Medidas poblacionales para la seguridad vial: más allá de la responsabilidad individual / Population measures to improve road safety: Beyond individual responsibility

Las lesiones causadas por el tránsito (LCT) se encuentran dentro de las principales causas de mortalidad y discapacidad a nivel mundial, hecho reflejado en el puesto que ocupan dentro de las primeras diez causas de vida ajustados por discapacidad, con importantes costos e impacto económico y social para las sociedades que las padecen. En 2004, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) lanzó el primer informe sobre prevención de LCT. Sin embargo, en años posteriores esa situación no mejoró, por lo cual las Naciones Unidas lanzó la Década de Acción para la Seguridad Vial (2011-2020), donde se invitaba a los gobiernos a diseñar e implementar acciones para reducir la carga asociada a este problema; entre estas se encuentra diseño y mejoramiento de vías, atención oportuna pos siniestro, control de la velocidad, medidas de control administrativo, diseño y mejoramiento de estándares vehiculares, entre otras. Las medidas basadas en enfoque poblacional han demostrado ser más poderosas que las medidas que inducen cambios de comportamiento individual.

Injuries caused by traffic (ICT) are among the main causes of mortality and disability worldwide, reflected in the fact that they occupy the first ten causes of disability adjusted life years with economic and social cost impacts for the societies that suffer from them. In 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the first Prevention Report about ICT. Nevertheless, in subsequent years this situation has not improved, motivating the United Nations to launch the Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020), where governments were invited to design and implement actions to reduce the burden associated with this problem: designing and improving of roads, increasing timely post-crash care, speed control, administrative control measures, designing and improving vehicle safety standards, among others. Population-based measures have been shown to be more powerful than measures that induce individual behavior changes.

March or Die: road-killed herpetofauna along BR-040 highway, an ancient road on the Atlantic Forest from Southeastern Brazil / Marche ou Morra: herpetofauna atropelada ao longo da rodovia BR-040, uma antiga estrada na Mata Atlântica do Sudeste do Brasil

Abstract The construction of highways is responsible for access to previously protected areas, resulting in changes in landscape and dynamics of the animal populations that live in these areas. These enterprises are the major responsible for the mortality of wild animals, surpassing hunting and even the trafficking of animals. The objective of this study was to make a list that reflects the diversity of amphibians and reptile's road-killed along the BR-040, a highway that crosses the threaten lowland Atlantic Forest in Southeastern region of Brazil, including the use of microhabitats, lifestyle, activity pattern, reproductive cycles, and possible rare or endangered species. The study area consists of 180,4 km of highways. Monitoring began in 2006 and continues to the present day. A total of 1,410 individuals from 60 species were recorded in this study. The reptiles were more frequent in number of individuals and species. The commonest species recorded were Crotalus durissus and Dipsas mikanii. We have registered a single endangered species: Ranacephala hogei. The highest rates of road-kill were recorded during the wet season. Road-kills of fauna is a major threat to species, studies are of great importance to define plans that seek to mitigate the effects generated by these enterprises.

Resumo A construção de rodovias é responsável pelo acesso a áreas anteriormente protegidas, resultando em alterações na paisagem e na dinâmica das populações animais que vivem nessas áreas. Esses empreendimentos são os maiores responsáveis pela mortalidade de animais silvestres, superando a caça e até mesmo o tráfico de animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma lista que reflita a diversidade de anfíbios e répteis atropelados ao longo da BR-040, uma rodovia que atravessa a ameaçada Mata Atlântica na região Sudeste do Brasil, incluindo o uso de microhabitats, estilo de vida, padrão de atividade, ciclos reprodutivos, e possíveis espécies raras ou ameaçadas. A área de estudo é constituída por 180,4 km de rodovias. O monitoramento começou em 2006 e segue até os dias atuais. Ao todo 1.410 indivíduos de 60 espécies foram registrados nesse estudo. Os répteis foram mais frequentes, em número de indivíduos e espécies. As espécies mais comumente registradas foram Crotalus durissus e Dipsas mikanii. Registramos uma espécie ameaçada de extinção: Ranacephala hogei. A maior taxa de atropelamento foi registrada durante a estação chuvosa. O atropelamento de fauna é uma grande ameaça as espécies, sendo de grande importância estudos para definição de planos que busquem mitigar os efeitos gerados por esses empreendimentos.

