Vigilancia de Aedes aegypti y el dengue en tiempo de COVID-19

Introducción: Los programas de vigilancia entomológica de Aedes aegypti en el mundo tienen entre sus objetivos determinar cambios en la distribución geográfica del mosquito y obtener medidas relativas de sus poblaciones a través del tiempo. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto provocado por las medidas de intervención de la COVID-19 en los programas de vigilancia y control de Aedes aegypti. Métodos: Se examinaron artículos originales y de revisión publicados en inglés y en español sobre el tema entre 2010 y 2022. Análisis y síntesis de la información: Los indicadores entomológicos que brinda la vigilancia se afectaron por la pandemia de COVID-19 debido a interrupciones en la ejecución de las actividades antivectoriales en el terreno, como las visitas a las viviendas, la aplicación de tipos de control, la reducción en el número de recursos humanos, la limitación de la participación de la comunidad o la negación, en algunos casos, por parte de población a la entrada del operario en sus viviendas. Se presenta un análisis del impacto de las medidas implementadas contra la COVID-19 que favorecieron el aumento de los casos de dengue. Conclusiones: En el escenario actual la atención debe centrarse en garantizar que la lucha contra el Aedes aegypti y el dengue continúen considerándose servicios esenciales, y que se mantengan las acciones previstas, aunque sea necesario aplicar medidas híbridas entre las actividades vectoriales y las relacionadas con el control de la COVID-19, adaptadas o descentralizadas según corresponda a cada contexto.

Introduction: The entomological surveillance programs of Aedes aegypti in the world have among their objectives to determine changes in the geographical distribution of the mosquito and to obtain relative measurements of their populations over time. Objective: To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 intervention measures on Aedes aegypti surveillance and control programs. Methods: Original and review articles published in English and Spanish on the topic between 2010 and 2022 were examined. Analysis and synthesis of information: The entomological indicators provided by surveillance were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to interruptions in the implementation of vector control activities in the field, such as visits to homes, application of control types, reduction in the number of human resources, limitation or denial of community participation, in some cases, by the population at the entrance of the operator in their homes. An analysis of the impact of the measures implemented against COVID-19 that favored the increase in dengue cases is presented. Conclusions: In the current scenario, the focus should be on ensuring that the fight against Aedes aegypti and dengue continues to be considered essential services, and that the planned actions are maintained, although it is necessary to apply hybrid measures between vector activities and those related to the control of COVID-19, adapting or decentralizing them as appropriate to each context.

Insecticide susceptibility in larval populations of the West Nile vector Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in Saudi Arabia

Objective: To investigate the susceptibility to some conventional and non-conventional insecticides in laboratory and field larval populations of the West Nile vector Culex pipiens L. (Cx. pipiens), the dominant species in Jeddah Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The tested conventional insecticides were Actikil and Pesgard, while the non-conventional ones were Bacilod, Dudim and Baycidal. Probit analysis and photomicroscopical observations were carried out to shed light on acute toxicity in laboratory and field Cx. pipiens strains. Results: Cx. pipiens were more susceptible to Pesgard (LC

Insecticide susceptibility in larval populations of the West Nile vector Culex pipiens L. (Diptera:Culicidae) in Saudi Arabia

Objective: To investigate the susceptibility to some conventional and non-conventional insecticides in laboratory and field larval populations of the West Nile vector Culex pipiens L. (Cx. pipiens), the dominant species in Jeddah Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: The tested conventional insecticides were Actikil and Pesgard, while the non-conventional ones were Bacilod, Dudim and Baycidal. Probit analysis and photo-microscopical observations were carried out to shed light on acute toxicity in laboratory and field Cx. pipiens strains. Results: Cx. pipiens were more susceptible to Pesgard (LC50: 0.045 and 0.032 mg/L) than Actikil (0.052 and 0.038 mg/L) and Bacilod (0.129 and 0.104 mg/L), for the field and laboratory strains, respectively. Results showed that treatments with the chitin syn-thesis inhibitor Dudim and Baycidal evoked morphological effects similar to those induced by other insect growth regulators. According to IC50 values obtained (concen-tration which to inhibit the emergence of 50%of mosquito adults), the compound Dudim (0.000 3 and 0.000 1 mg/L) was more effective against Cx. pipiens L. mosquitoes than Baycidal (0.000 4 and 0.000 3 mg/L) for both the field and laboratory strains, respectively. Conclusions: Our results provide baseline data to enhance control programs and orient public health decisions on the selection of pesticides against mosquito vectors in Saudi Arabia.

