ABSTRACT
Background: Human variations related to immune response and disease susceptibility is well-documented in Ayurveda. Prakriti (body constitution) is the basic constitution of an individual established at the time of birth and distinguishes variations, into three broad phenotype categories such as vata, pitta and kapha. Variation in immune response is often attributed to and measured from the difference in cluster differentiation (CD) markers expressed in lymphocytes. Currently, there are no reports available on the expression of CD markers related to prakriti. Objective: This is a pilot study performed to evaluate a panel of lymphocyte subset CD markers in dominant prakriti individuals. Materials and Methods: Immunophenotyping was carried out using whole blood from a total of healthy 222 subjects, who are grouped into kapha (n = 95), pitta (n = 57) and vata (n = 70) prakritis. CD markers such as CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD25, CD56, CD69, CD71 and HLA-DR were analyzed using fl ow cytometry method. Differences between groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparisons between groups were performed by Bonferroni or Mann-Whitney U test with corrections for type I error respectively. Signifi cance was evaluated by ANOVA and Pearson’s correlation. Results: We observed a signifi cant difference (P < 0.05) in the expression of CD markers such as CD14 (monocytes), CD25 (activated B cells) and CD56 (Natural killer cells) between different prakriti groups. CD25 and CD56 expression was signifi cantly higher in kapha prakriti samples than other prakriti groups. Similarly, slightly higher levels of CD14 were observed in pitta prakriti samples. Conclusion: Signifi cant difference in the expression of CD14, CD25 and CD56 markers between three different prakriti is demonstrated. The increased level of CD25 and CD56 in kapha prakriti may indicate ability to elicit better immune response, which is in conformity with textual references in Ayurveda.
ABSTRACT
Objctive:To investigate the immunohistochemical and morphological characteristics of the papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTM) ,and differential diagnosis of the related disease.Methods:The morphological characteristics of 223 patients with PTM were observed under light microscope.Seventy-four cases of PTM and 32 cases of proliferative lesion of thyroid were observed under light microscope with stains of hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemical staining.The antibody included CK19,MC,Galectin-3 and CD56.Results:Eighty-six cases were follicular-patterned and 31 cases nuclear features were untypical in 223 cases of PTM.The positive expression rates of CK19、MC、 Galectin-3、CD56 were 100.0%,98.6%,98.6% and 4.1% in 74 cases of PTM,and were 37.5%,12.5%,18.8%,68.8% in proliferative lesion of thyroid,respectively.Conclusion:Some cases of PTM show a follicular-patterned and the nuclear features.It is untypical compared with classical papillary thyroid carcinoma.It can be differentiated from proliferative lesion with absence of envelope,obviously various and unusually proliferated follicular cells,sclerotic stroma,neoplastic follicles among the collagen and normal follicles.The wide and intensive expression of CK19,Galectin-3,and the negative expression of CD56 are extremely useful in the diagnosis of PTM,four-marker panel with CK19,Galectin-3,MC and CD56 can improve the specificity and accuracy of the differential diagnosis of PTM.