Changes in chloremia, secondary to hydric reanimation during the first 24 hours, increases hospital stay and complications in patients with acute pancreatitis / Cambios en la cloremia secundaria a la reanimación hídrica, en las primeras 24 horas, incrementa la estancia hospitalaria y las complicaciones en los pacientes con pancreatitis aguda

Abstract Acute pancreatitis (AP) requires first-line treatment with intensive fluid resuscitation. Hydroelectrolyte changes secondary to this management could be related to an increase in hospital stay, complications, and mortality. The objective of this study was to correlate the increase in serum chlorine (> 8mEq / L) during the first 24 hours (ISC) with a longer hospital stay, complications and mortality in patients with AP. A total of 110 patients with AP admitted to the emergency room were included. Fluid management and serum chlorine were recorded on admission and after 24 hours; duration of hospital stay, complications and mortality, were also registered. 37 patients had ISC (age 56.4 ± 18.4 years; 51% women), there were no differences in age, sex or type of fluid management with patients without ISC. In bivariate analysis, ISC was associated with severe AP (30% vs 12%, p = 0.02), higher APACHE II score at admission (8 [6-15] vs 6 [4-9] points, p = 0.006), and longer hospital stay (9 [7-12] vs 7 [5-10] days, p = 0.03). The overall mortality and complications rate were 16% and 25%, respectively, with no differences between the groups (24% vs. 12%, p = 0.1 and 35% vs. 19%, p = 0.06). After multivariate adjustment, independent predictors of hospital stay were ISC> 8 mEq / L (p = 0.01) and APACHE II scores at 24 hours (p = 0.02). We conclude that ISC is associated with a longer hospital stay in patients with AP from a second-level hospital care population.

Resumen La pancreatitis aguda (PA) requiere tratamiento de primera línea con reanimación hídrica intensiva. Los cambios hidroelectrolíticos secundarios a este manejo podrían relacionarse a un incremento en la estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones y mortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue correlacionar el incremento de cloro sérico (>8mEq/L) en las primeras 24hrs (ICS), con una mayor estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones y mortalidad en pacientes con PA. Se incluyeron 110 pacientes con PA ingresados a urgencias, se registró el manejo hídrico y cloro sérico al ingreso y 24 horas después, la estancia hospitalaria, complicaciones y mortalidad. 37 pacientes tuvieron ICS (edad 56,4 ± 18,4 años; 51% mujeres) no hubo diferencias en edad, sexo o tipo de manejo hídrico en pacientes sin ISC. En el análisis bivariado, el ICS se asoció a PA grave (30% vs 12%, p = 0,02), mayor puntuación APACHE II al ingreso (8 [6-15] vs 6 [4-9] puntos, p = 0,006) y estancia hospitalaria más prolongada (9 [7-12] frente a 7 [5-10] días, p = 0,03). La tasa global de mortalidad y complicaciones fueron del 16% y el 25%, respectivamente, sin diferencias entre grupos (24% vs 12%, p = 0,1 y 35% vs 19%, p = 0,06). Después del ajuste multivariado, los predictores independientes de la estancia hospitalaria fueron ICS> 8 mEq/L (p = 0,01) y las puntuaciones APACHE II a las 24 horas (p = 0,02). Concluimos que el ICS se asocia a mayor estancia hospitalaria en pacientes con PA de una población de segundo nivel de atención hospitalaria.

Potential of microalgae in the bioremediation of water with chloride content / Potencial de microalga na biorremediação da água com conteúdo de cloretos

Abstract In this work it was carried out the bioremediation of water containing chlorides with native microalgae (MCA) provided by the Centre for study and research in biotechnology (CIBIOT) at Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Microalgae presented an adaptation to the water and so the conditions evaluated reaching a production of CO2 in mg L-1 of 53.0, 26.6, 56.0, 16.0 and 30.0 and chloride removal efficiencies of 16.37, 26.03, 40.04, 25.96 and 20.25% for microalgae1, microalgae2, microalgae3, microalgae4 and microalgae5 respectively. Water bioremediation process was carried out with content of chlorides in fed batch system with an initial concentration of chlorides of 20585 mg L-1 every 2 days. The Manipulated variables were: the flow of MCA3 (10% inoculum) for test one; NPK flow for test two, and flow of flow of MCA3+0.5 g L-1 NPK. Chloride removal efficiencies were 66.88%, 63.41% and 66.98% for test one, two and three respectively, for a total bioprocess time of 55 days.

