodontic technology without brackets has become one of the best manifestations of the combination of digital technology and oral orthodontics. In addition, individualized fixed orthodontic devices have become widely used in orthodontic clinics. In this paper, the applications of digital technology in orthodontic clinics is described. It is hoped that orthodontists will be able to use digital technology rationally to benefit increasing numbers of patients with orthodontic demands.

Analysis on curative effect of functional orthodontic treatment in patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To detect the clinical effect of T win-Block appliance in the treatment of the patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion, and to provide the basis for clinical treatment. Methods: A total of 30 patients with class II division 1 malocclusion were treated with Twin-Block appliance. The variables of the patients before and after treatment were measured with Ricketts cephalometric radiographys. Results: Compared with before treatment, the length of corpora mandibulae (Xi-Pm) of the patients after treatment was increased by 2. 50 mm (P<0. 05), the SNB angle was increased by 2. 58° (P<0. 05), and the ANB was decreased by 2. 71 (P<0. 01); the molar relationship distance and the Overjet were decreased by 2. 81 mm and 3. 68 mm, respectively (P<0. 01); the Ll-OP was decreased by 1.89 mm, the distance of Ll-APog was increased by 1.84 mm, and the angle Ul-APog was decreased by 7. 35° (P<0. 01); the Ls-TVL was increased by 1. 85 mm, the Sm-TVL was increased by 2. 12 mm (P<0. 05), and the Pos-TVL was increased by 2. 89 mm (P<0. 05). Conclusion: The Twin-Block appliance could obviously promote the development of mandibular bone, upright the anterior teeth and improve the lip angle of upper anterior teeth and the proflie in the treatment of the patients with class II division 1 malocclusion in the growth development period.

Investigation of the relationship between "sella turcica bridge" and "ponticulus posticus": a lateral cephalometric study / Investigación sobre la relación entre "puente silla turca" y "ponticulus posticus": un estudio cefalométrico lateral

The ponticulus posticus (PP) is a bridge of bone sometimes found on the atlas vertebra surrounding the vertebral artery and the first cervical nerve root. Sella turcica bridging (STB) is the fusion of anterior and posterior clinoid processes. The objective of this study was to find out the association between STB and PP. For the study, 752 digital lateral cephalograms were retrieved from the archived records of Necmettin Erbakan University, Faculty of Dentistry, Konya, Turkey. There was a significant relationship between the presence of STB and PP (p=0.000, p<0.001). This study indicates that there is a significant correlation between the presence of STB and PP.

El Ponticulus Posticus (PP) es un puente de hueso que se encuentra, a veces, en el atlas y rodea la arteria vertebral y la primera raíz del nervio cervical. El puente de la silla turca (PST) es la fusión de los procesos clinoides anteriores y posteriores. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la asociación entre PST y PP. Para el estudio, fueron utilizados 752 cefalogramas digitales laterales, obtenidos de los registros archivados de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Necmettin Erbakan, Konya, Turquía. Hubo una relación significativa entre la presencia de PST y PP (p = 0,000, p <0,001). Este estudio indica que existe una correlación significativa entre la presencia de PST y PP.

The genial tubercle: A prospective novel landmark for the diagnosis of mandibular asymmetry / 대한치과교정학회지

INTRODUCTION: Identifying menton (Me) on posteroanterior cephalograms and three-dimensional (3D) cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images is difficult, because the midpoint of the symphyseal area is not identifiable after the mandibular symphysis fuses at an early age. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the identification of the genial tubercle (GT) in patients with mandibular asymmetry and to compare it with that of the traditional landmark, Me. METHODS: The samples comprised 20 CBCT images of adults with mandibular asymmetry. Two examiners performed the identifications and measurements. Me and GT were marked, and the anteroposterior, vertical, and transverse distances to the three reference planes were measured on 3D-reconstructed CBCT images. The intra- and inter-examiner reliability of landmark identification of Me and GT were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: The Me and GT landmarks showed excellent reliability (ICC ≥ 0.993) three-dimensionally. In the transverse evaluation, the ICC values of the GT (range, 0.997–0.999) tended to be slightly higher than those of Me (range, 0.993–0.996). In the Bland-Altman plots for the two separate assessments, Me showed a maximum error of 1.76 mm in the transverse direction, whereas the GT showed a maximum error of 0.96 mm in the 95% limit. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that both Me and GT are clinically reliable and equally useful landmarks for the evaluation of mandibular asymmetry on CBCT images.

