Development and application of in vitro intestinal absorption model based on microfluidic chips / 药学实践杂志

The intestine is the main site of oral drug absorption, and the epithelial cells of the intestine contain villi and microvilli, which promote secretion, cell adhesion, and absorption by increasing surface area and other factors. Traditional two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) cell culture models and animal models have played an important role in studying drug absorption, but their application is limited due to the lack of sufficient predictability of human pharmacokinetics or ethical issues, etc. Therefore, mimicking the core structure and key functions of the human intestine based on in vitro live cells has been the focus of research on constructing a microfluidic chip-based intestinal model. The model is a microfluidic chip bionic system that simulates the complex microstructure, microenvironment, and physiological functions of the human intestine using microfabrication technology. Compared with 2D cell culture and animal experiments, the intestinal microarray model can effectively simulate the human in vivo environment and is more specific in drug screening. The research progress and applications in disease modeling, drug absorption and transport of intestinal microarray models and intestine-related multi-organ coupled microarray models at home and abroad were reviewed in this paper. The current challenges of intestinal chip simulating intestinal homeostasis and diseases were summarized，in order to provide reference for the further establishment of a more reliable in vitro intestinal chip model.

Study on F9 gene expression downregulation and its clinical value in hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective: To analyze the expression levels of the F9 gene and F9 protein in hepatocellular carcinoma by combining multiple gene chip data, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT qPCR), and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, explore their correlation with the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as with various clinical indicators and prognosis. Methods: The mRNA microarray dataset from the GEO database was analyzed to identify the F9 gene with significant expression differences associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver cancer and adjacent tissues were collected from 18 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma. RT-qPCR method was used to detect the F9 gene expression level. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the F9 protein level. Combined with the TCGA database information, the correlation between F9 gene expression level and prognostic and clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. The biological function of F9 co-expressed genes associated with hepatocellular carcinoma was analyzed by the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Statistical analysis was performed using Graphpad Prism software. Results: Meta-analysis results showed that the expression of the F9 gene was lower in HCC tissues than in non-cancerous tissues. Immunohistochemistry results were basically consistent with those of RT-qPCR. The data obtained from TCGA showed that the F9 gene had lower expression values in stages III-IV, T3-T4, and patients with vascular invasion. A total of 127 genes were selected for bioinformatics analysis as co-expressed genes of F9, which were highly enriched in redox processes and metabolic pathways. Conclusion: This study validates that the F9 gene and F9 protein are lower in HCC. The down-regulation of the F9 gene predicts adverse outcomes, which may provide a new therapeutic target for HCC.

Research progress of microfluidic chips in age-related macular degeneration / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is the primary cause of severe visual impairment and blindness in people over 60 years old. With the aging of the global population, the incidence of the disease is also rising year by year. However, the pathogenesis and treatment strategy of ARMD need to be further explored. As a cutting-edge science and technology, microfluidic chips can build a comprehensive microsystem that simulates the condition and function of human tissues and organs, which has the advantages of less sample consumption and short analysis time. In recent years, many studies have confirmed that microfluidic chips can bring brand new technology solutions to the basic and clinical research of ARMD. This article will discuss and review the application progress of microfluidic chips in the areas of ARMD mechanism research, drug evaluation and clinical translation, providing a theoretical reference for further research on the diagnosis and treatment of ARMD.

SEMICONDUCTOR SHORTAGE AND INDIAN AUTOMOBILE SECTOR: EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

The semiconductor shortage has had a signi?cant impact on the automobile sector in India. Semiconductors are a vital component in the production of vehicles, and the shortage has resulted in production delays and reduced output for many automobile manufacturers in India. This research paper examines the impact of the current semiconductor shortage on the automotive industry. The research paper begins by exploring the causes of the shortage, including the global shift towards digitalization, the pandemic-induced surge in demand for technology products, and the limited production capacity of semiconductor manufacturers. The paper then examines the economic effects of the shortage, including reduced revenues, increased costs, and reduced supply. It further explores the strategies adopted by automotive manufacturers to mitigate the impact of the shortage, such as increasing production and increasing their investments in semiconductor manufacturers. Finally, the paper discusses the implications of the shortage and suggests effective solutions to address the crisis. A simulation is carried out to forecast the strength of manufacturing in India. The ?ndings of this research indicate that the current semiconductor shortage is having a signi?cant impact on the automotive industry, and that appropriate strategies should be adopted to address the crisis.