Characterization and identification of alkaloids in Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex and Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex based on UHPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS / 中国中药杂志

A strategy combining collision cross section(CCS) prediction and quantitative structure-retention relationship(QSRR) model for quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids was established based on UHPLC-IM-Q-TOF-MS and applied to Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex and Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex. The strategy included the following three steps.(1) The molecular features were extracted by the "find features" algorithm.(2) The potential quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids were screened by filtering the original characteristic ions extracted from Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex and Phellodendri Amurensis Cortex by the established CCS vs m/z prediction interval.(3) According to the retention time of candidate compounds predicted by QSRR model, the chemical constituents were identified in combination with the characteristic fragment ions and pyrolysis law of secondary mass spectrometry. With the strategy, a total of 80 compounds were predicted, and 15 were identified accurately. The strategy is effective for the identification of small analogs of traditional Chinese medicine.

Recent progress of protein glycosylation characterization utilizing native conformer-resolved mass spectrometry / 中国药科大学学报

@#Glycosylation of proteins, one of the most prevalent and complex post-translational modifications occurring in nature, plays a crucial role in regulating protein net charge, conformation, binding properties and, ultimately, biological function.Traditional structural techniques are not amenable for glycoproteins due to the inherent heterogeneity of oligosaccharides.With the advances in analytical technique, mass spectrometry displays an increasingly crucial role in elucidating the structure of glycoproteins.Mass spectrometry-based proteomic technique can dissect the chemical composition and site information of low-abundance glycosylation at the peptide level.Instead, native mass spectrometry (nMS) can analyze intact glycoproteins while maintaining the information for glycan heterogeneity, and the insights into the regulatory effects of glycosylation on protein higher order structures and interactions with other proteins or ligands.As a representative structural mass spectrometry tool, ion mobility-based nMS strategy is powered by its conformer-resolving capability and by the feasibility of conformer manipulation through collision-induced unfolding.Consequently, native IM-MS analysis can provide rich information of dynamic protein conformations, allowing for the rapid identification and differentiation of protein isoforms in an unprecedented manner.In this review, we briefly introduced two emerging native IM-MS analytical modes, dynamic conformer-resolving mode and glycoform-resolving mode.Besides, we also discussed the recent progress of conformational and topological characterization of intact glycoproteins with three typical model systems based on two above-mentioned emerging modes of native IM-MS.

Spindle Cell Carcinoma: A Confirmatory Diagnostic Analysis by Immunohistochemical Studies

Introduction: WHO defines it as a ‘‘carcinoma within which there are some elements resembling a squamous cell carcinoma that are admixed with a spindle cell component. Spindle cell carcinoma is an uncommon poorly differentiated type of SCC com- prising up to 3% of SCC and it is also known as sarcomatoid carcinoma which is a rare biphasic malignant neoplasm. . Case Report: A 20 year old female patient complains of pain and growth in lower front teeth region since 3 months and gave a history of growth 2yrs back in the front teeth region for which she has been operated but it has recurred again. Discussion: The histological features mimicked other connective tissue sarcomas & spindle cell malignancies at light micro- scopic level. Hence, after undergoing immunohistochemistryA careful study based on clinical, radiological and histopathologi- cal and immunohistochemical examination was done and a final diagnosis of spindle cell carcinoma was given.

Manejo de las fracturas maxilofaciales y sus complicaciones / Management of maxillofacial fractures and its complications

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el trauma maxilofacial corresponde a toda lesión traumática del macizo facial. Actualmente representa uno de los problemas de salud más importantes en el mundo. Nuestro objetivo es realizar un análisis de nuestra experiencia en las intervenciones realizadas en pacientes internados y sus complicaciones. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y observacional de 205 pacientes con fracturas maxilofaciales desde el año 2011 hasta el año 2019. Resultados: el 81,46% fueron hombres (n: 167) y el rango etario más afectado osciló entre los 21 y 30 años con el 38,54% (n:79). El accidente de tránsito 56,1% (n:115) fue el mecanismo de trauma más frecuente. Los tipos de fracturas faciales fueron: panfaciales 12,2% (n: 25), tercio superior 1,46% (n:3), tercio medio 72,2% (n:148) y tercio inferior 14,15% (n:29). Dentro del tercio superior, el 66,67% (n:2) fueron fracturas del seno frontal asociadas al hueso frontal, en el tercio medio las combinadas en un 54,73% (n:81) y en el tercio inferior, las complejas en el 34,48% (n:10). Fueron intervenidos 199 pacientes (97,07%). Solo el 11,56% (n:23) presentó alguna complicación. No se observaron complicaciones graves. Discusión: según nuestra serie, la mayoría de los pacientes fueron hombres jóvenes; la causa más frecuente, el accidente de tránsito, y el tercio medio, el más afectado, resultados estos similares a los de otros estudios publicados. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue principalmente reducción abierta y fijación con material de osteosíntesis de titanio, un procedimiento seguro y fiable, que permite restablecer la funcionalidad previa al traumatismo, con un índice muy bajo de complicaciones posoperatorias.

