Demographic profile and clinical characteristics of patients presenting with acute ocular burns

Purpose: To study and compare the demographic and clinical profile of acute ocular burns (AOB) in children and adults. Methods: This retrospective case series included 271 children (338 eyes) and 1300 adults (1809 eyes) who presented to two tertiary eye care centers within one month of sustaining AOB. Data regarding demographics, causative agents, severity of injury, visual acuity (VA), and treatment were collected and analyzed. Results: Males were more commonly affected particularly among adults (81% versus 64%, P < 0.00001). Among children, 79% sustained domestic injuries, whereas 59% of adults had work?place injuries (P < 0.0001). Most cases were due to alkali (38%) and acids (22%). Edible lime (chuna, 32%), superglue (14%), and firecrackers (12%) in children, and chuna (7%), insecticides, lye, superglue (6% each), toilet cleaner (4%) and battery acid (3%) in adults, were the main causative agents. The percentage of cases with Dua grade IV?VI was greater in children (16% versus 9%; P = 0.0001). Amniotic membrane grafting and/or tarsorrhaphy were needed in 36% and 14% of affected eyes in children and adults, respectively (P < 0.00001). The median presenting VA was logMAR 0.5 in children and logMAR 0.3 in adults (P = 0.0001), which improved significantly with treatment in both groups (P < 0.0001), but the final VA in eyes with Dua grade IV?VI burns was poorer in children (logMAR 1.3 versus logMAR 0.8, P = 0.04). Conclusion: The findings clearly delineate the at?risk groups, causative agents, clinical severity, and treatment outcomes of AOB. Increased awareness and data?driven targeted preventive strategies are needed to reduce the avoidable ocular morbidity in AOB

Opciones de Producción Más Limpia en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas

Introducción: la sostenibilidad ambiental es una de las metas del milenio establecidas por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas. La minimización de residuos, la producción más limpia, la ecoeficiencia y la prevención de la contaminación contribuyen a su cumplimiento. En el sector de la salud, la Producción Más Limpia se enfoca en la prevención de la contaminación, y en la eliminación de desechos peligrosos, infecciosos y químicos y de emisiones o vertimientos dentro de la institución; se fundamenta en buenas prácticas durante la prestación de servicios, en la sustitución de insumos con características peligrosas, en cambios en los procedimientos y en mejoramiento tecnológico. Objetivo: proponer opciones de Producción Más Limpia en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: se desarrolló una investigación de tipo cualitativa, descriptiva y documental. La búsqueda se realizó en la base de datos SciELO y en Google Académico, en el período 2016-2020. Resultados: se identificaron cinco opciones de Producción Más Limpia con resultados satisfactorios que contribuyen a la sostenibilidad ambiental de la Universidad. Conclusiones: la introducción de nuevas tecnologías, la sustitución de sustancias contaminantes, el desarrollo energético y la separación correcta de los residuos, son opciones de Producción Más Limpia que favorecen el desarrollo sostenible.

Introduction: environmental sustainability is one of the millennium goals set by the United Nations General Assembly. Waste minimization, cleaner production, eco-efficiency and pollution prevention contribute to its compliance. In the health sector, Cleaner Production focuses on the prevention of pollution, the disposal of hazardous, infectious and chemical wastes and emissions or discharges within the institution; it is based on good practices during the provision of services, on the replacement of inputs with hazardous characteristics, on changes in procedures and on technological improvement. Objective: to propose Cleaner Production options at Matanzas University of Medical Sciences. Materials and methods: a qualitative, descriptive and documentary research was developed. The search was carried out in the SciELO database and in Google Scholar, in the period 2016-2020. Results: five Cleaner Production options were identified with satisfactory results that contribute to the environmental sustainability of the University. Conclusions: the introduction of new technologies, the replacement of pollutants, energy development and the correct separation of waste are Cleaner Production options that favor sustainable development.

Use of red mud activated at different temperatures as a low cost adsorbent of reactive dye / Uso de lama vermelha ativada em diferentes temperaturas como um adsorvente de baixo custo de corante reativo

ABSTRACT Red mud, a waste product generated during alumina extraction from bauxite, could be used as a low-cost adsorbent. Here, the effect of thermal treatment on the adsorption of Reactive Blue 19 (RB19) dye by red mud was compared with the adsorption capacity of untreated red mud. Thermal treatment of red mud at 500°C results in an increase in adsorption capacity from 357 mg g-1 (untreated red mud) to 416 mg g-1, under acidic conditions. Red mud samples thermally treated at 600°C and 800°C show a reduction in adsorption capacity, however, falling to 337 mg g-1, in acid medium. The change in the maximum adsorption capacity of red mud to RB19 following thermal treatment is associated with specific surface area. Red mud subjected to 500°C can be used for the treatment of water and wastewaters with a higher efficiency than untreated red mud, thus finding possible application in the textile industry.