Differential expression of cyclic RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the differences in the expression profiles of cyclic RNA (circRNA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its clinical significance.Methods:Venous blood were collected from 4 patients with RA (group T) and 4 healthy subjects (group C). The expression profiles of circRNA in PBMCs of the two groups were detected by Arraystar circRNA microarray, and the differentially expressed circRNA was analyzed by clustering analysis. The binding sites for interaction between differentially expressed circRNA and miRNA were predicted, and functional analysis such as geneontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis was performed. quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to verify the expression of partially differentially expressed circRNA in the two groups of PBMCs, and a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network (ceRNA network) was constructed for the target circRNA with significantly differential expression. A receiver operating characteristic curve [receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC)] was established to analyze the potential diagnostic value of target circRNA. SPSS Statistics 23.0 and Graphpad Prism 8.0 were used to analyze the data, and the independent t test was used to analyze the difference between the two groups. Results:① Microarray results showed that, compared with group C, a total of 399 [fold of difference (FC)>1.5, and P<0.05] circRNA were abnormally expressed in PBMCs of group T; including 149 up-regulated and 250 down-regulated. ② Bioinformatics analysis: The prediction of the binding site of circRNA and miRNA suggested that the differentially expressed circRNA in RA might affect the inflammatory response by targeting miR-140-5p, miR-338-5p, and miR-9-5p. GO analysis showed that the differentially expressed circRNA was mainly involved in the intimal-binding organelles, protein metabolism and binding, etc. KEGG pathway analysis showed that most of the involved pathways were related to infection and human immune dysregulation. ③ The results of multi-sample RT-qPCR validation showed that the expression level of hsa_circRNA_009012 in group T was significantly higher than that in group C ( t=-4.417, P<0.01), the expression level of hsa_circRNA_101328 was significantly lower than that in group C ( t=-1.042, P<0.01), and the expression of hsa_circRNA_058230 had no significant change ( t=4.691, P>0.05). ④ ROC curve analysis indicated that hsa_circRNA_009012 had potential value in the diagnosis of RA [area under curve=0.96]. Conclusion:The expression of circRNA in PBMCs of patients with RA is imbalanced, and it may participate in the regulation of the development of RA. Among them, hsa_circRNA_009012 is expected to become a new biological marker for the diagnosis and treatment of RA.

Effect of Artificial Ageing Using Different Wood Chips on Physico-chemical, Sensory and Antimicrobial Properties of Apple Tea Wine

Abstract: Freshly prepared apple tea wine (a combination of tea extract and apple juice) is having yeasty and dull flavour, which needs to be improved to increase the acceptability of this product. Therefore, an attempt has been made for artificial ageing of apple tea wine using different wood chips to improve its physico-chemical, sensory and antimicrobial attributes. Different types of wood chips (Quercus spp., Bombax spp. and Acacia spp.) were added respectively (2.5 g/L to the freshly prepared apple tea wine) and allowed for ageing in carboys for the six months at the room temperature. The influence of each wood species on physico-chemical, sensory and antimicrobial attributes was tested upto 6 months of storage. Storage intervals significantly affected all the physico-chemical attributes (except total sugars, volatile acidity, and antioxidant activity), whereas, the addition of wood chips affected titratable acidity, ethanol, higher alcohols, total phenols, and amino acid. Cluster analysis of the physico-chemical attributes data revealed the same and showed that storage intervals exerted more effect on the physico-chemical and antimicrobial properties of the apple tea wine rather than the wood chips. The antimicrobial activity of 6 months aged wine was low as compared to the fresh wine. Among all the wood chips, apple tea wine aged with Quercus spp. possesses a significantly higher score (according to desirability) than the wine aged with other wood chips and control. In nutshell, apple tea wine matured with Quercus spp. wood chips for 6 months were the best with improved physico-chemical and sensory attributes.

