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A cross-sectional study method combined with two types of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndrome differentiation methods was adopted to investigate the clinical symptoms and distribution characteristics of TCM syndromes in patients with pulmonary nodules from the perspectives of number, size, nature, and stability of pulmonary nodules by using the χ~2 test, systematic clustering and Apriori algorithm correlation analysis. The common clinical symptoms of pulmonary nodules were fatigue(77.35%) and irritability(75.40%), and 40 symptoms were clustered into 3 groups(digestive system symptoms, respiratory system symptoms, and emotional and systemic symptoms) and 8 major symptom categories. The proportion of cold and heat in complexity syndrome(63.43%) was higher based on cold-heat syndrome differentiation. The top two syndromes were Qi deficiency syndrome(88.03%) and Qi depression syndrome(83.17%) based on disease syndrome differentiation. Yang deficiency syndrome(60.52%) was more than Yin deficiency syndrome(50.16%). There were higher proportions of phlegm syndrome(78.67%) and Yang deficiency syndrome(69.33%) of so-litary pulmonary nodules in terms of the number of pulmonary nodules. In terms of size, the proportion of phlegm syndrome decreased as the mean diameter of pulmonary nodules increased, while the proportions of Yang deficiency syndrome and blood stasis syndrome increased. The distribution of Qi depression syndrome was more in those with mean diameter<10 mm(85.02%, P=0.044) and cold syndrome was more in those with mean diameter ≥10 mm(16.67%, P=0.024). In terms of the nature of pulmonary nodules, the proportions of Qi depression syndrome and heat syndrome decreased with the increase in solid components of pulmonary nodules, while the proportions of Yin deficiency syndrome and cold and heat in complexity syndrome increased. The blood stasis syndrome accounted for a higher proportion of pulmonary nodules with solid components. In terms of the stability of pulmonary nodules, dampness syndrome(72.97%), blood stasis syndrome(37.84%), and cold and heat in complexity syndrome(70.27%) accounted for higher proportions. In addition, patients with new nodules presented higher proportions in Qi inversion syndrome(52.00%, P=0.007) and cold and heat in complexity syndrome(66.00%, P=0.008). Meanwhile, 11 syndromes were associated and 4 common compound syndromes were obtained(Qi deficiency and depression syndrome, Qi depression and phlegm coagulation syndrome, Qi deficiency and phlegm coagulation syndrome, and Qi deficiency and dampness obstruction syndrome). Qi deficiency syndrome and Qi depression syndrome could be associated with other syndromes. The results show that the main clinical symptoms of pulmonary nodules are fatigue and irritability. The main TCM syndromes of pulmonary nodules are Qi deficiency syndrome, Qi depression syndrome, Yang deficiency syndrome, and cold and heat in complexity syndrome. The distribution of TCM syndromes is significantly correlated with the size of pulmonary nodules and the presence or absence of new nodules. The common compound syndromes are Qi deficiency and depression syndrome, Qi depression and phlegm coagulation syndrome, Qi deficiency and phlegm coagulation syndrome, and Qi deficiency and dampness obstruction syndrome.
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Humans , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Yin Deficiency/diagnosis , Yang Deficiency/diagnosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , SyndromeABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo analyze the occurrence of suspected adverse events following immunization （AEFI） after changing the priority vaccination sites of the adsorbed acellular diphtherior-pertussis-tetanus vaccine （hereinafter referred to as DPT vaccine）， so as to provide scientific basis for mass vaccination. MethodsMonitoring data of AEFI for the DPT vaccine in Wujiang District from September 2020 to August 2022 were collected from China's disease prevention and control information system， and the vaccination information of DPT vaccine in all children's vaccination clinics in Wujiang District during the same period was selected. The incidence of AEFI for the DPT vaccine was analyzed and compared. ResultsThe reported incidence of AEFI was significantly lower in the buttocks than that in other sites （P<0.05）. The reported incidence of AEFI was significantly higher in booster immunization than that in basic immunization （P<0.05）. After inoculation at different sites， the main clinical symptoms of AEFI were local redness and swelling. There were significant differences in the incidence of local redness and swelling， local induration， pruritus and other symptoms （lethargy， abnormal crying， etc.） （P<0.05）. There were significant differences in the severity of local redness and swelling in different sites （P<0.05）. The degree of redness and swelling in the anterolateral thigh was lower than that in other sites （P<0.05）. The local strong reaction of swelling （>5.0 cm） in the deltoid muscle of the upper arm was significantly higher than that in the buttocks （P<0.05）. ConclusionThe DPT vaccine is safe in different parts of the body and is worth popularizing.