RESUMO O resíduo de refino de bauxita (lama vermelha) é um resíduo importante gerado na produção de alumínio, podendo ser utilizado como adsorvente de baixo custo. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a influência do tratamento térmico na adsorção do corante azul reativo (RB19) por lama vermelha, comparando com a capacidade de adsorção de lama vermelha não tratada termicamente. O tratamento térmico da lama vermelha até 500°C resultou em aumento da capacidade de adsorção, variando seu valor de 357 mg g-1 (lama vermelha não tratada) a 416 mg g-1, em condições ácidas. No entanto, amostras de lama vermelha tratadas termicamente a 600 e 800°C mostraram uma redução na capacidade de adsorção, chegando a 337 mg g-1 em meio ácido. A mudança na capacidade máxima de adsorção de RB 19 na lama vermelha tratada termicamente está associada a valores de área superficial específica. Assim, é possível concluir que a lama vermelha tratada termicamente em 500°C pode ser utilizada para o tratamento de água e águas residuárias com maior eficiência do que a lama vermelha natural nas indústrias têxteis, contribuindo para novos insights sobre possíveis aplicações na indústria têxtil.

Clinical application and prospects of zirconia bonding agent / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Zirconia ceramic was considered as one of the optimal materials in prosthodontics and widely used in daily clinical treatment for its features, such as aesthetic properties, biocompatibility and corrosion resistance. Ideal bond strength and durability are necessary for the restoration to achieve satisfied clinical performance. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review zirconia and common zirconia bonding agents, the physical and chemical properties of zirconia ceramics, the clinical operating process standard, the common zirconia bonding agents and their bonding performance. METHODS: We searched the articles from March 2005 to March 2020 in PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang databases with the key words of “zirconia; surface treatment; universal adhesive; self-adhesive resin cement; bonding strength” in Chinese and English. After screening according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final 36 included articles were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Zirconia has excellent physical and chemical properties with hydrophobic surface, so it is difficult to form a proper bonding surface with the substrate. At present, the combination of physical sand blasting and chemical reaction is the most common treatment. The sand blasting can effectively increase the reaction area. In the aspect of chemical bonding, the bond strength of the self-adhesive resin cement can be significantly improved by both the universal adhesive and zirconia primer after 24 hours of water storage; however, the durability of universal adhesive is better than that of zirconia primer. As common sense, 37% phosphoric acid is daily used on tooth surface before bonding procedure, which can prohibit chemical reaction to zirconia. Sand blasting was considered as one of the most practical way to physically increase the surface for 10-MDP contained primers or universal adhesives chemically reacted with zirconia.

Análisis de la utilización de estrategias de producción más limpia y adaptación de un sistema de indicadores de manejo ambiental en las empresas del clúster textil confecciones del Tolima / Analysis of the use of cleaner production strategies and adaptation of an environmental management indicators system in the enterprises of the textile dressmaking cluster of Tolima

La investigación tuvo como objetivo principal analizar la utilización de estrategias de producción más limpia así como realizar una adaptación de un sistema de indicadores ambientales en las empresas del Clúster Textil Confecciones del Tolima Colombia. La metodología utilizada fue de tipo descriptivo cuantitativo, la población total de objeto de estudio fue de 135 empresas más cuatro que se dedican a la tintorería y estampado y, después del análisis estadístico, se trabajó con una muestra de 91 empresas, en el procedimiento se realizaron encuestas para conocer cómo se ha abordado la producción más limpia en cada empresa y se adaptó un sistema de indicadores a través de una escala de valoración que permitiera a través de redegramas conocer el estado de la empresa frente al conocimiento de la producción más limpia, manejo de residuos sólidos, manejo de recurso agua, manejo del aire y nivel de integración del sistema. Como principales conclusiones se tuvo que se desconoce por parte de las empresas que hicieron parte del estudio, los conceptos y la importancia de la producción limpia en sus lugares de trabajo y por otro lado el porcentaje de utilización de agua es muy baja en los procesos industriales encontrados dentro de las empresas analizadas.