Diagnóstico de situación de la equinococosis quística en heces dispersas en las zonas de Quebrada y Puna, provincia de Jujuy, Argentina / Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in faeces scattered in areas of Puna and Quebrada. Province of Jujuy, Argentina

La equinococosis es una enfermedad parasitaria común en el ganado, causada por el cestode Echinococcus granulosus; el perro es su principal hospedador definitivo. La provincia de Jujuy es un área endémica, situada en el ángulo noroeste de la República Argentina. Las condiciones ecológicas restringidas de Quebrada y Puna hacen que la actividad más importante de la población sea la pecuaria formal pastoril y trashumante, especialmente dedicada a ovinos y camélidos. El perro adquiere en estas comunidades una doble función de compañía y como pastor. El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar un diagnóstico de situación en las áreas de Quebrada y Puna, donde se sospecha que hay circulación de E. granulosus. Desde 2002 hasta 2012 se recolectaron 523 muestras de materia fecal de canino dispersas en el ambiente. Las prevalencias variaron desde un 2 % en Susques hasta un 27,7 % (la mayor de la provincia) en Humahuaca. Tumbaya presentó una prevalencia del 21 % en 2007, llegó a 0 % en 2010, pero volvió a aumentar al 10,5 % en 2011. La disminución observada durante 2010 puede explicarse en el hecho de que las muestras se tomaron en localidades donde se había realizado educación sanitaria previamente. En el resto de las regiones estudiadas se observaron prevalencias entre 2 % y 19,4 %. Estos resultados sugieren que la falta de estrategias para el control de la equinococosis ha permitido la dispersión de la enfermedad.

Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease common in livestock, caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus, the dog being the principal definitive host. The province of Jujuy is an endemic area located in the Northwest of Argentina. Due to the restricted ecological conditions of Quebrada and Puna, the most important activity of the population is formal cattle pastoralism and transhumance, especially of sheep and camelids. The dog acquires the double function of company and shepherd in these communities. The objective of the present study was to conduct a diagnosis of the situation in areas of La Quebrada and Puna where the circulation of E. granulosus is suspected. Five hundred and twenty three (523) samples of canine fecal material scattered in the environment were collected from 2002 to 2012. Prevalence varied from 2% in Susques to 27.7% in Humahuaca, the largest in the province. In Tumbaya, prevalence was 21% in the year 2007, reaching 0% in the year 2010 but increasing again to 10.5% in the year 2011. These results may be related to health education on preventive measures and mass deworming held prior to sample taking in the year 2010. A prevalence between 19.4% and 2% was observed in the rest of the regions studied, suggesting that a lack of strategies for echinococcosis control has allowed the spread of the disease.

Cancer Control Programs in East Asia: Evidence From the International Literature / 예방의학회지

Cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world, including the countries of North-East and South-East Asia. Assessment of burden through cancer registration, determination of risk and protective factors, early detection and screening, clinical practice, interventions for example in vaccination, tobacco cessation efforts and palliative care all should be included in comprehensive cancer control programs. The degree to which this is possible naturally depends on the resources available at local, national and international levels. The present review concerns elements of cancer control programs established in China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan in North-East Asia, Viet Nam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia as representative larger countries of South-East Asia for comparison, using the published literature as a guide. While major advances have been made, there are still areas which need more attention, especially in South-East Asia, and international cooperation is essential if standard guidelines are to be generated to allow effective cancer control efforts throughout the Far East.

