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ObjectiveTo establish a non-targeted screening method for emerging contaminants in drinking water based on high-resolution mass spectrometry and apply it to actual water samples. MethodsA total of 9 drinking water samples collected from 3 reservoirs in Shanghai were purified and concentrated by HLB solid phase extraction column， then separated and analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometer and gas chromatography high⁃resolution mass spectrometer. The acquired data were analyzed by Thermo Tracefinder， Excel and other software combined with mzCloud and NIST databases. The methodology was verified with representative compound standards. Pesticide and perfluorinated compounds were taken as examples to analyze their pollution status. ResultsA non-targeted analysis strategy based on liquid chromatography and gas chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry was established. The pollution level of 20 kinds of pesticides and 4 kinds of perfluorinated compounds identified in 9 drinking water samples were higher in the Huangpu River than in the Yangtze River estuary. ConclusionThe established non-targeted screening method by high-resolution mass spectrometry can detect potential emerging contaminants in drinking water without relying on the standards， which provides a powerful technical means for water quality monitoring and risk assessment.
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This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the possible mechanisms underlying the estrogenic potential of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) as a disinfectant emerging contaminant. Effects of BAC at the environmentally-relevant concentrations on estrogen synthesis and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling were assessed using the H295R steroidogenesis assay and the MCF-7 proliferation assay, respectively. Results showed that exposure to BAC at concentrations of 1.0-1.5 mg/L for 48 h significantly increased estradiol production of H295R cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Transcription of steroidogenic genes 3β‐HSD2, 17β‐HSD1, 17β‐HSD4, and CYP19A were significantly enhanced by BAC. In ER-positive MCF-7 cells, exposure to 0.5-1.5 mg/L BAC for 48 h significantly promoted cell proliferation and increased the expressions of ERα and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1. Flow cytometry analysis showed that 0.5-1.5 mg/L BAC significantly decreased the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase, increased the percentage in S phase, and BAC at concentrations of 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L increased the G2/M phase cells. Findings of the study suggested that BAC at environmentally-relevant concentrations might act as a xenoestrogen through its inhibitory effect on steroidogenesis and ER-mediated mechanism.
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@#Introduction: Working in a Commercial kitchen environment poses a potential hazard for a slip accident. Prolonged standing working posture reflects human balance issues. Therefore, this study investigated the ankle angle during Commercial kitchen activity to justify the potential of slip during the activity and correlate between the walking step and slip incident. Method: Vicon motion capture was used to record movements and Vicon Nexus software was used to analyze data. Six male and six female healthy adults with a minimum of three years of Commercial kitchen activity experience participated in this study. Participants have to walk at four different speeds and carry the load at the upper limb and flooring with water and oil as a contaminant. Results: The slip occurred frequently on the oily surfaces compared to water surfaces especially among overweight and obese participants. Ankle angle during slip occurrence was from 97.2 ± 6.7° for male participants and 112.5 ± 12.7° for female participants. Conclusion: The results presented that overweight and obese participants' significant slip occurred when walking on oily surfaces. There was no correlation between carrying load and Body Mass Index (BMI). The walking speed also significant with slip occurrence.
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Cadmium is a toxic metal, an environmental contaminant and a multi-organ poison which has been implicated in the derangement of a number of biological and molecular systems. Exposure to cadmium is a serious global health threat particularly in developing countries and pregnant women are at great risk, This is because they have increased gastrointestinal absorption and retention of cadmium and the tendency for increased risk of complications owing to its toxic effects. Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication characterized by the development of onset of hypertension and significant proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation or during labour and/or within 48 hours of delivery. This pregnancy-specific syndrome is a leading cause of maternal death particularly in developing countries. Several reports have provided evidence of remote association between preeclampsia and cadmium but the mechanism of the involment of this toxic metal in this disease is still surrounded with uncertainty. Some possible mechanistic pathways such as induction of oxidative stress, acting as an antimetabolite to zinc and deregulation of epigenetic mechanisms have been elucidated in this article may be interconnected, work synergistically or act independently. However, pertinent to understand them in a bid to possibly prevent the disease or forestall its devastating consequences. Environmental cadmium exposure may be considered a factor that merits further serious attention in the continuous search for the precise an etiology of preeclampsia particularly in developing countries that experience uncontrolled cadmium release into the environment.