The main objective of the research was to analyze the use of cleaner production strategies as well as the adaptation of an environmental management indicators system in enterprises of the Textile Dressmaking Cluster of Tolima, Colombia. The methodology used was quantitative descriptive and the total target population was 135 enterprises plus four businesses engaged in dry cleaning and printing and, after the statistical analysis, a sample of 91 companies was worked with. In the process, surveys were conducted to know how the cleaner production has been addressed in each company and a system of indicators was adapted through a rating scale that allowed, through a network type pictogram, knowing the status of the company against the knowledge of cleaner production, solid waste management, management of water resources, air management and level of the integration system. The main conclusions were that the concepts and the importance of clean production in their workplaces are unknown by the companies that were part of the study, and, on the other hand, the percentage of water use is very low in industrial processes found within the companies analyzed.

Concealed investigation on status and countermeasures of hand hygiene of health care workers in a tertiary comprehensive teaching hospital / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To understand the status of hand hygiene(HH)of health care workers(HCWs)in a tertiary hospital in Zhuhai.Methods HH compliance of doctors,nurses,and cleaners randomly selected from 15 clinical de-partments in the whole hospital was observed through concealed observation by medical interns in October-Novem-ber 2016.Results HH compliance rate and correct rate of clinical departments in the whole hospital were 33.44%(1 131/3 382)and 59.86%(677/1 131)respectively,there was a significant difference in the compliance rate of HH among different types of HCWs (χ2 ＝12.610,P＝0.002),HH compliance rate from high to low was nurses (35.85%),cleaners (32.28%),and doctors (29.50%).Of five HH moments,HCWs’HH compliance rate after patient’s body fluid exposure was the highest (69.74%),while after touching patient surroundings was the worst (25.03%).HH compliance rates of HCWs with different occupations at different HH moments were all significant-ly different (all P＜0.05),HH compliance rates of doctors before aseptic procedure and after patient’s body fluid exposure were higher than nurses(71.25% vs 32.44%;82.86% vs 69.78%,respectively),HH compliance rate of nurses was highest after touching a patient(40.06%).Conclusion HH status in this hospital is not optimistic,HH compliance rate and correct rate are low,HH compliance rates of HCWs with different occupations and at different HH moments are both different,which need to be improved.

Effect observation of a kind of assistant cleaner for oral care in clinical application / 中国医学装备

Objective: To explore the clinical effect of a kind of assistant cleaner for oral care of severe patients who couldn't eat through mouth. Methods: 80 patients who couldn't eat through mouth were divided into observation group (n=40 cases) and control group (n=40 cases). The oral cavity of patients of observation group were cleaned by using self-made assistant cleaner before oral care, and then cotton ball with physiological saline (NS) were used to scrub their oral cavity. While the patients of control group were directly scrubbed by using cotton ball with NS. The operation time and oral clean situation of the two groups were observed and recorded. Results: The preparing time before oral care of observation group was significantly longer than that of control group (t=4.282, P<0.05), while the operation time of oral care and total time of observation group was significantly shorter than that of control group (t=31.3, P<0.05). The method of observation group could more effectively clean oral peculiar smell, eliminate massive furred tongue and reduce residual sputum scab than that of control group. And it could significantly reduced complication of oral cavity than that of control group (t=32.111, P<0.05). Conclusion: The application of assistant cleaner before oral care not only can effectively improve oral hygiene condition for severe patients, but also can shorten the time of oral care of nurses for these patients and reduce the operation time of stoop. Therefore, it is a new method with advantage of saving time and saving labour.

Estudio sobre la lixiviación de cadmio, cromo y plomo de un limpiador lingual en saliva artificial / Study on the leaching of cadmium, chromium and lead from a tongue cleaner onto artificial saliva

Objetivos: Determinar la presencia y concentración de los metales plomo, cadmio y cromo migrados desde el limpiador lingual "Alitest" en saliva artificial, y estimar la exposición oral a estas sustancias. Material y métodos: Diseño pre-experimental y analítico, para cuantificar las sustancias que son liberadas desde el limpiador lingual al contacto con saliva artificial. Los metales fueron analizados por AAS. Se estimaron los valores de exposición por ingesta oral que fueron comparados con valores de ingesta diaria tolerable para cada grupo etario. Resultados: Se cuantificó la migración de cadmio y cromo en concentraciones promedio de 0.008mg/L y 0.437 mg/L, respectivamente. La concentración de plomo estuvo por debajo de los niveles detectables utilizando el método. A partir de estos valores se estimó la ingesta oral para cada grupo etario y se comparó con el valor provisional de ingesta mensual tolerable (PTMI) o Dosis de Referencia (RfD). Conclusiones: Las sustancias se cuantificaron en concentraciones normales, que no excedieron los valores máximos recomendados.