Current applications of proteomics: a key and novel approach

Proteomics represented vital applications of technologies in the identification and quantification of high to moderate proteins (cellular signalling networks) found in biological matrix such as tissues, cells and fluids. Proteomics based technical knowledge is applied and verified in several preclinical research settings such as invention of diagnostic markers for specific disease and have shown to be increased in clinical applications. Extensive studies on proteomics resulted in detection of biomarkers that have been highly advanced in using diseases for cancer, lungs, cardiovascular, renal and neuro-regenerative and Parkinson's disease by introducing human origins for biocompatibility such as urine and serum. Advancement in the proteomic methods is conferring candidate right direction for clinical usage. In this review, recent developments and widely used proteomics approaches such as Mass Spectrometry (MS), Microarray chips are elaborately addressed and also focused merits and demerits of commonly used advanced approaches such as Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM), Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM) and Data Independent Acquisition (DIA) and other used proteomics and that roles, in order to aid clinicians, were also discussed in the light of biomedical applications.

Research progress in on-chip cryopreservation of living cells / 国际生物医学工程杂志

With the gradual integration of molecules, cells and micro tissues, organ models into microfluidic chips, the platform value of microfluidic chips is increasingly prominent in biomedical field. The development of cryopreservation of cell samples on chip is not only the essential condition for realizing this value, but a beneficial innovation for traditional cryopreservation of cell samples. In this paper, the cryopreservation techniques of cell samples on microfluidic chips were reviewed, including slow freezing of cell samples on chips and temperature control in this process, theoretical analysis and verification of vitrification of cell samples on chips. Furthermore, preservation of cell samples on chips at non-cryogenic temperature was introduced. Finally, the dynamics and problems in on-chip cryopreservation of cell samples were briefly analyzed to provide reference for relative researches.

The Research Progress of Microfluidic Organ-on-Chips / 医用生物力学

Microfluidic technology refers to the technique of precise fluid control by manipulating submillimeter-scale fluids. In recent years, the use of microfluidic technology has realized the construction of organ-on-chips. The organ-on-chip refers to a micro-model with physiological functions, and cultivating living cells in a continuously perfused micro-chamber to simulate the physiological functions of tissues and organs. As the physiological function of the organ-on-chip has many advantages such as definite function, controllable microenvironment, rich measurement information, low chemical consumption, low cost, promising automation and high throughput, it has a huge application prospect in the field of drug development to solve the bottleneck problems in cellular and animal experiments, which has caused a great concern in the academic community. Although the organ-on-chip is still a very young research field, some microfluidic organ-on-chips have been developed and their potential applications are explored, including drug target optimization, drug screening and toxicity tests, and biomarker identification. In this review, the progress made in microfluidic organ microchips and their potential significance in clinical research were analyzed.

Bioinformatics Screening of Key Genes and Candidate Therapeutic Drugs of Osteoarthritis / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To explore the key genes and potential therapeutic drugs for osteoarthritis (OA) by bioinformatics.Method: The microarray data GSE55235 was downloaded from the data platform of gene expression omnibus (GEO) and the differentially expressed genes were screened by R language software (3.5.0).Then,the differentially expressed genes were subjected to gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway analysis with David online database.The protein-protein interaction was analyzed by String 10.5 online database and visual editing was analyzed by Cytoscape v3.6.1 software.Subnetwork module analysis was utilized by MCODE plugin to screen the core genes in the process of OA.Finally,small molecule drugs with potential treatment for OA were analyzed by connectivity map (CMap) database.Result: A total of 556 differentially expressed genes were screened,among which 252 were up-regulated and 304 were down-regulated.These genes were mainly involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) organization,inflammatory response,cell adhesion,immune response,collagen binding,etc.The analysis of KEGG pathway showed that differential genes were mainly involved in ECM-receptor interaction,phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway and osteoclast differentiation.Some genes,such as interleukin-6(IL-6),JUN,vascular endothelial growth factor α(VEGFA),FOS,MYC and early growth response gene-1(EGR-1),activating transcription factor-3(ATF-3),playing critical role in the process of OA were identified by protein-protein interaction.Some potential small molecular drugs for the treatment of OA have also been screened,such as lycorine and anisomycin.Conclusion: The selected key genes may be targets for the diagnosis of OA or potential targets for the treatment of OA,and the selected small molecular drugs can be developed as the key drugs for the treatment of OA.