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Aim: Vegetables grown in cadmium contaminated soils accumulate cadmium in their tissues and are risky for consumption. The aim of the study was to get an insight into the effect of different levels of cadmium in soil, on accumulation in different plant parts of okra and its effect on overall growth, biomass production and photosynthesis rate so that suitable management option is explored to produce safe vegetable in cadmium contaminated soils. Methodology: The study was conducted in replicated pots with three soil pH (5.46, 6.54 and 7.45) attained through addition of CaCO3 as main treatment and four Cd levels viz., 0, 3, 6 and 9 mg kg-1 of soil as sub-treatment. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) was taken as the test crop. The experiment was conducted in a net house. Results: The Cd concentrations were minimum in fruits (0.54, 0.31 and 0.14 mg kg-1) and higher in leaves at acidic pH (5.5), while in soil limed to slightly acidic (6.5) and alkaline pH (7.5) roots retained maximum Cd among plant parts. Net photosynthesis and biomass production decreased significantly with higher Cd doses at acidic pH (5.5). The rate of decline in net photosynthesis was lesser at higher soil pH. The transfer factors decreased with increase in soil pH. The DTPA extractable soil Cd decreased from 8.5 to 2% when soil pH increased rendering the Cd less available for plant uptake. Interpretation: Liming can be an effective ameliorative measure to mitigate Cd toxicity in acidic soils and can ensure safe consumption. Lowest accumulation of cadmium in fruit part suggests okra to be a potential vegetable crop for Cd polluted soils.
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Objective To investigate the reasons of natural extinction of Oncomelania hupensis snails by comparing the difference of the water chemical properties between the snail-breeding marshland and non-snail marshland in Eastern Dongting Lake areas. Methods Three adjoining marshlands in Eastern Dongting Lake areas were selected, one was a snail-breeding marshland, the second was a non-snail marshland, and the third was a boundary zone between them. During the periods of water-rising season, wet season and water-falling season, the water samples from the bottom of 0.5 m were collected by the systematic random sampling method (200 m × 200 m grid method). In addition, the water samples below the surface of 0.5 m were also collected in the wet season. The physicochemical indexes of the sampling water were detected. Results According to the Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard (GB 3838–2002), the water quality indicators which were less than the detection limit were Cr, Cd, Zn, Hg, Cu, S－ and CN－ during the three sampling seasons. The pollutants which were slightly higher than Grade III but lower than Grade IV (Hg ≤ 1 μg/L, TP ≤ 0.1 mg/L) were Hg and TP. The pollutants below the Grade III included As and F－. The temperature and pH values were within the Grade III. The oxygen consumption indicators covering DO, COD and BOD in the water-rising season and wet season were within the Grade III, while the value of BOD was beyond the scope of Grade III but was between Grade Ⅳ (≤ 6 mg/L) and Grade V (≤ 10 mg/L) in the water-falling season. The differences of the water pollution indexes between the snail-breeding marshland and non-snail marshland were statistically significant, and these indexes included F－, As and pH in the water-rising season (P < 0.05); pH, BOD and Fat the surface layer in the wet season (P < 0.05); F－ at the bottom in the wet season (P < 0.05); TP and F－ in the water-falling season. Moreover, the above-mentioned indexes in the non-snail marshland of Qianliang Lake were higher than those in the snail-breeding marshland of Junshan Park. Thus, F－ was the only index which had statistical differences in every sampling season, and the concentration of F－ at the non-snail marshland was also higher than that at the snail-breeding marshland. In the water-rising season, the pH value at the non-snail marshland exceeded the suitable range for the growth of snails (6.8 to 7.8). Conclusion In the Eastern Dongting Lake area, the high concentration of F－ and pH of water may be responsible for the natural extinction of O. hupensis snails.