Objectives: To determine the concentration of heavy metals cadmium and chromium leached from the tongue cleaner "Alitest" into artificial saliva and to assess oral exposure of these substances. Material and methods: Analytical pre-experimental design, to determine the amount of those substances released from the tongue cleaner onto artificial saliva and to quantified them by AAS. Assessment of exposure from oral intake values and comparison with the Provisional Tolerable Monthly Intake (PTMI) or Reference Dose (RfD) values. Results: Cadmium and chromium leachated into artificial saliva were quantified in concentrations of 0.008mg/L and 0.437 mg/L, respectively. Lead concentration was under detectable levels using the method. These values were used to estimate the oral intake for each age group and were compared to PTMI or RfD values. Conclusions: The substances were found in normal concentrations, none exceeding the maximum values of PTMI or RfD.

Gestión de mantenimiento y producción más limpia en tres instituciones de salud de medellín, colombia / Cleaner maintenance and production management in three health institutions in medellín, colombia / Gestão de manutenção e produção mais limpa em três instituições de saúde de medellín, colômbia

Objetivo: Realizar un diagnóstico del estado de la gestión del mantenimiento de equipos biomédicos en el área de urgencias de tres (3) instituciones de nivel tres de complejidad médica de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, dentro del proyecto de investigación producción más limpia en salud. Metodología: Se diseñó una encuesta a partir de la Guía Sectorial de Producción más Limpia, en hospitales, clínicas y centros de salud, donde se obtuvo una lista de chequeo para la revisión del estado de la gestión de mantenimiento de los equipos biomédicos más complejos utilizados en urgencias. Resultados: La gestión de mantenimiento de los equipos biomédicos más complejos es muy buena en el hospital 1 y excelente en los hospitales 2 y 3; la metrología y gestión de mantenimiento en los equipos biomédicos del área de urgencias de los tres hospitales es excelente. Conclusión: La gestión de mantenimiento es muy importante para el ahorro económico en las instituciones, ya que se pueden reducir tiempos muertos de los equipos sin afectar la prestación de los servicios, aparte de que se reducen gastos en la compra de repuestos, y generación de residuos causantes de impactos negativos al medio ambiente.

Objective: to perform a diagnosis of the state of biomedical equipment maintenance management in the emergency areas of three (3) institutions of level three of medical complexity in the city of Medellín, Colombia. The realm is within the cleaner production in health research project. Methodology. A survey was designed based on the Cleaner Production Sector. Guide: in hospitals, clinics and health centers, where a check list was obtained to review the state of maintenance management of the most complex biomedical equipment used in the emergency room. Results: maintenance management of the most complex biomedical equipment is very good in hospital 1 and excellent in hospitals 2 and 3. Metrology and maintenance management in the biomedical equipment of the emergency area of all three hospitals is excellent. Conclusion: maintenance management is very important for financial savings in institutions, since they can thus reduce equipment downtime without hindering the provision of services, along with reducing costs in the purchase of spare parts and generation of waste, which causes a negative impact on the environment.

Objetivo: Realizar um diagnóstico do estado da gestão da manutenção de equipamentos biomédicos na área de urgências de três (3) instituições de nível três de complexidade médica da cidade de Medellín, Colômbia, dentro do projeto de investigação produção mais limpa em saúde. Metodologia: Desenhou-se uma pesquisa a partir da Guia Setorial de Produção mais limpa, em hospitais, clínicas e centros de saúde, onde se obteve uma lista de verificação para a revisão do estado da gestão de manutenção dos equipamentos biomédicos mais complexos utilizados em urgências. Resultados: A gestão de manutenção dos equipamentos biomédicos mais complexos é muito boa no hospital 1 e excelente nos hospitais 2 e 3; a metrologia e gestão de manutenção nos equipamentos biomédicos da área de urgências dos três hospitais é excelente. Conclusão: A gestão de manutenção é importantíssima para a poupança económica nas instituições, já que podem-se reduzir tempos mortos dos equipamentos sem afetar a prestação dos serviços, aparte de que se reduzem despesas na compra de repostos, e geração de resíduos causantes de impactos negativos ao meio ambiente.