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Depression constitutes the most common mental disorder with high prevalence rate， and is the leading contributor to the global burden of disease. Many factors are found to influence the development of depression， whereas either reliable biomarkers for the early diagnosis or diagnostic criteria for subtype classification currently exist for depression. Therefore， this paper gives a detailed discussion on the current status and existing challenges of depression research in the context of brain imaging， psychoneuroimmunology and electroencephalography， thus providing a new perspective for research directions and future strategies related to depression.
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Objective @#To investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cases with pertussis in Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into pertussis diagnosis and control.@*Methods@#A total of 186 patients with definitive diagnosis of pertussis in medical institutions in Yiwu City from November 1, 2020 to August 31, 2022 were recruited, and subjects' demographic, clinical symptoms and history of pertussis vaccination were collected using questionnaire surveys. The temporal, population, and spatial distribution and clinical symptoms of pertussis were analyzed using a descriptive epidemiological method, and the clinical characteristics of pertussis patients with different doses of pertussis vaccination were compared.@*Results@#Pertussis was found to predominantly occur during the period between July and November (101 cases, 54.30%), and the three highest-incidence regions included Jiangdong Street, Beiyuan Street and Choujiang Street (87 cases, 46.77%). The 186 pertussis cases included 105 males (56.45%) and 81 females (43.55%), and included 144 cases with age of onset under 7 year (77.42%). Preschool and diaspora children were predominant among all pertussis cases, and the main clinical symptoms included spasmodic cough (97 cases, 52.15%), post-tussive vomiting (82 cases, 44.09%) and aggravated cough at night (77 cases, 41.40%). Routine blood tests measured 119 cases with abnormal white blood cell counts (63.98%), 137 cases with abnormal lymphocyte counts (73.66%), 39 cases with abnormal neutrophil counts (20.97%), 21 cases with abnormal platelet counts (11.29%) and 111 cases with abnormal hemoglobin concentrations (59.68%). There were 55 cases that were unvaccinated (29.57%), 23 cases that were not fully vaccinated (12.37%), and 108 cases that were fully vaccinated (58.06%). There were significant differences among pertussis cases with different doses of vaccination in terms of age, incidence of post-tussive vomiting, percentage of abnormal platelet counts and percentage of hemoglobin concentrations (all P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#The majority of pertussis cases are preschool and diaspora children in Yiwu City from November 1, 2020 to August 31, 2022, and the clinical symptoms mainly include spasmodic cough, post-tussive vomiting and aggravated cough at night, with atypical symptoms. The capability for differential diagnosis of pertussis is required to be improved in medical institutions.
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Objective:A case-control association analysis was performed to investigate if the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of N-cadherin(CDH2) gene is implicated in schizophrenia in a Han Chinese population.Methods:A total of 528 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 528 healthy controls were recruited from northern Henan province to analyze 25 SNPs located in CDH2 gene.The clinical symptoms of 267 first-episode schizophrenia patients were evaluated with positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), and the correlation between CDH2 gene and clinical symptoms was analyzed by SNPStats software online.Results:Allele frequencies of rs9951577 and rs1231268 were significantly correlated with schizophrenia( P<0.05), genotype frequency of rs1639387 was significantly correlated with schizophrenia( P=0.044). After gender classification, SNPs rs1789470 and rs28365328 were found to be significantly correlated with schizophrenia in female patients ( P=0.044, 0.019). In addition, the study found that CDH2 was correlated with the clinical characteristics of schizophrenia( P<0.05), and the negative factor score of patients between GG type rs1231268 and the other two genotypes (AG+ AA) ((21.12±8.41) vs (18.87±7.52)) was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion:CDH2 gene may be one of the susceptibility genes to SZ, and has definite correlation with clinical negative symptoms.