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Objective To investigate the reasons of natural extinction of Oncomelania hupensis snails by comparing the difference of the water chemical properties between the snail-breeding marshland and non-snail marshland in Eastern Dongting Lake areas. Methods Three adjoining marshlands in Eastern Dongting Lake areas were selected, one was a snail-breeding marshland, the second was a non-snail marshland, and the third was a boundary zone between them. During the periods of water-rising season, wet season and water-falling season, the water samples from the bottom of 0.5 m were collected by the systematic random sampling method (200 m × 200 m grid method). In addition, the water samples below the surface of 0.5 m were also collected in the wet season. The physicochemical indexes of the sampling water were detected. Results According to the Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard (GB 3838–2002), the water quality indicators which were less than the detection limit were Cr, Cd, Zn, Hg, Cu, S－ and CN－ during the three sampling seasons. The pollutants which were slightly higher than Grade III but lower than Grade IV (Hg ≤ 1 μg/L, TP ≤ 0.1 mg/L) were Hg and TP. The pollutants below the Grade III included As and F－. The temperature and pH values were within the Grade III. The oxygen consumption indicators covering DO, COD and BOD in the water-rising season and wet season were within the Grade III, while the value of BOD was beyond the scope of Grade III but was between Grade Ⅳ (≤ 6 mg/L) and Grade V (≤ 10 mg/L) in the water-falling season. The differences of the water pollution indexes between the snail-breeding marshland and non-snail marshland were statistically significant, and these indexes included F－, As and pH in the water-rising season (P < 0.05); pH, BOD and Fat the surface layer in the wet season (P < 0.05); F－ at the bottom in the wet season (P < 0.05); TP and F－ in the water-falling season. Moreover, the above-mentioned indexes in the non-snail marshland of Qianliang Lake were higher than those in the snail-breeding marshland of Junshan Park. Thus, F－ was the only index which had statistical differences in every sampling season, and the concentration of F－ at the non-snail marshland was also higher than that at the snail-breeding marshland. In the water-rising season, the pH value at the non-snail marshland exceeded the suitable range for the growth of snails (6.8 to 7.8). Conclusion In the Eastern Dongting Lake area, the high concentration of F－ and pH of water may be responsible for the natural extinction of O. hupensis snails.
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This study aimed to determine whether the anti-inflammatory drugs that are most commonly consumed in Brazil, including diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, ibuprofen and acetaminophen, are present in drinking water and to derive guideline values to characterize the human risk. These pharmaceuticals were quantified in surface waters by LC-MS/MS with solid phase extraction, both before and after conventional treatment on a laboratory scale, using a jar test assay. The methods used to quantify these drugs showed good results: the chromatographic analysis obtained correlation coefficients between 0.9952 and 0.9991, with limits of quantification of 0.5 ng.mL-1 - 50 ng.mL-1 and precision standard deviations (0.08 - 2.08). Only ketoprofen and ibuprofen were not completely removed through the jar test. Environmental samples were collected and handled by the same method; the values |for ketoprofen and ibuprofen after treatment were 18.67 - 19.65 ng.L-1 (±17%) and 166.70 - 244.73 ng.L-1 (±14%), respectively. Human risk was assessed by comparing the guideline values for each compound to the concentrations obtained in the environmental samples, considering the toxicological backgrounds, following WHO (2011) method. The results suggest that the concentrations of ketoprofen and ibuprofen found in drinking water do not pose a risk to human health, even with chronic consumption
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Water Pollution/analysis , Drinking Water/microbiology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/analysis , Mass Spectrometry/instrumentation , Chromatography, Liquid/instrumentationABSTRACT
El tiburón martillo (Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)) es una de las especies de elasmobranquios más utilizada para consumo humano en el Perú. Sin embargo, se desconoce los niveles de mercurio que contiene su carne. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar los niveles de mercurio hallados en el músculo del tiburón martillo y su posible implicancia en la salud humana. Además, determinar si existe una correlación entre el tamaño del tiburón y los niveles de mercurio. Analizamos 27 muestras de músculo de neonatos y juveniles capturados en el norte del Perú. La concentración de mercurio varió entre 0.13 - 0.85 mg kg-1 peso húmedo. Se encontró una relación negativa y significativa entre el tamaño corporal del tiburón y los niveles de mercurio. Este trabajo representa el primer estudio que evalúa los niveles de mercurio de tiburones en el Perú. Si bien los valores hallados fueron menores a lo recomendado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (< 1 mg kg-1), se recomienda ampliar este tipo de estudios en individuos adultos de tiburón, así como en otros recursos hidrobiológicos de consumo humano.
The smooth hammerhead shark Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the elasmobranch species most used for human consumption in Peru. However, the level of mercury in hammerhead muscle tissue is unknown. This study assessed the level of mercury found in the muscle of hammerhead sharks and its relation with human health. Moreover, we evaluated the relationship between shark body size and mercury levels. We analyzed 27 muscle samples of neonates and juveniles captured in northern Peru. Mercury concentrations varied between 0.13 and 0.86 mg kg-1 wet weight. Moreover, we found a negative and significant relationship between shark body size and mercury levels. This study represents the first evaluation of mercury levels of sharks in Peru. Although the values found do not exceed levels recommended by the World Health Organization (< 1 mg kg-1), we recommend expanding this study to include other size classes of sharks as well as other marine resources used for human consumption.
