ABSTRACT
Objective:This paper reviewed the current development of education of physical therapy and discussed the growing demand for physical therapists and gaps of their professional education. It is crucial to reconstruct a framework and system of sciences and specialty in physical therapy at the undergraduate level using WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to meet the requirement of core competency of physiotherapist developed by World Confederation of Physical Therapy. The core curricula should be integrated into the conceptual framework and approaches of functioning and rehabilitation. Methods:Using ICF, the construction framework, system of specialty and development of curricula of physical therapy at undergraduate education had been proposed and reconstructed. Results:With the theories and approaches of modern pedology and curriculum theory and ICF, referenced by competency requirements for physical therapists from World Confederation of Physical Therapy, three core courses had been proposed and their content had been reconstructed, involving the theories, methods and practical skills in the fields of physical therapy. These courses include functional diagnosis, intervention and evaluation based on ICF. Conclusion:It is implicated from the theory and approaches of ICF that the education and professional training of physical therapy should be tailored to the needs of health-related services.
ABSTRACT
La farmacología es una ciencia básica que estudia las interacciones entre los fármacos y la materia viva. En las escuelas de medicina se imparte en el segundo año y su estudio se centra en los fundamentos de la disciplina y en los fármacos útiles en el tratamiento de las enfermedades del hombre. Se asume que este conocimiento farmacológico se repasa y expande en los cursos clínicos y que los estudiantes están preparados para prescribir fármacos apropiadamente cuando se gradúan. Sin embargo, desde hace varios años se sabe que la educación farmacológica es insuficiente y que la prescripción irracional de medicamentos es muy frecuente. La sobrecarga de información y la proliferación de nuevos medicamentos son dos factores que contribuyen a este problema. Para enfrentar esta situación se ha recomendado la elaboración de programas básicos de farmacología y una lista de fármacos prototipo. Con base en nuestra experiencia docente identificamos el contenido de lo que debe constituir un programa básico de farmacología, y publicamos una guía para orientar el estudio de la disciplina. Ambos documentos permiten a los estudiantes apreciar qué necesitan aprender del conocimiento farmacológico y los fármacos que deben manejar; el total de ellos se limita a 168. Nuestro programa representa el primer esfuerzo para medicalizar la enseñanza de la farmacología en las escuelas de medicina; esperamos que la mayoría de ellas lo consideren, ya que se puede aplicar a todas las modalidades curriculares vigentes.
Pharmacology is a core course in all medical school curricula. In most medical schools, pharmacology is taught during the second year and teaching covers both basic aspects and useful drugs for the treatment of human diseases. It is assumed that relevant pharmacologic knowledge is revisited during the clinical clerkships and that students are adequately trained to prescribe drugs upon graduation. However, for many years it has been noted that pharmacological training is sometimes insufficient and that inadequate and irrational prescription of drugs is a very common problem in clinical settings. Information overload and proliferation of new drugs have been recognized as two of the major contributing factors. To address this issue, many authors have recommended the development of a core curricula in pharmacology which all students would have to complete coupled with a restricted list of drugs. Based on our own teaching experience we have identified what should constitute the core content of pharmacology courses in medical schools and have written a study guide for this discipline. Both documents provide an organizational framework to help second year medical students ascertain what part of the vast knowledge in pharmacology they need to learn. The number of drugs that students have to manage is limited to 168. Our program constitutes the first effort to medicalize the teaching of pharmacology in medical schools. We expect that most medical schools will follow our guidelines as our program is applicable to all curricula modalities.