Resumo Neste trabalho avaliou-se a biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos utilizando microalgas nativas (MCA) fornecidas pelo Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Biotecnologia (CIBIOT) da Universidad Pontifícia Bolivariana. As microalgas empregadas apresentaram uma adaptação ao meio de cultura e as condições operacionais avaliadas atingindo uma produção de CO2 em mg L-1 de 53,0, 26,6, 56,0, 16,0 e 30,0 e eficiências de remoção de cloretos de 16,37, 26,03, 40,04, 25,96 e 20,25% para MCA1, MCA2, MCA3, MCA4 e MCA5 respectivamente. A biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos foi realizada em modo batelada alimentada (Feed Batch) com uma concentração inicial de cloretos de 20585 mg L-1. A alimentação foi realizada a cada 2 dias. A variável manipulada foi: ensaio um, uma vazão de MCA3 (10% de inoculo); ensaio dois, uma vazão de NPK e ensaio três, uma vazão de MCA3+0,5 g L-1 NPK. As eficiências de remoção foram 66,88%, 63,41% e 66,98% para os ensaios um, dois e três, respectivamente num tempo do bioprocesso total de 55 dias.

Simultaneous detection of five kinds of olefine chlorides in workplace air by solvent desorption-gas chromatography / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method for simultaneous detection of five kinds of olefine chlorides in workplace air by solvent desorption-gas chromatography. METHODS: The olefine chlorides in workplace air were collected using activated charcoal tubes,desorbed by carbon disulfide,separated on a HP-INNOWAX capillary column and detected with flame ionization detector. RESULTS: The linear range of the five kinds of chlorinated olefins( vinyl chloride,allyl chloride,chloroprene,trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene, cis-1, 2-dichloroethene) was wide and the linear correlation coefficient was greater than 0. 999 8. The detection limit and the minimum detectable concentrations were 0. 30-0. 80 mg/L and 0. 05-0. 13 mg/m~3,respectively( air sample volume 6. 0 L). The recovery rate was 95. 90%-102. 67%. The within-run and betweenrun relative standard deviations were 0. 00%-3. 74% and 0. 21%-6. 12%,respectively. The samples could be preserved at room temperature for at least 14 days. CONCLUSION: This method has simple operation,good linear range,high sensitivity and good reproducibility,which is suitable for detecting 5 kinds of olefine chlorides in workplace air.

Potential of microalgae in the bioremediation of water with chloride content

Abstract In this work it was carried out the bioremediation of water containing chlorides with native microalgae (MCA) provided by the Centre for study and research in biotechnology (CIBIOT) at Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Microalgae presented an adaptation to the water and so the conditions evaluated reaching a production of CO2 in mg L-1 of 53.0, 26.6, 56.0, 16.0 and 30.0 and chloride removal efficiencies of 16.37, 26.03, 40.04, 25.96 and 20.25% for microalgae1, microalgae2, microalgae3, microalgae4 and microalgae5 respectively. Water bioremediation process was carried out with content of chlorides in fed batch system with an initial concentration of chlorides of 20585 mg L-1 every 2 days. The Manipulated variables were: the flow of MCA3 (10% inoculum) for test one; NPK flow for test two, and flow of flow of MCA3+0.5 g L-1 NPK. Chloride removal efficiencies were 66.88%, 63.41% and 66.98% for test one, two and three respectively, for a total bioprocess time of 55 days.