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Objective To analysis status of lead,cadmium and methylmercury residue in commercially available seafood during 2013-2015 in Zhoushan area.Methods During the period of 2013 to 2015,3 kinds of 1 134 seafood samples from representative farmer market in four districts of Zhoushan were collected to detect the lead,cadmium and methylmereury residue in seafish,mollusks and shellfish.Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test were used to compare the difference of heavy metal residue in different years of seafood and exact propability were used to evaluate the difference of edible safety in different years.Results Of 1 134 seafood samples,the content of lead,cadmium and methylmereury was 0.011 5-0.555,0.0003-0.328,ND-0.302 mg/kg,respectively.The over-standard rate of lead in 2013 and 2015 were 0.79％ and 0.53％,found in five samples of seafish and shellfish,and the over-standard rate of cadmium in 2013 was 0.79％,found in three samples of seafish.Methylmercury residue in seafood wsa not found exceed the standard.Conclusion The contamination of lead,cadmium and methylmercury residue in commercially available seafood during 2013-2015 in Zhoushan area was in low level,but the content of lead and cadmium in seafood was over-standard.We should pay more attention to the lead content in shellfish,and lead and cadmium content in sea fish.
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Objective To investigate and characterize the contamination of Vibrio parahaemolyticus(V.parahaemolyticus) in commercial seafoods on Shanghai markets.Methods Based on the method of GB/T 4789.7-2008 from "Microbiological Examination of Food Hygiene: Examination of V.parahaemolyticus",the contamination of V.parahaemolyticus in seafoods from different predetermined monitoring sites in Shanghai was quantitatively determined and the occurrence of virulence genesthermostable direct hemolysin (tdh) and TDH-related hemolysin (trh),in 192 seafoods separated V.parahaemolyticus strains were detected by PCR.Results A total of 2 643 seafood samples from wholesale markets,retail markets,supermarkets,catering industries and online shopping were collected from January to December in the years of 2008 to 2013.V.parahaemolyticus was found in 192 samples (7.3%).Among 192 separated strains,2.6%(5/192) that carried tdh or trh.2.1%(4/192)were positive for tdh,and 0.5% (1/192) were positive for trh.The geometric mean densities of V.parahaemolyticus were different significantly in varied seafood species,sampling months,as well as locations(P<0.05).Especially,geometric mean densities of V.parahaemolyticus in June to October were significantly higher than those in other months(P<0.05).The detection rate (8.4%) and geometric mean densities(0.209 MPN/g) of V.parahaemolyticus in fishes were significantly higher than those in other seafood(P<0.05).The geometric mean densities of V.parahaemolyticus in seafoods from wholesale markets,retail markets,supermarkets were higher than those from other sampling resources (P<0.05).Conclusion The contamination of V.parahaemolyticus in seafoods during summer and fall was relatively higher from Shanghai markets.Some separated V.parahaemolyticus strains carry virulence genes tdh and trh.Thus the contamination of V.parahaemolyticus in seafood needs to be intensively monitored and environmental impact factor should be searched for implementing risk assessment and management on high risk points for V.parahaemolyticus contamination.
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Objective This report aims to assess the exposure risk of aflatoxin B1 in edible vegetable oil in Guangxi.Methods By using margin of exposure (MOE),the report analyzes the dietary exposure of aflatoxin B1 in edible vegetable oil with the data from contamination survey and dietary intake survey.Results For the vegetable oil sample,the content of aflatoxin B1 was between 0.50-320.00 μg/kg.The detection rate of peanut oil was 78.08％ (114/146) which was higher than other vegetable oil,and the exceeding rate was 31.51％ (46/146).For peanut oil,the average content was 30.80 μg/kg,the dietary exposure of the population was 17.30 ng/kg BW,and the MOE was 18.For the prepackaged peanut oil samples,the average content of aflatoxin B1 was 6.33 μg/kg,which was below the limit.While for the bulk peanut oil,the average content of AFB1 was 41.50 μg/kg,which was more than 1.08 times of the limit,and the dietary exposure was 25.59 ng/kg BW.The MOE of bulk peanut oil was 12,1/8 of the prepackaged peanut oil.Conclusion Food safety regulators should pay more attention to bulk peanut oil products,the priority in the risk management measures.At the same time,related department should also promote healthy education for the residents.