Tutorial for beginners: the concept of clearance explained using the example of a vacuum cleaner

Clearance is a key concept in pharmacokinetics, but it is not easy to understand for beginners. This tutorial aims to help beginners by using the analogy of a vacuum cleaner clearing the dust from the air in a room. The air, the volume of the air, the dust and the vacuum cleaner are used to represent the plasma, the volume of distribution, the drug and the eliminating organ, respectively, in the human body. Because the capacity of a vacuum cleaner (eliminating organ) is an inherent feature that is independent of the concentration of dust (drug), the elimination rate (eliminated amount/time) of dust (drug), which is proportional to its concentration in the air (plasma), cannot reflect this inherent capacity correctly. Clearance estimates the volume of the solvent (air or plasma) cleared by the organ per unit time rather than the amount of the solute (dust or drug) removed. Therefore, clearance has the unit of volume/time. Just as the air is cleared of dust, but is not eliminated by the vacuum cleaner, the plasma is cleared of drug, but is not eliminated from the human body.

Las curtiembres de el cerrito (valle del cauca): una mirada en torno a su realidad socioeconómica y ambiental

El curtido de pieles es un proceso reconocido por el vertimiento de desechos químicos y orgánicos, así como por la liberación de compuestos volátiles de olores desagradables y desechos sólidos, que contaminan el agua, el aire y el suelo, produciendo efectos negativos en el ambiente natural y en la salud de la población. Considerando que este comportamiento está influenciado por componentes interrelacionados, el propósito de esta investigación fue identificar los principales factores socioeconómicos y ambientales que caracterizan la actividad curtidora en el municipio de El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca. Mediante el empleo de métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos, que incluyeron entrevistas con actores sociales clave, revisión bibliográfica y trabajo de campo, se pudo establecer que de 13 curtiembres activas, una de ellas corresponde a mediana empresa y las 12 restantes a microempresas (McEs), con cerca de 272 empleados directos. Dichas empresas han diversificado su actividad, dedicándose al curtido de pieles y al alquiler de servicios a curtidores informales. Las McEs presentan una baja capacidad de inversión en maquinaria y en equipos, en modernización tecnológica y en la adopción de programas e infraestructura de mejoramiento ambiental. Se evidenció la falta de conciencia ambiental, de planes de capacitación, de acompañamiento técnico y de políticas gubernamentales que promuevan su desarrollo y la adopción efectiva de programas de control y de prevención de la contaminación. Las características de este sector industrial hacen necesaria la implementación de programas integrales y adaptables a las McEs, de tal manera que conduzcan a mejorar su competitividad y sostenibilidad.

Tanning is a process recognized for the dumping of chemical and organic wastes, as well as the release of volatile compounds of unpleasant odors and solid wastes that pollute water, air and soil, producing negative effects on the environment and the health of the population. Since this behavior is influenced by interrelated components, the purpose of this research was to identify the main socioeconomic and environmental factors that characterize the tanning activity in the municipality of El Cerrito, Valle del Cauca. By using quantitative and qualitative methods, which included interviews with key social actors, literature review and fieldwork, it was established that 13 active tanneries, one corresponding to amedium enterprise and the remaining 12 to microenterprises (ECMs) with about 272 direct employees. These companies have diversified their activities, dedicated to tanning and rental services to informal tanners. ECMs have a low capacity for investment in machinery and equipment, technological modernization and the adoption of environmental programs and infrastructure improvement. The lack of environmental awareness, training plans, technical support and government policies that promote the development and adoption of effective control programs and pollution prevention was evident. The characteristics of this industry require the implementation of comprehensive and adaptable programs for ECMs, so leading to improve their competitiveness and sustainability.

Metodologia TECLIM para uso racional de água na indústria: o banco de ideias no contexto da metodologia front-end loading / TECLIM method for rational water use in industry: the bank of ideas in the context of the front-end loading methodology

RESUMO O banco de ideias (BI) é uma ferramenta da metodologia TECLIM para otimização ambiental de processos industriais. Está conceitualmente associado com a metodologia front-end loading (FEL), a qual considera que forte atenção nas etapas iniciais de identificação e seleção de alternativas aumenta as chances de sucesso de um projeto, evitando que recursos sejam desperdiçados ou mal alocados. O BI abrange a etapa FEL 1, na qual é feito o levantamento de ideias, e segue até parte da etapa FEL 2, na qual as oportunidades selecionadas são desenvolvidas a projetos conceituais. O método para priorização de oportunidades no BI é apresentado demonstrando-se a sinergia com a FEL. A aplicação do BI permitiu o cadastro e processamento de 500 ideias com potencial de redução do consumo de água em 1,4 x 103 t.h-1 e de efluentes em pelo menos 0,5 x 103 t.h-1. O BI direciona recursos para projetos conceituais mais atrativos e sustentáveis.