Resumo Neste trabalho avaliou-se a biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos utilizando microalgas nativas (MCA) fornecidas pelo Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas em Biotecnologia (CIBIOT) da Universidad Pontifícia Bolivariana. As microalgas empregadas apresentaram uma adaptação ao meio de cultura e as condições operacionais avaliadas atingindo uma produção de CO2 em mg L-1 de 53,0, 26,6, 56,0, 16,0 e 30,0 e eficiências de remoção de cloretos de 16,37, 26,03, 40,04, 25,96 e 20,25% para MCA1, MCA2, MCA3, MCA4 e MCA5 respectivamente. A biorremediação da água com conteúdos de cloretos foi realizada em modo batelada alimentada (Feed Batch) com uma concentração inicial de cloretos de 20585 mg L-1. A alimentação foi realizada a cada 2 dias. A variável manipulada foi: ensaio um, uma vazão de MCA3 (10% de inoculo); ensaio dois, uma vazão de NPK e ensaio três, uma vazão de MCA3+0,5 g L-1 NPK. As eficiências de remoção foram 66,88%, 63,41% e 66,98% para os ensaios um, dois e três, respectivamente num tempo do bioprocesso total de 55 dias.

Biomarkers of Physiological Disturbances for Predicting Mortality in Decompressive Craniectomy / 대한신경손상학회지

OBJECTIVE: Of many critical care regimens, the management of physiological disturbances in serum is particularly drawing an attention in conjunction with patient outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the association of serum biochemical markers with mortality in head trauma patients with decompressive craniotomy. METHODS: Ninety six patients with acute subdural hematoma underwent decompressive craniectomy between January 2014 and December 2015. The clinical data and laboratory variables of these patients were recorded and analyzed retrospectively. The pre-operative and post-operative day (POD) 0, day 1 and day 2 serum variables were measured. These were compared between the survivors and non-survivors. RESULTS: The factors of a large amount of intra-operative blood loss, shorter length of intensive care unit stays, and the needs for mechanical ventilation were related with mortality in the patients with decompressive craniectomy. These clinical factors were associated with the physiological derangements of sera. The average difference in serum chloride concentration between the pre-operative and POD 2 measurements (p=0.0192) showed a statistical significance in distinguishing between survivors and non-survivors. The average differences in albumin (p=0.0011) and platelet count (p=0.0004) between the pre-operative and POD 0 measurements suggested to be strong predictors of mortality in decompressive craniectomy. CONCLUSION: Isolated values of physiological biomarkers are not sufficient enough to predict in-hospital mortality. This study emphasizes the importance of a combined prognostic model of the differences in the pre-operative and post-operative hyperchloremia, thrombocytopenia, and hypoalbuminemia to identify the risk of mortality in decompressive craniecomy.

Diferenca de ions fortes na urina como determinante importante das alteracoes na concentracao plasmatica de cloreto em pacientes no pos-operatorio / Urinary strong ion difference is a major determinant of plasma chloride concentration changes in postoperative patients

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar que alterações na concentração plasmática de cloreto ([Cl-]plasma) durante o período pós-operatório são amplamente dependentes da diferença de íons fortes urinária ([SID]urina=[Na+] urina+[K+] urina -[Cl-]urina) e não de diferenças na terapia hídrica. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas mensurações na admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva e 24 horas mais tarde em um total de 148 pacientes pós-operatórios. Os pacientes foram designados para um de três grupos segundo a alteração na concentração plasmática de cloreto após 24 horas: [Cl-]plasma aumentada (n=39), [Cl-]plasma diminuída (n=56) ou [Cl-]plasma inalterada (n=53). RESULTADOS: Quando da admissão, o grupo com [Cl-]plasma aumentada tinha [Cl-]plasma mais baixa (105±5 versus 109±4 e 106±3mmol/L; p<0,05), um ânion gap plasmático ([AG]plasma) mais alto e um íon gap forte mais alto. Após 24 horas, o grupo com [Cl-]plasma aumentada mostrou [Cl-]plasma mais alta (111±4 versus 104±4 e 107±3mmol/L; p<0,05) e nível plasmático mais baixo de [AG]plasma e íon gap forte. O volume e íon gap forte dos fluidos administrados foram similares entre os grupos, exceto que os [SID]urina eram mais altos (38±37 versus 18±22 e 23±18mmol/L; p<0,05) no grupo com [Cl-]plasma aumentada na avaliação após 24 horas. Uma análise de regressão linear múltipla demonstrou que a [Cl-]plasma na admissão e [SID]urina eram preditores independentes de variação na [Cl-]plasma 24 horas mais tarde. CONCLUSÕES: Alterações na [Cl-]plasma durante o primeiro dia pós-operatório foram amplamente relacionadas com [SID]urina e [Cl-]plasma na admissão, e não às características ...