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Objective To investigate the contamination and dietary intake of the aluminium in commercial foods in Shaanxi Province,and evaluate its potential health risks in Shaanxi population.Methods Six hundred and sixty-six samples from 8 kinds of foods in Shaanxi Province were collected from 2013 to 2015.The aluminium contents were detected according to National Food Contamination and Harmful Factors in Risk Monitoring Manual,and dietary intake of aluminium in Shaanxi population was evaluated by point assessment model with of nutritional survey date.Results The average dietary intake of aluminium was 0.154 9 mg/kg BW per day,and the dietary intake of woman aged 18 to 59 years old was the highest,with an average of 0.178 5 mg/kg BW per day.When aluminum intake of the 97.5 percentile,the dietary intake of aluminium in children aged 2 to 7 years old was the highest.The margins of safety (MOS) of all age groups were smaller than 1,while the MOS of high exposure (P97.5) group was above 1.Fried and baked food were the main sources of aluminium exposure in two age groups (2-7 years and 8-12 years old group),while fried food,cold noodle and starch products were the main sources of aluminium exposure for others.Conclusion Dietary intake (tP97.5) of aluminium exceeded the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI).The dietary intake of aluminium in women and children was high.Fried food was the main sources of aluminium exposure in all age groups.
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ABSTRACT Determination of potential contaminants elements in food packing films arising from contact with acidic aqueous foods was undertaken by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) in accordance with DIN EN 1186-1. Test sections from plastic films were totally immersed in 3% w/v CH3COOH used as the food simulant. Testing was conducted under three conditions: (1) 10 days at 40 ºC; (2) 30 min at 70 ºC and 10 days at 40 ºC; and (3) 30 min at 100 ºC and 10 days at 40 ºC. These time and temperature conditions were considered to be the most severe situations likely to be encountered in practice. Several different containers were investigated, including a borosilicate glass beaker, a glass bottle used for food canning, as well as one of polystyrene. The glass bottle was selected for testing treatments according to procedure (3) and a polystyrene one was chosen for use with procedures (1) and (2). Limits of quantitation were adequate for the determination of Ag, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn and Zn by solution nebulization ICP OES and As by chemical vapor generation (CVG-ICP OES). Results for the analysis of AccuStandard certified reference materials as well as spike recoveries show good agreement with expected concentrations, demonstrating the accuracy and precision of the determinations. Eleven samples of food packing material were analyzed. The lead was present in the range 4.8 - 85.3 µg L-1 in 10 of 11 evaluated packing material, showing the importance of quality control measures.
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This study was done to examine the comparative effect of different concentrations of kerosene and diesel on the ion regulatory characteristics in Tympanotonus fuscatus after exposure. Tympanotonus fuscatus were exposed to different concentrations of kerosene and diesel (10.40, 15.60, 21.00 and 26.00 ml/L) and a control to examine their effect on sodium, potassium and chloride ions in the muscle and viscera for six days. In the muscle, kerosene generally increased the levels of sodium, potassium and chloride ions in the lower concentrations (10.40 and 15.60 ml/ L) above the control values. In the higher concentrations (21.00 and 26.00 ml/L), these parameters were observed to be lower than the control value. Whereas the levels of sodium, potassium and chloride ions in the viscera increased above the control value in all the exposure concentrations except potassium 15.60 ml/L and chloride at 21.00 and 26.00 ml/L concentrations. In the viscera, sodium ion levels were lower than the control value in both kerosene and diesel media except at 21.00 ml/L concentration. Potassium ion levels in kerosene increased above the control values except at 26.00 ml/L, while lower levels of potassium ions were recorded in all the exposure concentrations. Chloride ions were lower than the control value in all the exposure concentrations of kerosene and diesel. The results of this study showed that both kerosene and diesel altered the ion regulatory and osmolality of Tympanotonus fuscatus and kerosene being more effective. The toxicants seem to be parameter and tissue specific in their mode of action.
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O fósforo naturalmente presente ou adicionado ao solo, dependendo da conjunção de fatores, pode desencadear uma situação de alto risco ambiental para os recursos hídricos de bacias hidrográficas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a transferência na superfície do solo de algumas formas de fósforo reativo, originário da adubação fosfatada em solo sem cultivo e descoberto, transportado pelo escoamento superficial da água de chuvas. O experimento foi executado em Lages, SC, com duas repetições de campo, sob regime de chuvas intensas simuladas (64 mm h−1 durante 50 minutos). Os resultados apontam que o fósforo pode representar sério risco ambiental aos recursos hídricos das bacias, em diferentes escalas no tempo e no espaço, através das formas reativas de fósforo e suas diferentes maneiras de transporte.