Application of PCR－reverse dot blot hybridization gene membrane chip technology in genetic testing of children with hereditary nonsyndrome deafness / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the application value of PCR－reverse dot blot hybridization (PCR－RDB) gene membrane chip technique in genetic diagnosis of hereditary non－syndrome deafness in children.Methods The blood samples(2 mL)were collected from 38 children with congenital deafness,excluding high－risk factors for deaf-ness at Dongguan Rehabilitation School,and then genomic DNA extracted.By using self－designed multiplex－PCR combined with PCR－RDB gene chip technology,20 hot－spot mutations of 4 pathogenic genes of common deafness in Chinese population were detected.Sanger sequencing was used as the gold standard to corroborate the positive samples. Results Among 38 subjects,deafness gene mutations were detected in 16 cases,with a detection rate of 42.11%,and they were all verified by family study.Among 16 cases,6 cases of GJB2 gene mutation(3 cases of homozygote,3 cases of heterozygous),4 cases of SLC26A4 mutation,2 cases of MTRNR (m.1555A＞G)mutation,4 cases of compound muta-tion,but none of GJB3 gene mutations.And their detection rates were 15.79%,10.53%,5.26%,10.53%,and 0,re-spectively.DNA samples from 16 children with deafness gene mutation were corroborated by Sanger sequencing,and the compliance rate was 100%.Conclusions For 20 hot－spot mutations of 4 common deafness pathogenic genes,the matc-hing PCR－RDB gene membroine chip technology was designed and the susceptible gene of congenital deafness children was detected.This technique has some advantages like high detection rate,fast,accurate and economical.It is an ideal method for gene screening on hereditary non－syndrome deafness children and has good clinical application prospects.

Micro RNA differential expression in primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma / 中国现代普通外科进展

Objective:To explore the miRNA (micro RNA)differential expression profile between primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma tissues and normal fat tissues,and to provide the evidence that miRNA were involved in the molecular pathways of primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma tissues' occurrence.Methods:Collecting retroperitoneal liposarcoma tissues and normal fat tissues from 4 patients after radical surgery of retroperitoneal lipsarcoma.Using microarray analysis.The tissues' miRNA hybridizated with human's LC Sciences microRNA Microarray-Single (miRBase 21.0) expression profile gene chips,and got the date.Analyzing the differential expressing of the siginal date by LOWESS.Results:Total 38 differential expressed miRNA were found (P＜0.05),including 23 over-expression and 15 low-expression miRNAs.10 of them(38 differential miRNAs) was significant deviation (P＜0.01),including 4 over-expression and 6 low-expression.Date analysis revealed that some miRNAs were associated some different tumors,Conclusion:The number of over-expression were more than the low-expression in primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma compared with the normol fat tissue,which indicate that the genes expression are less abundant in primary retroperitoneal li-posarcoma;some of the miRNAs might involved in the molecular pa-thways of primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma tissues' occurrence and recurrence,they might become the target point of the targetedtherapy of the primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma,some of the over-expressed miRNAs can become new biomarkers in the following diagnosis of the primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma.

