Historical evolution of Coicis Semen processing methods / 中国中药杂志

Coicis Semen is widely used as a raw material which can be used as both medicine and food among people. According to the ancient monographs on materia medica and relevant documents on the processing specifications in various provinces and cities, herba logical study on the historical evolution of the processing methods of Coicis Semen was conducted in this paper from the aspects of collecting and processing methods of Coicis Semen, the processing methods in the past dynasties and the nature, flavour and efficacy of Coicis Semen. The results showed that the processing methods of Coicis Semen recorded in monographs on materia medica mainly included stir-frying, glutinous rice stir-frying, salt processing(including salt cooking and salt stir-frying), stir-frying with the earth scraped from the wall facing east, and ginger juice stir-frying, etc. Among them, stir-frying, and stir-frying with the earth scraped from the wall facing east are still used nowadays. The bran stir-frying is the improved version of glutinous rice stir-frying in order to be adaptive to the modern-day situation and the needs of the present. In addition, the ancient shell removal and kernel keeping method are also included in the processing procedures in modern local processing specifications, which are combined with frying to form a new method named "Fazhi" processing( "Fazhi" means a processing method of multiple procedures). The 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia records that Coicis Semen is helpful to clear dampness and promote diuresis, strengthen the spleen and prevent diarrhea, eliminate impediment, discharge pus, resolve toxin and a mass, etc., which are consistent with those contained in ancient monographs on materia medica. After the "Fazhi" processing, the cold nature of Coicis Semen has been removed and its nature,flavour and meridian tropism have been changed, so its application scopes expanded. The results of this study clearly traced the history of the collecting and proces-sing of Coicis Semen, summarized the nature, flavour and efficacy of Coicis Semen contained in both ancient and modern literature, and provided a historical basis for the standardization of the subsequent processing technology of Coicis Semen, the clinical application of various processed products, and the further development and utilization of medicinal materials.

Analysis of an alternative method for the study of bromeliad-associated fauna in plants with different foliar organization

The efficiency of an alternative method of collection (by suction of water) for the study of Culicidae and Chironomidae (Diptera), Scirtidae (Coleoptera) and Coenagrionidae (Odonata) in bromeliads with different foliar architecture in a restinga at Florianópolis, SC, Brazil, was studied. The alternative method was less efficient to collect Culicidae and Chironomidae (Wilcoxon test p < 0.05) and was more efficient to Scirtidae and Coenagrionidae (Wilcoxon test p > 0.05) from Aechmea lindenii. This method was less efficient to collect insects of all groups from Vriesea friburgensis (Wilcoxon test p < 0.05). The alternative method was efficient to estimate the diversity of these insects in both species of bromeliads. The higher mobility of immature forms of beetles and dragonflies, and the availability of only one tank in Aechea lindenii, contrasting to several tanks in Vriesea friburgensis that help the suction of these immature, probably influenced the results, which indicated that the suction method should not replace the dismantling in the study of Culicidae and Chironomidae. This method can be useful to get immature forms of Scirtidae and Coenagrionidae in one-tank bromeliads.

A eficiência do método alternativo de coleta (por sucção da água) para o estudo de Culicidae e Chironomidae (Diptera), Scirtidae (Coleoptera) e Coenagrionidae (Odonata) em bromélias com diferentes estruturas foliares de restinga em Florianópolis, SC, Brasil, foi estudada. O método alternativo foi menos eficiente para coletar Culicidae e Chironomidae (teste de Wilcoxon p < 0, 05) e foi mais eficiente para Scirtidae e Coenagrionidae (teste de Wilcoxon p > 0, 05) a partir de Aechmea lindenii. Esse foi menos eficiente para coletar insetos de todos os grupos a partir de Vriesea friburgensis (teste de Wilcoxon p < 0,05). O método alternativo se mostrou eficiente em estimar a diversidade desses insetos nas duas espécies de bromélias. A alta mobilidade das formas imaturas dos coleópteros e libélulas e a disponibilidade de apenas um tanque em Aechea lindenii, em contraste com as várias axilas e Vriesea friburgensis, facilitando a sucção destas formas imaturas provavelmente influenciaram os resultados. Os resultados indicam que o método de sucção não deve substituir o desmanche no estudo de Culicidae e Chironomidae; ele pode ser útil para a obtenção de formas imaturas de Scirtidae e Coenagrionidae em bromélias de um só tanque.

Espécies de Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) coletadas em armadilha de sucção em reserva florestal / Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) collected in suction trap in forest reserve

Pela primeira vez é usada uma armadilha elétrica de sucção (estacionária) para coleta de espécies de Trichogramma. Foram coletados 551 espécimes pertencentes a nove espécies: T. acuminatum Querino & Zucchi, T. alloeovirilia Querino & Zucchi, T. bruni Nagaraja, T. parrai Querino & Zucchi, T. pretiosum Riley, T. pusillus Querino & Zucchi, T. tupiense Querino & Zucchi, T. zucchii Querino e Trichogramma sp. aff. pintoi. A espécie mais abundante e freqüente foi T. bruni. As demais espécies tiveram freqüências relativas inferiores a 2 por cento. A armadilha de sucção elétrica mostrou-se útil para a coleta de Trichogramma em áreas onde é difícil localizar os ovos do inseto hospedeiro.

For the first time an electrical suction trap was used to collect specimens of Trichogramma. The total of 551 Trichogramma specimens were collected belonging to nine species namely T. acuminatum Querino & Zucchi, T. alloeovirilia Querino & Zucchi, T. bruni Nagaraja, T. parrai Querino & Zucchi, T. pretiosum Riley, T. pusillus Querino & Zucchi, T. tupiense Querino & Zucchi, T. zucchii Querino and Trichogramma sp. aff. pintoi. T. bruni was the most abundant and frequent species. The relative frequency was less than 2 percent for the remaining species. The electrical suction trap was shown useful to collected Trichogramma specimens in areas where host insect eggs are difficult to find.