Phosphorus is naturally present or added to the soil and, depending on the mix of factors, may trigger a high environmental risk to water resources in river basins. The aim of this study was to quantify the transfer for soil surface of some forms of reactive phosphorus originating from phosphorus fertilization on bare soil, carried by the runoff. The experiment was carried out in Lages, SC, Brazil, with two replications in the field under intense simulated rainfall (64 mm h−1 for 50 minutes). The results indicate that phosphorus may represent a serious environmental risk to water resources of basins at different scales in time and space, through the reactive forms of phosphorus and their different ways of transportation.
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Objective. In this study the biomass of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to remove lead, mercury and nickel in the form of ions dissolved in water. Materials and methods. Synthetic solutions were prepared containing the three heavy metals, which were put in contact with viable microorganisms at different conditions of pH, temperature, aeration and agitation. Results. Both individual variables and the interaction effects influenced the biosorption process. Throughout the experimental framework it was observed that the biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae removed a higher percentage of lead (86.4%) as compared to mercury and nickel (69.7 and 47.8% respectively). When the pH was set at a value of 5 the effect was positive for all three metals. Conclusions. pH was the variable that had a greater influence on the biosorption of lead on the biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The affinity of the heavy metals for the biomass followed the order Pb>Hg>Ni.
Objetivos. En este estudio se utilizó la biomasa de la levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae para retener plomo, mercurio y níquel en forma de iones disueltos en agua. Materiales y métodos. Se prepararon soluciones sintéticas que contenían los tres metales pesados, las cuales se pusieron en contacto con el microorganismo en forma viable a diferentes condiciones de pH, temperatura, aireación y agitación. Resultados. Tanto las variables individuales como los efectos de interacción influyeron sobre el proceso de biosorción. A través de todos los experimentos, se observó que la biomasa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae eliminó un mayor porcentaje de plomo (86.4%) en comparación al mercurio y al níquel (69.7 y 47.8% respectivamente). Cuando el pH se fijó en valor de 5, el efecto fue positivo para los tres metales. Conclusiones. El pH fue la variable que tuvo una mayor influencia en la biosorción de plomo sobre la biomasa de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. La afinidad de los metales pesados por la biomasa siguió el orden Pb>Hg>Ni.
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Biodegradation, Environmental , Bioaccumulation , Biomass , Contaminant Removal , Metals, HeavyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the influence of an extract of Genista tinctoria L. herba (GT) or methylparaben (MP) on histopathological changes and 2 biomarkers of oxidative stress in rats subchronicly exposed to bisphenol A (BPA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Adult female Wistar rats were orally exposed for 90 d to BPA (50 mg/kg), BPA+GT (35 mg isoflavones/kg) or BPA+MP (250 mg/kg). Plasma and tissue samples were taken from liver, kidney, thyroid, uterus, ovary, and mammary gland after 30, 60, and 90 d of exposure respectively. Lipid peroxidation and in vivo hydroxyl radical production were evaluated by histological analysis along with malondialdehyde and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid detection.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The severity of histopathological changes in liver and kidneys was lower after GT treatment than after BPA or BPA+MP treatment. A minimal thyroid receptor antagonist effect was only observed after BPA+MP treatment. The abnormal folliculogenesis increased in a time-dependent manner, and the number of corpus luteum decreased. No significant histological alterations were found in the uterus. The mammary gland displayed specific estrogen stimulation changes at all periods. Both MP and GT revealed antioxidant properties reducing lipid peroxidation and BPA-induced hydroxyl radical generation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>GT L. extract ameliorates the toxic effects of BPA and is proved to have antioxidant potential and antitoxic effect. MP has antioxidant properties, but has either no effect or exacerbates the BPA-induced histopathological changes.</p>