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OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical efficacy between wrist-ankle acupuncture and conventional acupuncture on shoulder-hand syndrome (SHS) phaseⅠafter stroke.@*METHODS@#A total of 64 patients with SHS phaseⅠafter stroke were randomized into a wrist-ankle acupuncture group and a conventional acupuncture group, 32 cases in each group. On the basis treatment of internal medicine and conventional rehabilitation, wrist-ankle acupuncture was applied at upper 4 area, upper 5 area and upper 6 area on the affected side in the wrist-ankle acupuncture group, while acupuncture was applied at Jianyu (LI 15), Quchi (LI 11), Shousanli (LI 10), etc. on the affected side in the conventional acupuncture group. The treatment was given 30 min each time, once a day, 5 days a week for 3 weeks in both groups. Before and after treatment, the visual analogue scale (VAS) score, degree of hand swelling, shoulder-hand syndrome scale (SHSS) score, Fugl-Meyer assessment for upper extremity (FMA-UE) score and modified Barthel index (MBI) score were observed, and the clinical therapeutic effect was evaluated in both groups.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the VAS scores, degree of hand swelling and SHSS scores were decreased (P<0.05), and the FMA-UE scores and MBI scores were increased (P<0.05) compared before treatment in both groups; in the wrist-ankle acupuncture group, the VAS score, degree of hand swelling and SHSS score were lower (P<0.05), and the FMA-UE score and MBI score were higher (P<0.05) than those in the conventional acupuncture group. The total effective rate was 96.9% (31/32) in the wrist-ankle acupuncture group, which was superior to 90.6% (29/32) in the conventional acupuncture group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Wrist-ankle acupuncture can effectively relieve pain and hand swelling, improve motor function of upper extremity and self-care ability of daily life in patients with shoulder-hand syndrome phaseⅠafter stroke, the therapeutic effect is superior to conventional acupuncture.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture Points , Acupuncture Therapy , Ankle , Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy/therapy , Stroke/therapy , Upper Extremity , WristABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze and compare the differences between the epidemiological data and clinical indicators of confirmed and suspected undiagnosed cases of COVID-19 in Changning District， Shanghai. Methods:A retrospective comparative study was conducted. We included 20 confirmed and 34 suspected but undiagnosed COVID-19 cases from January 20 to February 29， 2020. We analyzed the differences in epidemiological history， early clinical symptoms， blood routine indicators， and clinical imaging characteristics between the two groups. Results:The epidemic status of COVID-19 in Changning District of Shanghai was mainly imported， and most cases were promptly confirmed. Early clinical symptoms of confirmed and suspected undiagnosed cases often manifested as respiratory symptoms such as fever and dry cough. Compared with the confirmed cases， the cell counts of leukocytes， eosinophils， and neutrophils in suspected undiagnosed cases were significantly higher. Also， the concentration of serum C-reactive protein in suspected cases was higher than that in confirmed cases （P=0.230）. The clinical imaging manifestations of confirmed cases were mainly ground glass opacity （GGO） scattered in both lung leaves， while the suspected undiagnosed cases mainly manifested as plain patch opacity， and the distribution of GGO was more irregular. Conclusion:There exists significant difference in blood routine indicators and clinical imaging features between confirmed and suspected cases of COVID-19.
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【Objective】 To study the correlation of clinical symptoms and cognitive functions with serum inflammatory factors in schizophrenia. 【Methods】 A total of 42 SCz patients (case group) and 47 healthy controls (control group) were enrolled in this study. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELSA) to determine six inflammatory factors in serum. PANSS was used to assess clinical symptoms and MCCB was used to assess the patients’ cognitive functions. 【Results】 ① Inflammatory factors: The serum levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher in case group than in control group (P<0.01). ② Cognitive functions: The scores of Trail Making Test, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Symbol Coding, Spatial Span, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, Assessment Battery-Mazes, Category Fluency and Test-Managing Emotions of case group were significantly lower than those of control group (P<0.05). ③ Correlation between serum inflammatory factors and clinical symptoms: There was no correlation between serum inflammatory factors and psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia. ④ Correlation between serum inflammatory factors and cognitive functions: The levels of IL-6 (rs=-0.33, P<0.05) and IL-8 (rs=-0.50, P<0.01) in case group were significantly negatively correlated with the scores of Space Scan test. 【Conclusion】 Patients with schizophrenia are presented with immune dysfunction, and the latter is correlated with cognitive impairments.