OBJECTIVE: To show that alterations in the plasma chloride concentration ([Cl-]plasma) during the postoperative period are largely dependent on the urinary strong ion difference ([SID]urine=[Na+]urine+[K+]urine-[Cl-]urine) and not on differences in fluid therapy. METHODS: Measurements were performed at intensive care unit admission and 24 hours later in a total of 148 postoperative patients. Patients were assigned into one of three groups according to the change in [Cl-]plasma at the 24 hours time point: increased [Cl-]plasma (n=39), decreased [Cl-]plasma (n=56) or unchanged [Cl-]plasma (n=53). RESULTS: On admission, the increased [Cl-]plasma group had a lower [Cl-]plasma (105±5 versus 109±4 and 106±3mmol/L, p<0.05), a higher plasma anion gap concentration ([AG]plasma) and a higher strong ion gap concentration ([SIG]). After 24 hours, the increased [Cl-]plasma group showed a higher [Cl-]plasma (111±4 versus 104±4 and 107±3mmol/L, p<0.05) and lower [AG]plasma and [SIG]. The volume and [SID] of administered fluids were similar between groups except that the [SID]urine was higher (38±37 versus 18±22 and 23±18mmol/L, p<0.05) in the increased [Cl-]plasma group at the 24 hours time point. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that the [Cl-]plasma on admission and [SID]urine were independent predictors of the variation in [Cl-]plasma 24 hours later. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in [Cl-]plasma during the first postoperative day were largely related to [SID]urine and [Cl-]plasma on admission and not to the characteristics of the infused fluids. Therefore, decreasing [SID]urine could be a major mechanism for preventing the development of salineinduced hyperchloremia. .

Water arsenic, fluoride and chloride detection capability assessment of the drinking water monitoring Labs in Guangdong province / 中国地方病学杂志

Objective To assess the proficiency of water monitoring laboratory at rural, county, and provincial levels in Guangdong province, to ensure the province's drinking water monitoring results accurate and reliable. Methods State quality of certified reference materials as water arsenic, fluoride and chloride of 90 copies each were numbered and distributed to 90 monitoring laboratories in the province for testing, The measurement results of the participatory labs were evaluated through normative values and expanded uncertainty, and were compared with those of robust statistics method. Results All participatory labs had timely feedback of their measurement results. The qualified rate was higher when arsenic was tested by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry and zinc-new silver salt of sulfuric acid spectrophotometric system, while fluoride and chloride by ion chromatography. The average qualified rates of water arsenic, fluoride and chloride of the province's rural drinking water quality monitoring laboratory were 66% (59/90), 72% (65/90) and 72% (65/90), respectively.Seven participatory labs failed the proficiency testing of all three analytes and unqualified rate was 7.8% (7/90)among the ninety participated monitoring labs. The qualified rates of robust statistics method for arsenic fluoride and chloride were greater than those evaluated by the expanded uncertainty, and large deviations with small sample sizes. Conclusions The testing ability of drink-water monitoring labs in Guangdong province has improved.However, by comparison with the requirements of national quality control and testing skills, there is still a gap. It is suggested that internal quality control be included in routine inspeetion to improve laboratory testing technology.

Minor modifications of some standard clinical laboratory methods: I. Procedure for blood sugar; II. Procedure for blood chlorides

Data are presented to show that "true" sugar in the blood can be accurately determined by deproteinizing with Somogyis zinc sulphate reagent, and proceeding with the usual Folin-Wu method with the resulting filtrateBlood chloride determination in blood filtrates by direct titration with standard silver nitrate using potassium chromate as indicator is shorter but just as accurate as the time-honored practice of chloride precipitation by excess of standard silver nitrate and titrating the excess with thiocyanate using ferric alum as indicator. (Summary)