Histological characteristics and identification of femur between horses and human / 中国法医学杂志

Objective To study the histomorphology structure of the femur in adult horses and adults, analyze the histological features and establish the method of identifying the species between humans and horses. Methods The 4 cm mid-diaphyseal segment of the right femur from adult human at autopsy was obtained. At the same time, the right femur of the horse was collected and the middle section was obtained about 4cm. After decalcification, a bone tissue section about 25 μm in thickness was obtained. Observe under an optical microscope, images under a microscope were input into a computer, and 25 indicators were selected for stepwise discriminant analysis. Results Significant differences between horses and human were observed on 13 indicators such as number of Haversian system and Haversian system diameter. Mathematical model for species identification was established based on these indicators. After a blind test,the discrimination reaches 99.6%. Conclusion Horse and human femur histological structure have obvious species characteristics and the established discriminant equation can effectively identify horses and human femur fragments.

Screening and Production of Manganese Peroxidase from Fusarium sp. on Residue Materials

In this study, we report the manganese peroxidase production ability from a Fusarium sp. strain using an inexpensive medium of agriculture residues of either rice straw or wood chips as carbon source. The highest manganese peroxidase activity on rice straw medium and on wood chips was 1.76 U/mL by day 9 and 1.91 U/mL by day 12, respectively.

Study on droplet microfluidic chips for drug screening against Candida albicans / 药学学报

A droplet microfluidic chip system was developed for drug screening against Candida albicans. The microfluidic chip was designed and prepared for the formation of droplets. Alamar blue was selected as an indicator for its characteristic of fluorescence mission in live cells. Four antifungal drugs (amphotericin B, caspofungin, 5-fluorocytosine, terbinafine) and a new drug (iodiconazole) were selected as model drugs to test the microfluidic chip approach. At the same time, 96-well microplate method was performed to verify the applicability of the chip method. The results showed that the developed droplet microfluidic chip platform was able to complete the antifungal susceptibility test within 2 h. In comparison with the 96-well microplate method, the microfluidic chip method showed a consistence of 100% with regard to the minimum inhibition concentrations and less reagent consumption. The new droplet microfluidic chip method is simple, rapid and suitable for rapid screening of antifungal drugs.

Advances of Particles/Cells Magnetic Manipulation in Microfluidic Chips / 分析化学

Magnetic manipulation of particles/cells in microfluidic chips is a promising research field.This paper stated the operation mechanism and the main means of manipulation, including separation, concentration, capture, arrangement and assembly.Especially, the concept of particles/cells separation was emphasized with different criteria, like sizes, shapes, and magnetic properties.In addition, the effects of the channel geometry, the intensity and distribution of the magnetic field, and the types of magnetic liquid (paramagnetic salt solutions and ferrofluids) on the performance of the magnetic manipulation were also compared.The prospective to the prospect of magnetic manipulation about particles/cells in microfluidic chip was also depicted.

Differential Expression of Plasma Protein Profile in Patients with Kidney-yin Deficiency Syndrome / 广州中医药大学学报

Objective To seek for the differentially-expressed proteins in patients with kidney-yin deficiency syndrome and to screen out the specific proteins,so as to provide evidence for the establishment of objective standard of kidney deficiency syndrome of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).Methods Five patients with typical kidney-yin deficiency syndrome and 6 normal healthy volunteers were enrolled into the study.Plasma proteins in both groups were detected by antibody chip,and then the plasma proteins profile was compared and analyzed.Results A total of 25 differentially-expressed proteins between kidney-yin deficiency group and normal control group were found,of which 2 were up-regulated and 23 were down-regulated.Conclusion The differentially-expressed proteins in patients with kidney-yin deficiency syndrome are mainly related to immune disorder,protein biosynthesis,metabolism,oxidative stress,cell apoptosis,signal transduction,and so on.