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Thyroid disease especially Hypothyroidism is one of the commonest endocrine disorders worldwide and its prevalence of is increasing day by day. In allopathic system hypothyroidism is managed by replacement therapy with L-thyroxin which appears effective in restoring biochemical euthyroidism. However, studies continue to show problems in the management of this condition. Many patients report not feeling well with persistent symptoms despite adequate T4 replacement therapy. It has become necessary to find alternative medicine for managing hypothyroid symptoms. The main underlying pathology in Hypothyroidism is Hypometabolism in the tissues. This hypometabolism can be correlated to Mandagni in Ayurveda. Keeping this in mind we can plan the treatment of hypothyroidism in the line of treatment of Mandagni. In the treatment of Mandagni, on effective Ayurvedic formulation is Trikatu Churna. In this clinical study we have used Trikatu churna, as a dietary supplement in 30 patients from the OPD of Govt. Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Guwahati, to study its potential in the management of hypothyroidism. The statistical analysis of the data in trial group with Trikatu churna showed the value at 1.86 with level of significance at 1% (p<0.10). The Result of the clinical trial signifies that Trikatu churna is effective in the management of hypothyroidism.
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Acinic cell carcinoma is a relatively rare salivary gland tumor predominantly occurring in the major glands. Therefore, acinic cell carcinoma rarely occurs in the mandible. In this study, a case of primary acinic cell carcinoma of the mandible was reported, and relevant literature was reviewed. The etiology, clinical symptom, image and histological features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of acinic cell carcinoma in the mandible were discussed.
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Humans , Carcinoma, Acinar Cell , Diagnosis , Mandible , Pathology , Prognosis , Salivary Gland Neoplasms , DiagnosisABSTRACT
Objective: Recent genome-wide association studies have identified a significant relationship between the NT5C2 variant rs11191580 and schizophrenia (SCZ) in European populations. This study aimed to validate the association of rs11191580 polymorphism with SCZ risk in a South Chinese Han population. The relationship of this polymorphism with the severity of SCZ clinical symptoms was also explored. Methods: A case-control study was performed in 462 patients with SCZ and 598 healthy controls. Rs11191580 was genotyped by the Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX platform. A total of 459 SCZ patients completed the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) evaluation. Data were analyzed by PLINK software. Results: We confirmed an association of the rs11191580 polymorphism with SCZ risk in South Chinese Han under a dominant genetic model (ORadj = 0.769; 95%CIadj = 0.600-0.984; padj = 0.037). PANSS scores showed a significant association between variant rs11191580 and total score (padj = 0.032), lack of response scale score (padj = 0.022), and negative scale score (additive: padj = 0.004; dominant: padj = 0.016; recessive: padj = 0.021) after data were adjusted for age and sex. Conclusion: NT5C2 variant rs11191580 conferred susceptibility to SCZ and affected the clinical symptoms of SCZ in a South Chinese Han population.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Schizophrenia/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics , Genome-Wide Association Study/methods , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Reference Values , Severity of Illness Index , Case-Control Studies , Linear Models , China , Risk Factors , Asian People/genetics , Genotyping Techniques , Gene FrequencyABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with growth-hormone adenoma (GHA) and summarize the diagnosis and treatment experience.Methods The clinical data of 338 GHA cases at the General Hospital of PLA from Jan. 1990 to Dec. 2016 were collected, of which 252 cases with more complete clinical data were retrospectively analyzed including their general situation, medical history, laboratory tests and auxiliary examinations, and treatment modalities and outcomes. Parts of the patients were followed up.Results The cases of hospitalized GHA patients have increased year by year since 1990, and the number of patients admitted in the last 3 years accounted for 56.2% of the total number of cases. The sex ratio for GHA patients was nearly 1:1. Age of visiting followed Gaussian distribution while the 41-50 age group occupied the largest part. The most typical sign is hand and foot enlargement (60.7%), followed by the hypertrophy of nasal ala. The most common symptoms are headache (42.5%), hypopsia, visual field defect and diplopia. More than half of GHA patients were complicated with prediabetes and diabetes (72.6%), sleep apnea (69.5%), goiter or thyroid nodularity (56.4%), cardiac insufficiency (57.0%) and colon polyp (54.1%); while the percentages of cases undergone the relevant examination in the total number of cases were as follows: 75g OGTT test (42.1%), polysomnography (23.4%), thyroid ultrasound (37.3%), echocardiogram (47.6%) and colonoscopy (14.7%); GHA was 23.37±1.42μg/L and IGF-1 was 804.28±273.93ng/ml on average; 85.0% of somatotroph tumors are macroadenoma. Surgery remains the mainstay of therapy to GHA, while medical therapy was selected by less patients. During the follow-up, only 38.0%of GHA patients can be contacted, among them the remission rate decreased to 40.5%. The positive rate of long-term remission evaluated by early postoperative GHA level was consistent with that confirmed by the long-term follow-up (χ2=3.368,P>0.05). Conclusions The number of hospitalized GHA patients have increased recent years. The common clinical signs and symptoms are somatic enlargement and nonspecific headache. Due to uncompleted screening, GHA associated complications are always misdiagnosed; It is essential to establish a sound model of follow-up to improve patients' quality of life. The early postoperative GHA levels may predict the prognosis of surgery.
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Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of Sheng's six-meridian diagnosis and treatment-based acupuncture in treating cervical spondylotic arteriopathy.Method Seventy patients with cervical spondylotic arteriopathy were randomly allocated to treatment and control groups, 35 cases each. The treatment group received Sheng's six-meridian diagnosis and treatment-based acupuncture and the control group, conventional acupuncture. Doppler-detected vertebral artery blood flow velocity was measured, and the clinical symptom and sign score and the cervical vertigo symptom and functional assessment scale score were recorded in the two groups before and after treatment. The clinical therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups.Result The total efficacy rate was 85.7% in the treatment group and 62.9% in the control group; there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). There were statistically significant pre-/post-treatment differences in Doppler-detected vertebral artery blood flow velocity, the clinical symptom and sign score and the cervical vertigo symptom and functional assessment scale score in the two groups (P<0.01,P<0.05).Conclusion Sheng's six-meridian diagnosis and treatment-based acupuncture is an effective way to treat cervical spondylotic arteriopathy.
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Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of Sheng's six-meridian diagnosis and treatment-based acupuncture in treating cervical spondylotic arteriopathy.Method Seventy patients with cervical spondylotic arteriopathy were randomly allocated to treatment and control groups, 35 cases each. The treatment group received Sheng's six-meridian diagnosis and treatment-based acupuncture and the control group, conventional acupuncture. Doppler-detected vertebral artery blood flow velocity was measured, and the clinical symptom and sign score and the cervical vertigo symptom and functional assessment scale score were recorded in the two groups before and after treatment. The clinical therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups.Result The total efficacy rate was 85.7% in the treatment group and 62.9% in the control group; there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). There were statistically significant pre-/post-treatment differences in Doppler-detected vertebral artery blood flow velocity, the clinical symptom and sign score and the cervical vertigo symptom and functional assessment scale score in the two groups (P<0.01,P<0.05).Conclusion Sheng's six-meridian diagnosis and treatment-based acupuncture is an effective way to treat cervical spondylotic arteriopathy.
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OBJECTIVE: It is important to develop an easy means of diagnosing lumbar foraminal stenosis (LFS) in a general practice setting. We investigated the use of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ) to diagnose LFS in symptomatic patients. METHODS: Subjects included 13 cases (mean age, 72 years) with LFS, and 30 cases (mean age, 73 years) with lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LSCS) involving one intervertebral disc. The visual analogue scale score for low back pain and leg pain, the JOABPEQ were evaluated. RESULTS: Those with LFS had a significantly lower JOA score (p<0.001), while JOABPEQ scores (p<0.05) for lumbar dysfunction and social functioning impairment (p<0.01) were both significantly lower than the scores in LSCS. The following JOABPEQ questionnaire items (LFS vs. LSCS, p-value) for difficulties in: sleeping (53.8% vs. 16.6%, p<0.05), getting up from a chair (53.8% vs. 6.6%, p<0.001), turning over (76.9% vs. 40%, p<0.05), and putting on socks (76.9% vs. 26.6%, p<0.01) such as pain during rest, and signs of intermittent claudication more than 15 minutes (61.5% vs. 26.6%, p<0.05) were all significantly more common with LFS than LSCS. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that of the items in the JOABPEQ, if pain during rest or intermittent claudication is noted, LFS should be kept in mind as a cause during subsequent diagnosis and treatment. LFS may be easily diagnosed from LSCS using this established patient-based assessment method.