Effect of gadolinium chloride on suppressing acute rejection following liver allograft transplantation in the rats / 中华器官移植杂志

Objective To investigate the mechanism of gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) inhibiting Kupffer cells (KCs) to suppress acute rejection following liver allograft transplantation in the rats. Methods The rats were randomly divided into control group (A), liver transplantation with GdCl3 pretreatment group (B), and liver transplantation with normal saline pretreatment group (C). The survival rate, liver function, hepatic pathological histology, cytokine level in liver and bile, activity of NF-?B in KCs, and membraneous molecules on the KCs were observed. Results (1) The one-month survival rate in group B was significantly higher than that in group C (P

Effect of gadolinium chloride pretreatment on experimental hepatocarcinogenesis of H_(22) cells in mice / 第三军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the effect of gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) on the H22 experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Methods Totally 80 mice were inflicted to experimental hepatoma by implanting H22 cells to their liver lobes, and then equally and randomly divided into experimental hepatoma group (B) and GdCl3 pretreatment group (10 mg/kg, C). Another 40 mice served as normal control group (A). Ten mice from every group were killed respectively 7, 14, and 28 d after implantation. The left 10 mice were used for recording survival time and measuring the mass weight. Hepatic pathological histology was observed, and the expression of TNF-? was detected by ELISA and RT-PCR. Results ①Survival time was obviously higher in group B than in group C (P

Establishment and evaluation of the cadmium-induced mouse model of chronic renal failure / 第三军医大学学报

Young Kunming mice were fed with the food containing mercuric chloride, lithium carbonate, lead acetate or cadmium chloride for 45 days. It was found that these 4 salts of metals could all result in different degrees of functional and structural damages of the kidneys of the mice. In the mercuric chloride and lead acetate groups. the liver and the duodenum were also severely damaged besides the renal damages and the mice suffered a high mortality during the period of taking the toxicants. In the lithium carbonate group, the mortality was also very high but the histological damages of the kidneys were less severe. In the cadmium chloride group, the renal damages were more severe than in the other 3 groups, the mortality of the mice was relatively low, the histology of the heart, the liver and the duodenum was essentially normal, and the renal damages became worse even the toxicant was stopped. It is concluded that cadmium chloride is the agent of choice to establish the mouse model of chronic renal failure.

The effect of chloride on cultured rat ventricular myocytes during anoxia reoxygenation injury / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effects of chloride on the injury of the ventricular myocytes from anoxia-reoxygenation. Methods Under the conditions of anoxia-reoxygenation injury, primary cultured rat ventricular myocytes were treated with 4-acetanide- 4′-isothiocya- natostilbene -2,2′-disulfonic acid (SITS),4,4′,-dii sothiocya-nostilbene-2,2′-disulfonicacid (DIDS) or replaced Cl~- with equimolar gluconate, respectively. Then the cell viability and the contents of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the media were measured. Results The release of LDH and MDA was significantly increased in the anoxia-reoxygenation group, while the cell viability and the activity of SOD, GSH-Px decreased significantly compared with those in the control group. In both Cl~--free+ A-R group and SITS+A-R group, LDH and MDA release was noticeably lower than those of the A-R group, while the cell viability and the activity of SOD, GSH-Px significantly increased compared with those in the anoxia-reoxygenation group. But the cell viability and the contents of LDH, MDA, SOD and GSH-Px in the DIDS+A-R group had no significant change compared with those in the anoxia-reoxygenation group.Conclusion Cl~- plays an important role in anoxia reoxygenation injury. SITS provides effective protection to the cardiac myocyte subjected to anoxia reoxygenation injury, while DIDS cannot provide such protection.

Effects of barium chloride on the immune functions in mice / 第三军医大学学报

The effects of barium chloride(BaCl2)on several items of the immune functions of mice were observed.After the mice had drunk water containing 10 mg/L and 100 mg/L of BaCl2 for one month,evident histological changes of their liver were observed but no remarkable changes were found in the spleen,the lymph nodes,the thymus,the bone marrow and the peripheral leucocytes.In the 100 mg/L group,the transformation rate of the ConA-stimulated lymphocytes of the spleen was significantly lower than that of the control(P