ABSTRACT The bank of ideas (BI) is a TECLIM tool for environmental optimization of industrial processes. It is conceptually associated with the front-end loading (FEL) methodology, which pays particular attention to the initial stage of identification and selection of alternatives of water use, increasing the chances of a project´s success, avoiding wasted or badly allocated resources. The BI covers FEL 1 stage, in which the ideas are invited, followed by stage FEL 2, in which the opportunities selected are developed into conceptual projects. The method of giving priorities to the opportunities in the BI is presented, showing the synergy with FEL. The application of the BI enabled the register and process of 500 ideas with the potential to reduce water consumption by 1.4 x 103 t.h-1 and effluents by at least 0.5 x 103 t.h-1. The BI tool helps to identify the most attractive and sustainable conceptual projects.

Trochanteric Stress Fracture in a Female Window Cleaner / 대한고관절학회지

Stress fractures may occur at various sites in the femur including the head, neck, shaft, supracondylar and condylar regions. To the best of our knowledge, stress fracture occurring in the trochanteric region has not been previously reported. We report here a case of trochanteric stress fracture in a 53-year-old female window cleaner treated with hip nailing without adverse consequences. Careful consideration of this entity is needed when evaluating patients who have repetitive jumping up and down.

VALORACIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE INDICADORES DE SOSTENIBILIDAD EN SEIS UNIDADES DE PRODUCCIÓN AGROPECUARIA DE LA CUENCA MEDIA DEL RÍO CHINCHINÁ / ASSESSMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS ANALYSIS OF SIX AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION UNITS IN THE MIDDLE BASIN OF THE CHINCHINÁ RIVER

En la cuenca media del río Chinchiná se seleccionaron seis unidades de producción agropecuaria con aplicación de estrategias de producción más limpia, con el fin de conocer el nivel de sostenibilidad para cada una, adaptando la metodología de indicadores de sostenibilidad propuesta por ASPROINCA (Arango, 2003). Las variables medidas fueron: seguridad alimentaria, mercado, dependencia de insumos externos, mano de obra, conservación de agua, de suelo y de bosque, nivel de complejidad del sistema, nivel de reciclaje, nivel de integración de subsistemas, compromiso familiar, formas organizativas de trabajo y valores ambientales. El gráfico tipo redegrama generado por el ejercicio de valoración y análisis de dichos indicadores, le permite al propietario del predio reconocer las debilidades y fortalezas de su unidad productiva respecto a temas económicos, ecológicos y socioculturales, identificando puntos críticos para la priorización de actividades de sostenibilidad. Los resultados demuestran que cada unidad productiva tiene aspectos particulares respecto al uso de recursos. Los aspectos que afectan actualmente la sostenibilidad de los predios estudiados fueron la alta dependencia de insumos externos y la baja competitividad en los mercados. Los valores ambientales y la conservación de recursos naturales, agua, suelo y bosque, son factores positivos característicos de las unidades productivas que participaron en el proyecto.

Six agricultural production units applying cleaner production strategies were selected in the middle basin of the Chinchina river (Caldas, Colombia), in order to establish each unit sustainability level, adapting the sustainability indicators methodology proposed by ASPROINCA (Arango, 2003). The measured variables were: food security, markets, dependence on external supplies, labor, conservation of water, soil and forest, level of the system complexity, level of recycling, level of subsystems integration, family commitment, organizational forms of work and environmental values. The network type pictogram generated through the assessment and analysis exercise of such indicators allows the farmland owner to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of his production unit regarding economic, ecologic and socio-cultural issues, and to identify critical points for prioritization of sustainability activities. The obtained results show that each production unit has distinctive features about resources usage..The main aspects with mayor impact on sustainability of the studied farmlands were the high dependency of external supplies and the low competitiveness in the markets. The environmental values and the conservation of natural resources -water, soil and forest- are characteristic positive factors of the production units considered in this study.