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Humans , Asian People , Back Pain , Constriction, Pathologic , Diagnosis , General Practice , Intermittent Claudication , Intervertebral Disc , Leg , Low Back Pain , Methods , Spinal CanalABSTRACT
Based on the clinical symptom characteristics of transient ischemic attack in Chinese and Western medicines, the existing models of transient ischemic attack were summarized and analyzed. Then the advantages and disadvantages of each model, the diagnostic criteria of traditional Chinese and Western medicine and clinical symptoms compliance were analyzed to put forward the evaluation method and improvement method of the corresponding animal models. It was found that there were many modeling methods of transient ischemic attack, but they can not reflect the transience, reversibility, recurrence and other typical characteristics of the disease, with significant differences with clinical symptoms. Moreover, there is lack of reasonable quantitative criteria for the success of the animal model. By combining the existing single factor animal models, a composite animal model that was more closely related to the clinical symptoms of transient ischemic attack was established to replicate an animal model that was more compatible with the characteristics of clinical symptoms. It is the future development directions of the transient ischemic attack animal models to establish reasonable quantitative standards, reflect the causes of Chinese and Western medicine symptoms and improving a series of systematic and complete model evaluation methods.
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Three new points of view were reported in this study:1.Found out the distribution of KaschinBeck disease (KBD) in Tibet,the complexity of bone disease composition,and the types of osteopathy coexisted which need to be identified;2.The clinical symptoms of KBD in Tibet were significantly different from those in other areas of our country;3.The new clinical subtypes of KBD were found in Tibet,which had humeral shortness and short stature,but with normal hands and feet.This discovery made us understand KBD more profoundly and comprehensively,and promoted the research and prevention work of KBD.
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Generally, the pathological changes of multiple sclerosis(MS) is mostly on lesion of the central white matter (WM). However, the clinical symptoms such as cognitive impairment cannot be fully explained just by the WM damage. Therefore, central gray matter (GM) damage has attracted more attention. The development of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) makes in vivo detection of GM while showing the clinical symptoms possible. Yet, the correlation between the patient clinical symptoms and GM damage particularly in cortex still need to be elucidated. Hence, we summarize the historical background and give an overview of the correlation between GM damage and MS clinical symptoms in terms of cognitive impairment and epilepsy.
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Generally,the pathological changes of multiple sclerosis(MS) is mostly on lesion of the central white matter (WM). However,the clinical symptoms such as cognitive impairment cannot be fully explained just by the WM damage. Therefore, central gray matter(GM)damage has attracted more attention. The development of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)makes in vivo detection of GM while showing the clinical symptoms possible. Yet,the correlation between the patient clinical symptoms and GM dam?age particularly in cortex still need to be elucidated. Hence,we summarize the historical background and give an overview of the corre?lation between GM damage and MS clinical symptoms in terms of cognitive impairment and epilepsy.
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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinical symptoms, which were main evidences in syndrome differentiation and treatment, were also main data in the clinical individual diagnosis and treatment. However, the absence of high-quality symptom ontology was still obvious in TCM clinical and data using. By analyzing the research and data of clinical phenotype ontologies associated with symptoms, this paper was aimed to introduce and sort the existing ontologies, in order to discuss related problems. Furthermore, we provided ideas and expound the importance of building data network of symptoms, diseases, genes, drugs, chemicals, side effects with the data we collected and disposed around symptoms, in order to construct TCM clinical phenotype ontology. We believed that our work will help the development of individual treatment and precision medicine in TCM. It was also the key of individual big data analysis which was urgent need to promote.