ABSTRACT Background: Maxillofacial trauma corresponds to all traumatic injuries affecting the facial bones. Nowadays, it represents one of the main healthcare issues worldwide. The aim of this study is to analyze our experience in the interventions performed in hospitalized and their complications. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective and observational study of 205 patients with maxillofacial fractures from 2011 to 2019. Results: 81.46% were men (n = 167) and 38.54% (n = 79) of the patients were between 21 and 30 years of age. Traffic collision was the most common mechanism of trauma (56,1%, n = 115). The types of facial fractures were panfacial (12.2%; n = 25), of the upper-third (1.43%; n = 3), of the middle-third (72.2%; n = 148) and of the lower third (14.15%; n = 29). In the upper third of the face frontal sinus fractures associated with the frontal bone were the most common (66.67%; n =2); in the middle-third combined fractures were most prevalent (54.73%; n = 81) while complex fractures were most frequent in the lower third (34,48%; n = 10). One-hundred and ninety-one patients were operated on (97.07%). Complications occurred in only 11.56% (n = 23) and were not serious. Discusion: In our series, most patients were young men, traffic collisions were the most common cause of trauma, and the middle third of the face was the most affected region. These results are similar to our publications. Surgical management, mostly by open reduction and fixation with titanium-based osteosynthesis material, is an effective, safe and reliable procedure, which allows the restoration of pre-trauma function, with very low rate of postoperative complications.

Tumor de colisión en el ovario, con fibrotecoma. Reporte de un caso / Collision tumor in the ovary, with fibrothecoma. Case report

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: La coincidencia temporo-espacial de dos o más neoplasias benignas, malignas o combinadas, que afectan a un mismo órgano o tejido es lo que define al tumor de colisión, con diferencias conductuales, genéticas e histológicas. Los tumores de colisión ovárica son un subtipo raro. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 53 años, que acudió al servicio de Urgencias debido a un dolor intermitente de siete meses de evolución que, en las últimas semanas, se intensificó y se agregaron náuseas y vómitos. Durante la exploración abdominal se detectó un aumento de volumen en el área pélvica, sin irritación peritoneal. Los marcadores tumorales: CA-125, CA 19-9 y antígeno carcinoembrionario se reportaron en parámetros normales. La ecografía pélvica informó la existencia de una imagen quística simple y compleja, con componente sólido. El examen de anatomía patológica diagnosticó: tumor de colisión en el ovario izquierdo. CONCLUSION: Los tumores de colisión en el ovario son poco frecuentes según lo reportado en la bibliografía. El diagnóstico anatomopatológico minucioso y el seguimiento clínico-radiológico adecuado son necesarios para descartar los tumores de colisión.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The temporal-spatial coincidence of two or more benign, malignant or combined neoplasms that affect the same organ or tissue is what defines the collision tumor, with behavioral, genetic and histological differences. Ovarian collision tumors are a rare subtype. CLINICAL CASE: A 53-year-old patient, who came to the Emergency Department due to intermittent pain of seven months' evolution, which, in recent weeks, intensified and nausea and vomiting were added. During abdominal examination, an increase in volume was detected in the pelvic area, without peritoneal irritation. Tumor markers: CA-125, CA 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen were reported in normal parameters. Pelvic ultrasound reported the existence of a simple and complex cystic image, with a solid component. Pathological anatomy examination diagnosed: collision tumor in the left ovary. CONCLUSION: Collision tumors in the ovary are rare according to reports in the literature. A thorough pathological diagnosis and adequate clinical-radiological follow-up are necessary to rule out colliding tumors.