Proposta de produção mais limpa voltada às práticas de ecodesign e logística reversa / Proposal for cleaner production oriented practices ecodesign and reverse logistics

A preocupação das empresas com o meio ambiente e com o futuro das novas gerações impulsiona ações voltadas para o gerenciamento dos recursos e incentiva a busca por ações preventivas em relação aos aspectos ambientais (por meio da minimização de impactos associados à redução de custo e da otimização de processos). Existe uma tendência no mercado mundial para a obtenção de produtos sustentáveis, oriundos de processos produtivos voltados para a redução de desperdícios e a não geração de resíduos poluentes. Dentro desse contexto, a produção mais limpa (P+L) surge como uma ferramenta completa em que simples ajustes no modo de gerir as empresas permitem a redução da emissão/geração de resíduos. Partindo desse princípio, analisou-se o impacto ambiental do processo de produção de uma empresa fabricante de conjuntos de chuva localizada no Rio Grande do Sul por intermédio de uma Matriz de Leopold adaptada. Como resultado, elaborou-se uma proposta de P+L voltada às práticas de ecodesign e logística reversa. Por meio de quatro etapas, o programa de P+L proposto atingiu seus objetivos de forma ágil, desburocratizada e com baixos custos.

A business concern with the environment and the future of the new generations drives actions for the management of resources and the search for preventive measures in relation to environmental aspects (by minimizing impacts associated cost reduction and process optimization). There is a trend in the world market to achieve sustainable, derived products production processes aimed at reducing waste and non-waste generation pollutants. Within this context, the cleaner production (CP) comes as a complete tool where simple adjustments in the way we manage the business allows the reduction of emission/waste generation. Based on this principle, we analyzed the environmental impact of the production of a manufacturer of sets of rain located in Rio Grande do Sul through a Leopold Matrix adapted process. As a result, we prepared a proposal for cleaner production practices geared ecodesign and reverse logistics. Through four stages, the proposed program CP reached its goals of agile, less bureaucratic and with low costs.

Atividade de limpeza e clientes de Elacatinus figaro (Pisces: Gobiidae) nos recifes de coral dos Parrachos de Muriú, Nordeste do Brasil / Cleaning activity and fish clients of Elacatinus figaro (Pisces: Gobiidae) on coral reefs of Parrachos de Muriú, Northeastern Brazil

Peixes limpadores removem ectoparasitas, tecido doente ou ferido, muco e escamas da superfície corporal de outros peixes, sendo portanto de fundamental importância para a manutenção do equilíbrio e da saúde dos peixes do ecossistema recifal. Na costa brasileira são registradas 24 espécies de peixes limpadores, das quais se destaca Elacatinus figaro, uma das espécies de limpadores mais especializada. Este estudo registrou a diversidade de clientes e o período de atividade de limpeza de Elacatinus figaro nos recifes de coral dos Parrachos de Muriú, Rio Grande do Norte. Foram registradas 21 espécies de clientes pertencentes a 11 famílias, das quais 15 espécies (68,4 por cento do total de espécies) são ativas durante o dia, cinco (25,3 por cento) têm atividade noturna e uma (5,3 por cento) atividade diurna e noturna. Os clientes mais frequentes de E. figaro foram espécies de Haemulidae (25,6 por cento) e Pomacentridae (22,8 por cento) e a categoria trófica planctófago/invertívoro foi a mais representativa (23,6 por cento). A atividade de limpeza teve início entre 05h14 e 06h28 e término entre 17h13 e 17h25. Os tamanhos dos clientes de E. figaro variaram de 7-40 cm com média de 12-30 cm de comprimento total. Um total de 127 ± 3 interações de limpeza e 34 ± 1,7 minutos utilizados na limpeza por estação por dia (2-6 indivíduos de E. figaro) foi registrado.

Cleaner fishes remove ectoparasites, injured tissue, mucus and scales from the body surface of other fishes. This behavior is important for the maintenance and health of reef fish species. In the Brazilian coast there are 24 cleaner fish species, with Elacatinus figaro (a goby endemic to Brazil) being recognized as one of the most specialized. This study records the diversity of clients and the daily cleaning activity of Elacatinus figaro on coral reefs of Parrachos de Muriú, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. A total of 21 species belonging to 11 families were recorded, with 15 species of clients (68.4 percent of total) active during the day, five (25.3 percent) with nocturnal activity and one (5.3 percent) with diurnal and nocturnal activity. The most frequent clients recorded were grunts (Haemulidae; 25.6 percent of all cleaning events) and damselfishes (Pomacentridae; 22.8 percent), whereas planktivores/invertivores was the most frequently attended trophic category (23.6 percent). Cleaning activity started between 05h14-06h28 AM and ended between 5h13-5h25 PM. Size of clients ranged 7-40 cm (total length) and most individuals were medium-sized (12-30 cm). A total of 127 ± 3 cleaning events and 34 ± 1.7 minutes of cleaning activity were estimated per cleaning station per day (2-6 individuals of E. figaro).

