ABSTRACT
Objective: To clarify the species composition, structural characteristics, age-class structure, and floristic diversity of the community where a precious medicinal plant Ardisia gigantifolia inhabited, and to provide a scientific basis for species conservation and large-scale-breeding management. Methods: Eleven plots of 10 m × 10 m were set up. Complete enumeration survey method was employed to study the species composition, diameter at breast height, tree height, and crown width. Data were analyzed using species diversity index. Results: There were 213 species of vascular plant belonging to 153 genera and 78 families in the 1 100 m2 plot; The flora were dominated by tropical-subtropical elements; Dominant tree species were Schima superba, Alniphyllum fortune, Liquidambar formosana, and Pinus massoniana, while dominant shrub species were A. gigantifolia, Itea chinensis, and Mussaenda pubescens; A. gigantifolia occurred in both shrub layer and herbal layer, possessing abundant age-class I seedlings, however scanty age-class IV Shannon-individuals show pyramid-type age-class structure of the population; The species richness of the community was 30.04, the Wienner index was 3.79, the Simpson index was 0.88, and the evenness Pielou index was 0.71; The species richness index of the community ranged as herb layer > shrub layer > tree layer > liana layer, while the Simpson index varied as liana layer > shrub layer > tree layer > herb layer, and the Shannon-Wienner index ranged as liana layer > shrub layer > tree layer > herb layer, when the evenness index turned out as liana layer > shrub layer > tree layer > herb layer. It indicated that the herb layer has the highest species richness but the most uneven distribution, and the predominant species stand out prominently. Conclusion: A. gigantifolia show gathering distribution in the lower layer of the community, and grown well as dominant species in shrub and herbal layer. The shade enduring species needs scattered light, prefers warm and humid environment with acid and porous soils.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to analyze the influence of socioeconomic characteristics of community on the food insecurity under the control of personal socioeconomic factors which may be influence to the food security. METHODS: Food insecurity and individual socioeconomic characteristics were obtained from 2012 community health survey. Socioeconomic characteristics of communities were extracted from the data of Statistics Korea and local governments. Personal socioeconomic factors were sex, age, educational status, job, and monthly family income. Socioeconomic characteristics of communities were administrative district (urban vs. rural), senior population rate, degree of financial self reliance, degree of financial independence, portion of welfare budget, number of welfare facilities, and unemployment rate. We analysed the relationships between the food insecurity and socioeconomic characteristics of community using multi-level analysis under the control of personal characteristics. RESULTS: On personal level age, sex, education status, and monthly family income were related with food insecurity. On community level administrative district (urban vs. rural), degree of financial independence, unemployment rate, and proportion of welfare budget among local general government accounts were related to individual food insecurity. Rural area, district with low levels of financial independence, low portion of welfare budget, and greater unemployment rate showed a higher level of food insecurity. CONCLUSION: To reduce the level of food insecurity in a community it is necessary to decrease the unemployment rate, in addition to providing support from the central government by increasing the proportion of the welfare budget so that both factors contribute to raising the degree of financial independence.
Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Budgets , Education , Educational Status , Food Supply , Health Surveys , Korea , Socioeconomic Factors , UnemploymentABSTRACT
The paper is aimed to study the distribution, population density, soil conditions and community characteristics of accompanying plants' in Enshi sub-regional different areas, with a typical habitats investigation method. The results showed that the wild Panax japonicus mainly distributed in moist places under the forests, by streams, or secondary forests of high grass, within east longitude 29°-30°, north latitude 108°-110°and about 1 000-15 00 meters above sea level. The soils were mainly tide soil and humus with yellow-brown soil, yellow soil and red soil, and the humus thickness was5-30 centimeter, pH 6.0-6.8, the moisture content of 16.8%-24.2%, soil bulk density of 1.39-2.12. Its geographical vegetation types were mainly evergreen coniferous forest, evergreen-deciduous mixture broad leaved forest and evergreen coniferous forest mixed deciduous broad-leaved forest, including three levels community structure of arbors, shrubs and herbaceous; Its accompanying plants reached 86 families, 118 genera, 134 species of seed plants, the arbors included 15 families, 21 genera, 26 species and the dominant species community mainly Pinaceae such as Pinus massoniana, P. tabuliformis, P. henryi and Taxodiaceae such as Cunninghamia lanceolata, Cryptomeria fortunei etc. The shrubs included 39 families, 54 genera, 62 species with the dominant species such as Camellia oleifera, Kalopanax septemlobus, Akebia trifoliata, Trachycarpusfortunei, Rhamnus globosa, Smilax corbularia and so on. The herbaceous included 32 families, 43 genera, 46 species, and Ferns such as the black-footed Dryopteris, Dryopteris crassirhizom, Coniogramme affinis, Polystichum tripteron, Adiantum pedatum, Lunathyrium acrostichoides, Woodsia ilvensis and Woodwardia japonica were dominant species. The cover layer covered a large number of lichens and mosses. The wild P. japonicus can be found among the P. massoniana, P. tabuliformis, P. henryi, lichens and mosses. These may indicate that the wild P. japonicusin Enshi requires higher demands on the ecological environment, its accompanying plants are mainly the tree layer-shrub layer-herb layer, and vertical structure is obvious. The study provides a basis for domestication and conservation of P. japonicus resources.