Collision of two tumors: A case report of a Lung Adenocarcinoma with metastasis to a Pituitary Adenoma / Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies

@#A collision tumor involving metastasis to a pituitary adenoma is rare. We describe a case of a 68-year-old Bidayuh woman with underlying treatment-responsive lung adenocarcinoma, who presented with mass effect, panhypopituitarism and polyuria. Her initial imaging study reported pituitary macroadenoma, and she was treated with hormone replacement therapy. She then underwent transsphenoidal tumor debulking surgery with subsequent histopathological findings of a collision tumor of an adenocarcinoma with metastasis to a non-functioning pituitary adenoma.

What is required for a successful tackle in rugby football? -A statistical and biomechanical analysis of tacklers and ball carriers- / 体力科学

In this study, we searched the relevant literature for studies involving the number of tackles and wins/losses in a rugby match, the movement of the tackler and ball carrier, the momentum of tackles, the technique and physical fitness of tacklers, and the risk of injury in order to examine the factors contributing to a successful tackle. As a result, it was found that professional players had a higher success rate of tackles than amateur players younger than 20 years of age. However, the number of tackles per match and the relationship between the success rate of tackles and the results of the match differed depending on the competitive level and the country/region. Regarding tackle movements, the success rates of shoulder tackles were higher than those of other types of tackles. High-level players performed shoulder tackles with both shoulders and both hips facing the ball carrier (body position square), with their trunk roughly parallel to the ground. Furthermore, high-level players had a high body mass; thus, they tackled with high momentum (velocity × mass). Regarding physical fitness, high-level tackling techniques required maximum strength and power in the lower and upper limbs, and also improving the maximal aerobic capacity and overall agility may help prevent fatigue and thus positively contribute to successful tackling. This review suggested that young rugby players need to improve their tackling techniques, including adopting a posture with a straight spine and leg-drive, as the risk of concussion among novices was higher than that among experts.

Malignant Melanoma and Atypical Fibroxanthoma: An Unusual Collision Tumour

ABSTRACT Two different neoplasms in the same biopsy material, called collision tumour, were studied. These tumours are rarely seen in the skin. We report the case of a 79-year-old female with a collision tumour composed of amelanotic malignant melanoma and atypical fibroxanthoma of the face. The histological and immunopathological features observed are discussed.

Lesiones sincrónicas selares: adenoma hipofisario y quiste de la bolsa de Rathke / Collision sellar lesions: pituitary adenoma and Rathke cleft cyst

Resumen El quiste de la bolsa de Rathke (QBR) es una entidad benigna de crecimiento lento que proviene del remanente del ectodermo primitivo. Presenta un origen común con los adenomas hipofisarios (AH), sin embargo, la presentación sincrónica de un AH y un QBR es infrecuente. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 41 años con enfermedad de Cushing. Se realizó resonancia magnética con el hallazgo de dos lesiones en región selar. Se hizo un abordaje transnasal endoscópico, con exéresis completa de ambas. El informe de anatomía patológica reveló un AH corticotropo y un QBR. Tuvo una remisión clínica analítica endocrinológica a los seis meses postquirúrgicos. Ante el hallazgo de una imagen quística a nivel selar concomitante con un adenoma hipofisario, debe ser considerada la posibilidad diagnóstica de un QBR.

Abstract Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC) are a slow-growing, benign, cystic lesions that arises from the remnants of the primitive ectoderm and Rathke's pouch. They present a common origin with pituitary adenomas (PA), however, the concomitant presentation of a PA and a RCC rarely occur. We present a case of a 41-year-old female with Cushing's disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed two synchronic lesions in the sellar region. An endoscopic transnasal approach was performed, with complete excision of both. The histological studies revealed an ACTH secreting PA and a RCC. The patient presented clinical and endocrinological remission six months after surgery. With the presence of cystic lesion at the sellar region, and the concomitant finding of a pituitary adenoma, RCC should be considered.

