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Precise classification of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies is vital for the treatment and prognostication. Identification of noninvasive markers can be of importance to guide treatment decisions and in monitoring treatment response. CNS tumors are classified based on morphology with an essential complement of molecular changes, including mutations, amplifications, and methylation. Neuroimaging is the mainstay for initial diagnosis and monitoring tumor response with obvious limitations of imprecise tumor typing and no information on diagnostic, predictive and prognostic markers. Liquid biopsy has evolved as a diagnostic tool in body fluids and is being investigated as a surrogate for tissue biopsy in managing primary and metastatic brain tumors. Liquid biopsy refers to analyzing biological fluids such as peripheral blood, urine, pleural effusion, ascites, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); however, peripheral blood remains the primary source of fluid biopsy. The analytes include cell-free DNA (cfDNA) circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating micro RNAs (miRNAs), circulating proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Analysis of these components is actively used for early cancer detection, auxiliary staging, prognosis assessment, detection of minimal residual disease (MRD), and monitoring drug resistance in various solid tumors. In recent years, liquid biopsy has been studied in CNS tumors, and analysis of CTCs and cfDNA have become relevant research topics. In the current review, we have explained the clinical potential of liquid biopsy in CNS tumors to assist in diagnosing and predicting prognosis and response to treatment.
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Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, still affects millions of people worldwide. Despite recent advances in the understanding of biological mechanisms of viral replication, there are relevant gaps regarding the virus-host relationship. Unraveling these complexities may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies and the establishment of new biomarkers useful for the diagnosis and prognosis of infection and its comorbidities. Therefore, in this study we discuss the main biological characteristics of microRNAs and the potential use of these nucleic acids in their free circulating form as indicators of risk or protection against HIV infection. Methods: A narrative review of the literature was carried out in the following databases through keyword and/or health descriptor searches: i) Google Scholar; ii) CAPES periodicals portal; iii) United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and iv) Elsevier's Science Direct library. The keywords "microRNA; HIV infection; circulating microRNA; biomarkers" were used to search the databases as mentioned above.Results: Circulating microRNAs (ci-miRNA) are closely related to numerous processes in the HIV infection pathophysiology. They are involved in viral latency, increased viremia, hepatic injury, heart dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, immune response impairment, and participate in Kaposi's sarcoma pathology. Additionally, these molecules may indicate protection in elite controllers, reduce viral replication and load, and be useful markers of the infection's eclipse phase. Conclusion: Ci-miRNA levels are altered levels in individuals with HIV, playing a dual role in infection. Advances in research have shown that ci-miRNAs could differentiate stages of HIV infection and diseases associated with a viral infection and serve as biomarkers for antiretroviral therapy's effectiveness through changes in their expression. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , HIV Infections/diagnosis , MicroRNAs , Virus Replication/immunology , BiomarkersABSTRACT
Objective To explore the mechanism of plasma circulating miRNA-126 and miRNA-28-3p in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients,and to identify the related bioinformatics analysis.Methods Randomly selected 80 DM patients as the observation group and 80 non-DM patients as the control group.The plasma circulating miRNA-126 and miRNA-28-3p were analyzed by qRT-PCR,and its target genes,biological information,related lncRNA and circRNA were predicted.Results The circulating miRNA-126(0.115 0±0.014 4 vs.0.0019±0.000 6) and miRNA-28-3p(0.1386±0.01724 vs.0.000 6±0.000 05) levels in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group,and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.01).Pearson correlation coefficient of miRNA-126 and miRNA-28-3p was 0.433 5(P<0.01).ROC curve analysis of miRNA-126 and miRNA-28-3p showed that the differences of the area under curve were statistically significant between the two groups (P<0.01).Bioinformatics prediction showed that miRNA-126 and miRNA-28-3p may be involved in regulation of the insulin signaling pathway,insulin receptor signaling pathway,insulin/insulin growth factor signaling pathway,mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and angiogenesis.And it may be associated with a variety of lncRNA and circRNA.Conclusion Circulating miRNA-126 and miRNA-28-3p can be a novel biomarker of DM as it may participate in the mechanism of DM by regulating insulin and insulin growth factor related signaling pathways and be associated with some related lncRNA and circRNA.
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Background & objectives: Insidious symptomatology, late clinical presentation and poor prognosis of oesophageal cancer (EC) highlight the pressing need for novel non-invasive biomarkers for early tumour diagnosis and better prognosis. The present study was carried out to evaluate the clinical significance of circulating and tissue miR-144 expression in oesophageal cancer. Methods: Clinical significance of miR-144 expression was evaluated in preneoplastic (12) and neoplastic (35) oesophageal cancer tissues as well as matched distant non-malignant tissues using real-time PCR (qPCR). Circulating levels of miR-144 were also analyzed in serum samples of EC patients as well as normal individuals to determine the diagnostic potential of miR-144. Further, targets of miR-144 were predicted using bioinformatic tools and their gene ontology (GO) terms were assigned. Results: Real-time PCR analysis revealed significant upregulation of miR-144 in 29 of 35 (83%) EC tissues as compared to matched distant non-malignant tissues (P=0.010). All the dysplastic tissues showed upregulation of miR-144 as compared to their matched distant non-malignant tissues. Relative levels of circulating miR-144 in serum significantly distinguished EC patients from normal controls (P=0.015; AUC = 0.731) with high sensitivity of 94.7 per cent. Bioinformatically predicted target, PUR-aplha (PURA) was found to be significantly (P=0.018) downregulated in 81 per cent (26/32) EC patients and its expression was found to be significantly and negatively correlated with miR-144 expression at mRNA level. Interpretation & conclusions: Our findings showed significant upregulation of miR-144 in serum samples of EC patients indicating its potential as minimally invasive marker. Further studies need to be done to understand the role of miR-144 in the pathogenesis of EC.
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Objective To investigate the expression of circulating microRNA (miRNA) of rats with hypobaric hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) .Methods Commercial rat miRNA microarray was employed to detect and analyze the circulating miRNA profile in the serum samples of Sprague‐Dawley rats with hypobaric hypoxia‐induced HPH and controls .Furthermore ,differentially expressed candidate circulating miRNAs between HPH and control groups were validated by Real‐time quantitative PCR based on the case‐control study ,and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC ) analysis was used to test the performance of four differentially expressed circulating miRNAs in discriminating HPH and control groups .Results Compared with those in the control group ,13 upregulated miRNAs and 10 downregulated miRNAs were identified in hypobaric hypoxia‐induced HPH rats by using miRNA microarray . And differentially expressed miR‐451 , miR‐505 , let‐7d and miR‐214 were validated by using RT‐PCR .ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve of miR‐451 ,miR‐505 and let‐7d was 0 .979 ,0 .938 and 0 .993 in discriminating HPH and control groups ,respectively .Conclusion The aberrant expression of circulating miR‐451 ,miR‐505 and let‐7d in serum may be correlated with the pathogenesis of HPH .