Perspectivas para el control del Virus de la Diarrea Viral Bovina (BVDV) / Perspectivas para o controle do vírus da diarréia viral Bovina (BVDV) / Perspectives to control Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)

El virus de la diarrea viral bovina (VDVB) es uno de los agentes infecciosos más importantes del ganadobovino. Este patógeno tiene una distribución mundial y es endémico en la mayoría de las poblacionesbovinas donde alcanza un nivel de seropositividad del 40 al 80%. Así mismo, ocasiona pérdidas económicasprincipalmente de origen reproductivo. Una de las características más importantes de este virus es sualta frecuencia de mutación y la tendencia a la recombinación, lo que ha llevado a que tenga una grandiversidad genética y antigénica; problema que se ve reflejado en las múltiples manifestaciones clínicasobservadas en los animales afectados y en el difícil control de la enfermedad. Los programas de controlutilizados por algunos países se fundamentan en gran medida en la eliminación de la principal fuentede infección: los animales persistentemente infectados (PI), así como en mejorar la respuesta inmunemediante el empleo de vacunas. La inmunización con vacunas inactivadas y virus vivo modificado contraVDVB se ha empleado por décadas sin evidencia de una reducción significativa de la prevalencia de laenfermedad o un control de la infección, por lo cual se han empezado a desarrollar otras estrategiasexperimentales como las vacunas recombinantes, donde se seleccionan genes específicos del BVDV con elfin de inmunizar al ganado buscando superar los inconvenientes de las vacunas convencionales.

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) is one of the most important infectious agents in cattlepopulation. BVDV is widespread throughout the world and it is endemic disease in most of the cattle population where 40 to 80% are seropositive. It causes economic losses mainly in breeding cattle. BVDVgenetic and antigenic diversity is due to the virus high mutation and recombination frequency, which isreflected in many clinical manifestations and the difficult control of the disease. Control and preventionmeasures implemented by some countries are based on the elimination of the main source of infection: thepersistently infected animals (PI animals), as well as the improvement of the immune response throughthe use of vaccines. Immunization with inactivated and modified-live vaccines has been used for decadeswithout any significant improvement. New experimental strategies are being developed: recombinantvaccines where BVDV specific genes are selected in order to immunize cattle and thus overcome theshortcomings of conventional vaccines.

O vírus da diarréia viral bovina (VDVB) é um dos agentes mais importantes do gado bovino. Estepatogénio tem uma distribuição mundial e é endêmico na maioria das populações bovinas onde alcançaum nível de seropositividade do 40 ao 80%. Também ocasiona perdas econômicas, principalmente deorigem reprodutivo. Uma das características mais importantes do vírus é sua alta freqüência de mutação etendência à recombinação, o que tem ocasionado uma grande diversidade genética e antigênica; problemaque ocasiona múltiples manifestações clinicas observadas nos animais afetados e no difícil controle dadoença. Os programas de controle utilizados por alguns países que fundamentam em grande medidaa eliminação da principal fonte de infecção: os animais persistentemente infectados (PI). Assim comomelhorar a resposta imune mediante o uso de vacinas. A imunização com vacinas inativas e vírus vivomodificado contra o VDVB tem-se utilizado por décadas sim evidencia de uma redução significativa daprevalência da doença o um controle da infecção, pelo qual se utilizam estratégias experimentais comovacinas recombinantes, onde se selecionam genes específicos do BVDV com o propósito de imunizar ogado buscando superar os inconvenientes das vacinas convencionais.

Comparison of Health Status and Dietary Habits by Percent Body Fat (PBF) Change for Adult Women in the Weight Control Program by the Community Health Center / 대한지역사회영양학회지

Prevalence of an obese population has been increasing in Korea. Obesity is considered a major risk factor for chronic degenerative diseases. Specifically, prevalence of obesity is prominent for adult woman in Korea. In many weight control programs, weight change did not often show any beneficial effects for health. These facts discourage people in the program. Thus in this study, the anthropometry, blood pressure, serum biochemical indices and dietary habits were compared by percent body fat change for adult women to show the beneficial effects of the weight control program. Study subjects were 134. Measurements were done before and after the weight control program. Percent Body Fat (PBF) was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Using PBF changes, subjects were grouped as I (more than 1% increase), M (+/- 1% change), and D (more than 1% decrease). Data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 program. Among the 134 participants, 13 increased their weight and 100 decreased. For PBF, 19 increased and 59 decreased. Statistical significant differences were shown for anthropometric assessments before and after for all weight, fat mass, percent body fat, waist-hip ratio and body mass index. I had increases, and D shows decreases. But the difference of D is large than M. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased in all groups (p < 0.05). Fasting blood glucose decreased in all groups but were statistically significant only in D. Also triglyceride decreased in D (p < 0.05). Thus health conditions showed desirable changes in I