Study on temperature control of blood specimens in transportation / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To discuss the selection of conveyance and the temperature safeguards during the transport of blood specimens for centralized nucleic acid detection.Methods A total of five chips,which have been set every 10 minuets to record the temperature,have been placed in the Specimen box accordance with the appendix B ofblood transport requirements (WS/T 400-2012).Then,observe the temperature changes in case of ice been placed on both sides,sides and top,sides and bottom,sides and top,bottom of the specimen box respectively.Results In case of ice been placed on both sides of the specimen box,the temperatures were always higher than 10 ℃.In case of ice been placed on both sides and the top of the specimen box,the temperatures were all in range of 2-10 ℃ within 13 hours.In case of ice been placed on both sides and the bottom of the specimen box,only the temperatures of the top were always higher than 10℃.In case of ice been placed on both sides,top and bottom of the box,the temperatures of the bottom were always lower than 2 ℃.Conclusion In case of ice been placed on both sides and top of the box was the most appropriate temperature safeguards during the transport of blood specimens,while in the other cases,the temperatures were lower than 2 ℃,or higher than 10 ℃.

Protective effect of HSF1 on mice with LPS-induced acute lung injury and screening of relevant differentially-expressed genes / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To study the protective effect of heat shock factor1(HSF1) on the mice with lipopolysaccha-ride (LPS)-induced acute lung injury(ALI),and to screen the relevant differentially-expressed genes. METHODS:ALI mouse model was established by LPS intracheal instillation. The macroscopic and pathological changes of the lung tissue were observed,and the concentrations of total protein,TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6 and VEGF in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analyzed. Differentially-expressed genes in the lung tissues of HSF1 +/ +mice and HSF1 -/- mice with ALI induced by LPS were screened by gene chips. The key gene was verified by real-time qPCR. RESULTS:The macroscopic and pathological changes of the lung injury in HSF1 -/- +LPS mice were more serious than those in HSF1 +/ ++LPS mice.The concentrations of total protein,VEGF,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 in the BALF of HSF1 -/- +LPS mice were significantly higher than those of HSF1 +/ ++LPS mice(P<0.05). Compared with the HSF1 +/ +mice,a total of 918 differentially-ex-pressed genes were indentified in the HSF1 -/- mice, among which the expression levels of 65 genes had obvious diffe-rence,with 28 genes up-regulated,including Atg7,ccr1,cxcr2,Tbl1xr1,Mmp9,Pparg,Plcb2,Arrb2,Cntn1,Col4a6, etc, and 37 genes down-regulated,including Fgfr1,Fgfr2,Map4k4,Ddx58,Tfg,Stat3,Smad4,Lamc1,Sdc3,etc. The results of real-time qPCR showed that the mRNA level of CXCR2 in HSF1 -/- + LPS mice was significantly higher than that in HSF1 +/ ++ LPS mice,which was consistent with the results of gene chips. CONCLUSION:HSF1 has protective effect on the mice with LPS-induced ALI. CXCR2 may be involved in the protective effect of HSF1 on this process.

Proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma SP18 cells promoted by latent membrane protein 1 through TNF receptor-associated death domains / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM: To investigate the effects of TNF receptor-associated death domains (TRADD) of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) on the proliferation of nasopharyngeal cancer SP18 cells.METHODS: The SP18-LMP1 cells and SP18-LMP1TRADD cells, which expressed LMP1 and LMP1 TRADD proteins, respectively, were established.The proliferation of SP18 cells affected by LMP1TRADD was detected by cell counting to analyze the cell growth curve, and by colony formation assay, soft agar formation assay, and flow cytometry.Moreover, the expression profile of differential genes between SP18-LMP1 cells and SP18-LMP1TRADD cells was analyzed by gene chips.RESULTS: The cell growth curve, and the results of colony formation and soft agar formation displayed that the growth velocity and colony forming ability of SP18-LMP1 cells were stronger than those of SP18-LMP1TRADD cells (P<0.01).The results of flow cytometry analysis showed that the proliferation index of SP18-LMP1 cells was higher than that of SP18-LMP1TRADD cells (P<0.01).Sixty-three differentially expressed genes associated with cell proliferation were screened out, in which 33 genes were up-regulated and 30 were down-regulated in the SP18-LMP1TRADD cells.CONCLUSION: TRADD active region is an important functional site of LMP1 to promote the proliferation of SP18 cells.LMP1 may improve the cell proliferation index and induce the proliferation of SP18 cells through TRADD.