Effect of an Air Cleaner with Electrostatic Filter on the Removal of Airborne House Dust Mite Allergens

PURPOSE: The effects of air cleaners on the removal of airborne indoor allergens, especially house dust mites (HDM), are still controversial. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of an air cleaner with an electrostatic filter on the removal of airborne mite allergens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dried HDM culture medium that contained mite body particles and excretions was dispersed in a chamber equipped with an electrostatic air cleaner. The number of airborne particles was recorded continuously by a dust spectrometer for 60 minutes. Airborne particles in the chamber were collected on a sampling filter at a flow rate of 10 L/min and the Der f 1 concentration in the filter extracts was measured by two-site ELISA. RESULTS: The air cleaner efficiently removed airborne HDM particles. The air cleaner removed airborne HDM particles (size 2-12.5 microm) 11.4 +/- 2.9 fold (cleaner operating for 15 minutes), 5.4 +/- 0.7 fold (cleaner operating for 30 minutes), and 2.4 +/- 0.2 fold (cleaner operating for 60 minutes) more than the removal of HDM particles by natural settle down. Removal kinetics differed according to the particle size of the airborne particles. The air cleaner decreased the concentration of Der f 1 in the extraction of airborne particles collected on the air sampling filter by 60.3%. CONCLUSION: The electrostatic air cleaner can remove airborne HDM allergens and may be useful as a supplementary environmental control tool for HDM sensitized respiratory allergic patients.

Empirical study and treatment analysis of corrosive gastritis by toilet cleaner / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To study the gastrointestinal tract damage induced by acid detergent toilet cleaner and treatment methods.Method Acute toxicity of toilet cleaner was studied using big white rabbits.Subacute and chronic toxicity and treatment methods were studied by hospital patients.Results After falling 15 ml toilet cleaner into stomach through mouth in 2 rabbits,both died of gastric perforation.After one patient misapplied with 50 ml to//et cleaner,gastric corrosive ulcer was found by gastroscopy after treatment 7 d,gastric constrictive inflammation was found by upper gastrointestinal barium meal at 14 d after treatment,and gastric scarring was found by gastroscopy after treatment 51 d.Conchusions Acid detergent toilet cleaner mainly harm gastric mucosa,gastric perforation is easily induced in acute stage,gastric ulcer induced in subacute stage,and scarring induced in chronic stage.Taking orally pure milk,inhibiting gasuic acid secretion and haemostasis are mainly treatment methods.Examination of gastroscopy and upper gastrintesinal barium meal may be carried out in subaeute and chronic stages.

The effect of tongue cleaner-equipped manual toothbrush on tooth and tongue cleanness and malodor index / 대한치주과학회지

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tongue cleaner-equipped manual toothbrush on tooth cleanness, tongue cleanness and malodor index. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 504 subjects were included in this study. At 1st visit, basic information such as age, sex, smoking amount and alcohol consumption was recorded. Self assessment by individual subjects was performed regarding satisfaction to old toothbrush and toothbrushing habit. Tooth cleanness, tongue cleanness and malodor index was assessed by professional researcher. Tongue cleaner-equipped manual toothbrush was given to each subject with proper toothbrushing instruction. After 1 month passed, self assessment and researcher assessment regarding the same index were performed and analyzed statistically by chi-square test. RESULTS: At 1st visit subjects seem to ignore tongue cleansing and showed poor tooth cleanness index, tongue cleanness index and malodor index, however the same subjects were motivated to clean their tongue and teeth and presented statistically improved distribution pattern in tooth cleanness index, tongue cleanness index and malodor index after using tongue cleaner-equipped manual toothbrush(p<0.01). Satisfaction to tongue cleaner-equipped manual toothbrush was 98%. CONCLUSION: Tongue cleaner-equipped manual toothbrush would be an effective tool for maintaining good oral hygiene through improving tooth and tongue cleanness and preventing malodor formation.

Enzyme Used to Wash Medical Apparatus and Instruments: What Question Should Be Paid Attention / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To attend to the importance and issues of using the enzyme cleaner for the reprocessing of medical instrument. METHODS The principle, usage, precautions, and the selection of enzyme cleaner were analyzed. RESULTS The cleaning of the medical instrument must use the liquid enzyme detergent that has the following characters: clear solution, no or low foam, free rinsing, flexibilities to the water temperature, and no limitation to the water quality. CONCLUSIONS For successful cleaning of the medical instrument the use of the high-quality enzyme cleaner is required. A complete cleaning of the medical instrument is the first step to assure the quality of disinfection, sterilization, and the infection control.