Tumores cutáneos de colisión / Cutaneous collision tumors

Los tumores de colisión consisten en neoplasias compuestas por dos poblaciones celulares distintas que mantienen una clara diferenciación de sus bordes y que se encuentran adyacentes una de otra en la misma muestra histopatológica. Esta asociación puede corresponder a dos tumores malignos, dos benignos o uno maligno y uno benigno. Son infrecuentes y, en ocasiones, representan un desafío clínico para la detección correcta de ambas neoplasias. Se presenan los casos de tres pacientes con tumores cutáneos de colisión, de estirpe melanocítica combinada con queratinocítica; en dos de ellos ambas neoplasias fueron malignas y en uno, se asociaron una lesión maligna y una benigna.

Collision tumors consist of neoplasms composed of two different cell populations that maintain a clear differentiation of their borders, and that are adjacent to each other in the same histopathological sample. This association can correspond to two malignant tumors, two benign, or one malignant and one benign. They are infrequent and, at times, represent a clinical challenge for the correct detection of both neoplasms. Three cases of cutaneous collision tumors of a melanocytic line combined with a keratinocytic line are presented, two of them in which both neoplasms were malignant and one that associated a malignant and a benign lesion.

Pancreatic collision tumor: mucinous cystadenoma and celar cell renal cell carcinoma metastasis

We present a clinical, radiological, surgical, and pathological correlation case of a 49-year-old woman with a prior nephrectomy due to a clear cell renal cell carcinoma, who was then diagnosed with a multilocular cystic lesion in the pancreatic tail after a routine ultrasound. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed a multilocular cystic lesion with a hypervascular wall nodule in the pancreas. The patient underwent a distal pancreatectomy and had a final diagnosis of pancreatic mucinous cystadenoma with an associated component of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (collision tumor of the pancreas). (AU)

Effects of Impact Angle on Head Injury in Six-Year-Old Child Pedestrian-Car Collision / 医用生物力学

Objective To explore the influence of child head injury under different impact angles by applying the finite element model of six-year-old child pedestrian as specified in the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP). Methods Based on the finite element model of 6-year-old pedestrian with detailed anatomical structure as specified by the Euro NCAP (TB024), four groups of simulation experiments were set up to explore the mechanism of head injury in children under different impact angles. The initial position for head mass center was on the longitudinal center line of the car. The initial speed of the car was 40 km/h. The car contacted with the model from the direction of the right (0°), the front (90°), the left (180°) and the back (270°). The kinematics differences and head impact responses were compared, and injuries of the facial bone and skull were analyzed. Results Through the analysis of head contact force, acceleration of head mass center, resultant velocity of head mass center with the vehicle, head injury criterion (HIC15), facial bone fracture and skull stress distribution, it was found that the risk of head fracture and brain contusion under back impact and front impact was higher than that under side impact. The risk of head fracture and brain contusion was highest under back impact, while the lowest under side impact. Conclusions Child pedestrian head injury was the largest under back impact. The results have important application values for the assessment and development of car-pedestrian collision protection device.

Insight into chemical basis of traditional Chinese medicine based on the state-of-the-art techniques of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been an indispensable source of drugs for curing various human diseases. However, the inherent chemical diversity and complexity of TCM restricted the safety and efficacy of its usage. Over the past few decades, the combination of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry has contributed greatly to the TCM qualitative analysis. And novel approaches have been continuously introduced to improve the analytical performance, including both the data acquisition methods to generate a large and informative dataset, and the data post-processing tools to extract the structure-related MS information. Furthermore, the fast-developing computer techniques and big data analytics have markedly enriched the data processing tools, bringing benefits of high efficiency and accuracy. To provide an up-to-date review of the latest techniques on the TCM qualitative analysis, multiple data-independent acquisition methods and data-dependent acquisition methods (precursor ion list, dynamic exclusion, mass tag, precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan, and multiple reaction monitoring) and post-processing techniques (mass defect filtering, diagnostic ion filtering, neutral loss filtering, mass spectral trees similarity filter, molecular networking, statistical analysis, database matching, etc.) were summarized and categorized. Applications of each technique and integrated analytical strategies were highlighted, discussion and future perspectives were proposed as well.

Collision tumor of ovary: a case report on bilateral dermoid cyst with co-existing unilateral mucinous cystadenoma

A collision tumor is the coexistence of two adjacent, but histologically distinct tumors without histological admixture in the same tissue or organ. Such tumors have often been reported in various organs, but location in the ovary is rare. The juxtaposition with dermoid cysts has been reported as comprising approximately 5% of benign mucinous ovarian tumors and rare examples of proliferating mucinous tumors. Authors are reporting a case of collision tumor which included benign mucinous cystadenoma and benign cystic teratoma. The gynecologists and pathologists should be aware of such combination of tumors. The case was diagnosed post-operatively. It is important to correctly diagnose the component of tumor for further management and favourable prognosis. Frozen section intra-operatively plays an important role in diagnosing such tumors.

Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 4-(3-chloro-4-(3-cyclopropylthioureido)-2-fluorophenoxy)-7-methoxyquinoline-6-carboxamide (WXFL-152): a novel triple angiokinase inhibitor for cancer therapy

Angiokinases, such as vascular endothelial-, fibroblast- and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (VEGFRs, FGFRs and PDGFRs) play crucial roles in tumor angiogenesis. Anti-angiogenesis therapy using multi-angiokinase inhibitor has achieved great success in recent years. In this study, we presented the design, synthesis, target identification, molecular mechanism, pharmacodynamics (PD) and pharmacokinetics (PK) research of a novel triple-angiokinase inhibitor WXFL-152. WXFL-152, identified from a series of 4-oxyquinoline derivatives based on a structure-activity relationship study, inhibited the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes by blocking the angiokinase signals VEGF/VEGFR2, FGF/FGFRs and PDGF/PDGFR simultaneously . Significant anticancer effects of WXFL-152 were confirmed in multiple preclinical tumor xenograft models, including a patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) model. Pharmacokinetic studies of WXFL-152 demonstrated high favourable bioavailability with single-dose and continuous multi-dose by oral administration in rats and beagles. In conclusion, WXFL-152, which is currently in phase Ib clinical trials, is a novel and effective triple-angiokinase inhibitor with clear PD and PK in tumor therapy.

Dynamic Response and Damage Analysis of Human Head and Neck in Automobile Rear Impact / 医用生物力学

Objective To establish the precise finite element model of the head and neck based on human anatomical structure, so as to study neck injuries caused by rear impact at different speeds. Methods The model was based on CT scan images of the head and neck of human body. The Mimics software was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) bone, and the 3D solid ligaments, small joints and other tissues of the neck were improved and meshed by HyperMesh. The generated models included the head, 8 vertebrae (C1-T1), 6 intervertebral discs (annulus, nucleus pulposus and upper and lower cartilage endplates), facet joints (cartilage and joint capsule ligaments), ligaments, muscles, etc. Finally, the model verification and post-collision calculation were completed in the finite element post-processing software. Results The simulation results of the models under axial impact, front and back flexion and lateral flexion were compared with the experimental data to verify the effectiveness of the model. Then post-collision simulation at the speed of 20, 40, 60 and 80 km/h was conducted. At the speed of 20 km/h, there was no damage to the neck. At the speed of 40, 60 and 80 km/h, the ligament was the first to be damaged. As the speed increased, the stress on tissues of the neck increased continuously. At the speed of 80 km/h, the maximum stresses of the dense bone, cancellous bone and annulus of the cervical vertebrae were 226.4, 11.5, and 162.8 MPa, respectively. When the ligament strain reached the limit, tearing began to occur. Conclusions The finite element model of the head and neck established in this study has high bionics and effectiveness, and can be used for studying neck injury analysis in traffic accidents, which is helpful for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cervical spine injury to a certain extent.

Collision Tumour of Ovary: A Report of Two Cases.

Collision tumour is defined as the presence of two distinct tumours in the same organ without any histological intermixing. Such tumours involving ovaries are extremely rare. We are presenting report of two cases of ovarian collision tumour. Our first case revealed features of mature cystic teratoma with mucinous cystadenoma. The second case showed components of both mature cystic teratoma and serous cystadenoma. Correct diagnosis of collision tumour will guide the surgeon towards proper treatment and favorable prognosis of patient.

