Application of classic Chinese medicine theory in acupuncture CBL teaching rounds / 中国针灸

Teaching rounds is an important part of clinical teaching. It bright the theory guide to clinical practice. The classical Chinese medicine theory plays an essential role in teaching and clinical practice. During the CBL (case-based learning) teaching rounds of acupuncture and moxibustion, by selecting typical cases, in combination with directional problem settings, the classical Chinese medicine theory is run through the whole process to motivate students' initiative, improve teaching quality and promote inheritance and development of TCM.

Effects of homeopathic medicine on physical properties of matter - a classical and QED perspective

Homeopathic medicines affect physical properties of matter which depend on the characteristic and the potency of the medicine1. These effects can be explained from two aspects: (a) classical and (b) quantum electrodynamical. Using three different sets of experiments where homeopathic medicines have affected the physical properties of matter, we have shown how the results can be interpreted from both these points of view. (AU)

Escala Multidimensional de trastornos afectivos-EMTA: análisis desde la teoría clásica de los test y la teoría de respuesta al ítem / Multidimensional scale for affective disorders-Msad: analysis from the classic tests theory and the item response theory

La presente investigación responde a una de las fases del proceso de diseño y estandarización de la Escala Multidimensional de Trastornos Afectivos (EMTA), cuyo propósito fue su análisis desde la Teoría Clásica de los Test (TCT) y la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI) a partir de una muestra de 384 estudiantes vinculados a tres instituciones de educación superior de Barranquilla, cuyas edades oscilaron entre los 17 y los 26 años de edad. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de la administración de tres instrumentos: la Escala Multidimensional de Trastornos Afectivos, el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (a= .791) y la Escala Autoaplicada de Altman (a= .566). Se reportaron resultados ajustados a los parámetros de ambos modelos. En el análisis desde la TCT, se evidenciaron índices alfa de Cronbach significativos para ambas subescalas (a = .942 para la Subescala de Depresión y a = .864 para la Subescala de Manía), una alta consistencia interna con correlaciones ítem escala superiores a .3 para todos los ítems. Desde la TRI, se reportó una fiabilidad en el caso de la Depresión de .88 (personas) y .99 (ítems), mientras que en lo referente a Manía, los índices fueron de .84 (personas) y .87 (ítems). A lo largo de los resultados se conservó un ajuste monotónico creciente, con lo cual se corrobora el cumplimiento del principio de la invarianza en la medición del rasgo latente.

This research responds to one phase of the process for the design and standarization of the MSAD Multidimentional Scale of Affective Disorders -EMTA in Spanish-, whose purpose was to analyze MSAD, from the Classical Test Theory (CTT) and the Item Response Theory (TRI), from a sample of 384 students enrolled to three universities in Barranquilla, aged between 17 and 26 years. This is considered an instrumental study, due to its purpose. The data were collected through he administration of three instruments: Scale Multidimensional Affective Disorder, The Beck Depression Inventory (a= .791) and the self-administered Altman Scale (a= .566). Finally, results were reported as adjusted to the parameters of both models. Analysis from the TCT showed high Cronbach alpha indexes for both subscales (a= .942 for the Depression Subscale and a= .864 for the Subscale Mania), as well as high internal item-scale correlations above .3 for all items. Since the TRI, reliability in the case of Depression .88 (individuals) and .99 (items) were reported, while rates regarding Mania were .84 (persons) and .87 (items). Results retained an increasing monotonic configuration; thus the principle of invariance in measuring the latent trait is corroborated.

Coeficientes de confiabilidad de instrumentos escritos en el marco de la teoría clásica de los tests / Reliability coefficient of written tools in the frame of the classical theory of tests

Evaluar la confiabilidad en el marco de la teoría clásica de los tests y precisar las condiciones bajo las cuales el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach constituye la mejor alternativa. El coeficiente alfa de Cronbach es el recurso numérico más utilizado para evaluar la confiabilidad de instrumentos escritos. Como prueba de esto, baste decir que desde su publicación en 1951 hasta la fecha, ha sido citado más de 5 590 veces. Sin embargo, se ha comprobado que en no pocas situaciones este coeficiente no es la mejor alternativa para evaluar la confiabilidad. Se discutieron varias alternativas para la evaluación de la confiabilidad y se precisaron las condiciones bajo las cuales el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach constituye la mejor alternativa. La teoría clásica de los tests constituye un modelo apropiado para desarrollar el concepto de confiabilidad y las diferentes fórmulas de cálculo de mayor utilidad en las aplicaciones, el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach es el indicador más utilizado para cuantificar la consistencia interna de los tests y es necesario tener en cuenta los supuestos que sustentan la correcta aplicación del coeficiente alfa para hacer una interpretación adecuada de su valor numérico.

To assess reliability in the frame of the classical theory of tests and to exactly specify the conditions under which Cronbach's alpha coefficient is the best option. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is the most used numerical resort to evaluate the reliability of written tools. As a proof, it is enough to say that from its publication in 1951 up to now, it has been cited more than 5 590 times. However, it has been proved that this coefficient is not always the best option to assess reliability. Various alternatives were discussed for the assessment of reliability, and the conditions under which Cronbach's alfa coefficient is the best choice were determined. The classical theory of tests is an appropriate model to develop the concept of reliability and the calculation formulae more useful for the applications. This coefficient is the most used indicator to quantify the internal consistency of tests, and it is necessary to bear in mind the suppositions that support the correct application of alpha coefficient to make a proper interpretation of its numerical value.

An exposition of yingfen with connection of cold pathogenic diseases and exogenous epidemic febrile disease (Part 2): logical integration / 中华中医药杂志

In view of the contradictory phenomenon between yingfen dominating the interior when suffering exogenous epidemic febrile disease and ying disease dominating the exterior in cold pathogenic diseases,attemping to get the logical demonstration that cold pathogenic diseases and exogenous epidemic febrile diseases can be integrated by yingfen diseases,the authors made a systematic classification and comparison on basis of the collection of related diagnosis and treatment in respective yingfen diseases of cold pathogenic diseases and exogenous epidemic febrile disease. It was of vital importance to connecting cold pathogenic diseases with exogenous epidemic febrile diseases in classification of diagnosis and treatment in wei,qi,ying,blood system.

The Trace of the Source of Medical Ethics / 中国医学伦理学

The germination of medical ethics could date back to as early as the 15th century BC or even earlier.This subject successively takes on three theoretical forms possessing diverse peculiarities.The first stage could be called Classical Theory of Medical Morality,or Pre-Medical Ethics,with evident character of virtue ethics and deontology.The second stage is the traditional medical ethics.As a relatively mature theoretical system,it takes on the characteristics of meticulous,standardization,specialization,humanity and legislation.The third stage might be called the international medical ethics,whose prominent trait is the birth,progress and grandness of Modern Bioethics.