Evaluation of orthodontic treatment in patients with extraction of mandible first molar using PAR index and cephalometrics / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To access the clinical effect of orthodontic treatment in patients with extraction of mandible first molar. @*Methods @#Nineteen patients (three male and sixteen female) with extraction of mandible first molar because of caries, periapical disease were collected as experimental group. The age was 21.37 ± 5.07. Nineteen patients (seven male and twelve female) with extraction of four premolar as control group, The age was 20.42 ± 4.23. All the patients were treated with orthodontic space closure using MBT preadjusted appliance and sliding mechanics PAR index and cephalomertics that were compared before and after orthodontic treatment. @*Results @#The two groups’ reduction in weighted PAR score and each of the PAR score differences were statistically significant (P<0.01). There was no significant difference between the two groups after treatment in PAR. There were significant changes in U1-NA (°)、U1-NA(mm)、U1-SN(°), but not in the rest of the value in experimental group (P<0.01). The L1-NB(°)、 L1-NB (mm) was significant difference before and after treatment. Extraction spaces of mandible first molars were closed (P<0.01); Good occlusal relationships and soft tissue profiles were achieved in all cases. @* Conclusion @#If the mandibular first molars have serious caries or periapical lesions, removal of mandibular first molar, making full use of the mandibular third molar and keeping health premolars for orthodontic treatment could receive satisfactory results.

Lip projection analysis in brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic individuals of a Mexican population / Análisis de la proyección labial en pacientes braquiocefálicos, mesocefálicos y dolicocefálicos de una población mexicana

The aim of this study was to examine the lip projection of brachycephalic, dolichocephalic and mesocephalic Mexican patients and to analyze the relationship between dental protrusion and the lip position, to identify if a labial soft tissue projection exists and to determine what features predominated in this study. A total of 120 lateral radiographs of the skull were randomly selected from patients aged 16-25 years. The linear and angular data were measured, the values of the upper and lower lip projection relative to Ricketts E-line, Steiner S-line and Arnett TV-line were collected. The angles to be analyzed were the nasola bial, mandibular plane and interincisal, and the mentolabial groove depth. The statistical sig nificance was determined by the Student t-test. A significant difference between mesocephalic and brachycephalic patients was observed measuring the angle between the Frankfurt plane and the mandibular plane (P<0.001). Between dolichocephalic and mesocephalic individuals significant differences were observed in the lower lip to E-line (P<0.031), lower lip to S-line (P<0.010), the interincisal angle (P<0.032) and the mandibular ́s plane (P<0.001). A statistical significant difference was shown between brachycephalic and dolichocephalic individuals: lower lip to E-line (P<0.001), upper lip to S-line (P<0.037), lower lip to S-line (P<0.001), interincisal angle (P<0.034) and the angle between the mandibular ́s plane (P<0.001). Lip soft tissue projection will depend on the population studied; we found some significant differences when compared with the cephalometric norms.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar la proyección labial en pacientes braquicéfalos, mesocéfalos y dolicocéfalos mexicanos al igual que analizar la relación entre la protrusión dental y la posición labial, identificar si existe proyección labial de los tejidos blandos y determinar las características predominantes en el estudio. Un total de 120 radio grafías laterales de cráneo se seleccionaron de manera aleatoria de pacientes entre 16-25 años. Los datos angulares y lineales se identificaron, los valores de la proyección labial superior e inferior con respecto a línea línea-E de Ricketts, línea-S de Steiner y línea-VV de Arnett fueron recolectados, los valores angulares a analizar fueron el ángulo nasolabial, el plano mandibular y el ángulo interincisal al igual que el surco mentolabial. Se usó la prueba T de Student para obtener la significancia. Una diferencia significativa se observó entre pacientes mesocéfalos y braquicéfalos en el plano mandibular con Frankfort (P <0.001). Entre dolicocéfalos y meso céfalos diferencias significativas se observaron en el labio inferior a línea-E (P <0.031), labio inferior a S (P <0.010), ángulo interincisal (P <0.032) y el plano mandibular (P <0.001). Diferencias significativas se observaron entre pacientes braquicéfalos y dolicocéfalos: labio inferior a línea-E (P <0.001), labio superior a línea-S (P <0.037), labio inferior a línea-S (P <0.001), ángulo interincisal (P < 0.034) y el plano mandibular (P <0.001). La proyección labial depende de la población y se pueden observar algunas diferencias significativas al ser comparadas con la norma cefalométrica.