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Animals , Female , Rats , Benzhydryl Compounds , Toxicity , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury , Pathology , Endocrine Disruptors , Toxicity , Genista , Hydroxyl Radical , Blood , Lipid Peroxidation , Liver , Pathology , Oxidative Stress , Parabens , Toxicity , Phenols , Toxicity , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Objetivo: describir la prevalencia de contaminación bacteriana de agujas utilizadas en inyecciones intravítreas en pacientes tratados con Ranibizumab, analizar la flora normal conjuntival, identificar el germen más común en cultivos de agujas utilizadas y establecer la eficacia de profilaxis antibiótica preoperatoria en la reducción de la flora normal conjuntival presente en el procedimiento. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo tipo serie de casos. Se incluyen pacientes de la Fundación Oftalmológica Nacional sometidos a inyección intravítrea de Ranibizumab desde Abril 6 a Septiembre 28 del 2010. Edades entre 44 - 91 años. Se tomó frotis conjuntival del fondo de saco inferior para cultivo de flora normal al momento de la inyección y de la aguja utilizada y no utilizada. Se siembran muestran en tres medios de cultivo a 37ºC/ 5 días. Resultados: se realizaron 150 cultivos, 50 ojos de 50 pacientes. 44 pacientes (88%) fueron consistentes y se incluyeron en el análisis. 6 (12%) fueron no consistentes. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Difteroides y Staphylococcus haemolyticus. El Staphylococcus aureus fue la bacteria causal más frecuente contaminante de la aguja utilizada (10%), Difteroides (4%) y Bacillus subtilis (4%). Difteroides, Bacillus subtilis y Staphylococcus aureus fueron los contaminantes de las agujas no utilizadas. El Staphylococcus haemolyticus, aureus, epidermidis y Difteroides fueron cultivados en la flora normal conjuntival de pacientes con cultivo de aguja negativo. El 61.4% de los cultivos no presentaron crecimiento bacteriano. Conclusión: el Staphylococcus aureus fue la bacteria causal más frecuente de contaminación de las agujas utilizadas siendo el Bacillus subtilis el principal contaminante de agujas no utilizadas. El uso de profilaxis antibiótica previa al procedimiento reduce significativamente el inóculo bacteriano. Se requieren futuros estudios con ampliación de la muestra para controlar posibles fallas técnicas.
Purpose: to evaluate the prevalence of bacterial contamination in needles used for intravitreal injections of Ranibizumab, analyze conjunctival flora, identify the most common microorganism present in used needles and evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing conjunctival flora at the time of the procedure. Methods: a case series study. Patients of the Fundación Oftalmológica Nacional, who underwent intravitreal injections of Ranibizumab between April 6 and September 28, 2010. Ages 44 to 91 years. The used needle, an unused control needle and a conjunctival scraping from the inferior fornix were inoculated in tryptone soy broth at 37°C for 5 days. Results: 150 cultures were obtained from 50 patients.44 patients had consistent results (negative control needle) and were included in the analysis. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Difteroides, y Staphylococcus haemolyticus were identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent contaminant of the used needles (10%), followed by Difteroides (4%) and Bacillus subtilis (4%). Difteroides, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were found in unused needles. Staphylococcus haemolyticus, aureus, epidermidis and Difteroides were found in the conjunctival samples. 61.4% had negative cultures. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent contaminant of used needles and Bacillus subtilis of control needles. The use of antibiotic profilaxis previous to the procedure, significantly reduces the bacterial inoculums. Futures studies are required to increase sample size and control technical errors.
Subject(s)
Intravitreal Injections/methods , Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy , Endophthalmitis/therapy , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
This study was performed to analyze 6 day-term variations in bacterial communities contaminating the floor of two dry saunas that were operated at 64degrees C (low temp) and 76degrees C (high temp). Bacteria were sampled daily from the saunas for 6 days from Monday to Saturday. Genomic DNA was isolated directly from bacteria-collected cotton swabs. The diversity of the bacterial communities collected from the saunas was analyzed using thermal gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). The total numbers of DNA bands separated by TGGE for bacteria collected from the low temp and high temp sauna were 20 and 18, respectively, during the 6 days. Seven of 20 bacteria in the low temp sauna and eight of 18 bacteria in the high temp sauna were detected more than three times over the 6 experimental days. Twelve of the 26 bacterial genera contaminating the saunas were cross detected. Bacteria belonging to the genera Moraxella and Acinetobacter were selectively detected in the low temp sauna, whereas those belonging to Aquaspirillum, Chromobacterium, Aquabacterium, Gulbenkiania, Pelomonas, and Aquitalea were selectively detected in the high temp sauna. Three species of bacteria contaminating both the low and high temp saunas were thermophile or thermoduric. The results indicate that the sauna-contaminating bacteria may have been transferred from outside the saunas by user traffic but did not inhabit the saunas.