Ecology, endemism, and conservation status of birds that collide with glass windows in Monteverde, Costa Rica

Worldwide, billions of birds die annually due to window collisions. Nevertheless, few accounts document bird-window collisions in the Neotropics. In this study, we document species that collided with windows in Monteverde, Costa Rica, and describe their ecological and conservation status. We gathered information from different sources, including data from museum records and accounts by Monteverde residents who participated as "citizen scientists" between May 2014 and December 2017. We conducted carcass searches between March 2015 and February 2016. We classified window-strike species by migratory, forest dependence, trophic guild, weight, abundance, conservation, and endemism status. We registered 103 species striking windows in Monteverde, which includes 98 of 267 species known to occur in three life zones in Monteverde and five not registered in the area. Window strike casualties' frequencies differed by species, trophic guild and migratory status. Most window victims were residents, small, insectivorous, considered common or fairly common, with declining population trends. The families with the most species represented were Parulidae (14 spp.), Trochilidae (13 spp.), Turdidae (10 spp.), and Tyrannidae (9 spp.). Most species were passerines (Order Passeriformes) (71 spp.). No hawks or vultures were found colliding with buildings. The three species most commonly killed by windows were frugivores: Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Northern Emerald-Toucanet (Aulacorhynchus prasinus), and Black-faced Solitaire (Myadestes melanops). Among window-kills were five species whose status on the IUCN Red List are Near Threatened and one Vulnerable, including the Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) and the Three-wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculatus). Six species are listed as in danger of extinction and four are listed as species with reduced populations by the National System of Conservation Areas for Costa Rica (SINAC). 12 endemic species are strike casualties. The premontane wet forest is the life zone where more species were found (n=64 spp.), followed by the premontane moist forest (n = 49 spp.) and the lower montane wet forest (n = 31 spp.). These findings demonstrate the urgent need for conservation measures to mitigate bird mortality due to window collisions. Promoting use of methods to protect birds from windows should be an important goal for this IBA and the rest of Costa Rica. We also recommend collecting data in order to increase understanding about bird window collisions.

Cada año, a nivel global, mueren miles de millones de aves al colisionar contra ventanas. A pesar de ello, pocos registros documentan colisiones aves-ventanas en zonas altamente diversas en el Neotrópico. En este estudio, nosotros documentamos especies que colisionaron en ventanas en Monteverde, Costa Rica y describimos su estatus ecológico y de conservación. Nosotros obtuvimos información de distintas fuentes, incluyendo datos de registros de museos y de observaciones de residentes de Monteverde que participaron como "científicos ciudadanos" entre mayo 2014 y diciembre 2017. Nosotros realizamos búsquedas de cuerpos de aves entre marzo del 2015 y febrero 2016. Clasificamos especies que hubieran golpeado de acuerdo a su estatus de migración, dependencia del bosque, gremio alimentario, peso, abundancia, endemismo y de conservación. Nosotros registramos 103 especies que habían golpeado ventanas en Monteverde (98 de 267 especies documentadas en tres zonas de vida y cinco no registradas en el área). Muchas especies víctima de colisiones se caracterizan por ser residentes, pequeños, insectívoros, considerados comunes o bastante comunes, con poblaciones decrecientes. Las familias más representadas son Parulidae (14 spp.), Trochilidae (13 spp.), Turdidae (10 spp.) y Tyrannidae (9 spp.). La mayoría de las especies son paseriformes (Orden Passeriformes) (71 spp.). Ni gavilanes ni zopilotes golpearon en edificios durante nuestro estudio. Las tres especies más comúnmente muertas por ventanas fueron el Zorzal de Swainson (Catharus ustulatus), el tucancillo verde (Aulacorhynchu sprasinus) y el jilguero (Myadestes melanops). Entre las especies afectadas cinco especies tienen estatus de Casi Amenazadas y una Vulnerable según la Lista Roja de la UICN, incluyendo el Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) y los pájaros campana (Procnias tricarunculatus). Cinco especies están en lista de peligro de extinción y cuatro con poblaciones reducidas según la lista del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de conservación de Costa Rica (SINAC). 12 especies endémicas fueron víctimas de colisiones. El bosque premontano húmedo es la zona de vida donde más especies fueron encontradas (n = 64 spp.), seguidos por el bosque premontano muy húmedo y el bosque muy húmedo montano bajo (n = 31 spp.). Estos hallazgos demuestran la urgente necesidad de implementar medidas de conservación para mitigar la mortalidad de las aves originada por colisión contra ventanas. El aplicar métodos para proteger a las aves de las ventanas debe ser una importante meta para esta AICA así como para el resto de Costa Rica. Recomendamos desarrollar acciones educativas, legales y continuar recolectando información, tanto en Monteverde como en otras áreas de Costa Rica para aumentar el conocimiento acerca de la colisión de aves con ventanas.