Frequency of types of parturition and their relationship with maternal characteristics: a cross-sectional analysis

Background: The pathways that are involved for the duration of pregnancy and type of parturition are extremely complex, involving maternal as well as fetal systems. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of types of parturition and their relationship with maternal characteristics among pregnant female patients.Methods: A cross-sectional survey using a non-probability convenient sampling technique was conducted among 195 healthy pregnant females at Obstetrics and Gynaecological Department of Hamdard Hospital, Karachi, from 1st March 2019 to 31st August 2019. After taking written informed consent from the participants, the relevant data were gathered with the help of a structured questionnaire designed specifically for the study. Statistical package for social sciences was used for data entry while the chi-square test was applied for inferential analysis. The duration of the study was six months. Data were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Descriptive analysis was performed by generating means and standard deviations for continuous variables while frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. A Chi-square test was applied to perform the inferential analysis while the significance level was set at 0.05.Results: A total of 195 pregnant females were included in the study, whose mean age was 29.29±5.22 years. The study results showed that BMI before pregnancy (p=0.021), rest is taken during pregnancy (p=0.034) and gravida status (p=0.047) were all significantly associated with the type of parturition among the study participants, but spacing in pregnancies and parity were not.Conclusions: Maternal characteristics were found to be significantly associated with the type of parturition among pregnant females. For gynecologists the maternal characteristics identified in this study may serve as a useful indicator of the type of parturition expected in their patients.

A review on the accuracy assessment methods of 3-dimensional digital dental models

The aim of this article was to review various methods used to evaluate the accuracy of digital dental models. When evaluating the accuracy of digital models, the errors can be reduced by educating examiners and using artificial landmarks. The accuracy evaluation methods of digital dental models are divided into linear measurement, 2-dimensional cross-sectional analysis, and 3-dimensional best fit measurement. As the technology of scanners develops, many studies have been conducted to compare the accuracy of digital impression and conventional impression. According to improvement of scan technologies and development of 3-dimensional model analysis software, the ability to evaluate the accuracy of digital models is becoming more efficient. In this article, we describe the methods for evaluating the accuracy of a digital model and investigate effective accuracy analysis methods for each situation.

Genotipificación del Virus de Papiloma Humano en mujeres de la comuna norte de Bucaramanga / Genotypification of Human Papilloma Virus in women of the comuna Norte de Bucaramanga

Resumen Introducción: La infección persistente con Virus de Papiloma Humano de alto riesgo es causa necesaria para la aparición de cáncer de cérvix. Objetivo: Caracterizar molecularmente los genotipos circulantes de Virus de Papiloma Humano en población de la zona Norte de Bucaramanga. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en mujeres de 35 a 65 años con riesgo ≥3 puntos para desarrollar cáncer de cérvix determinado por una encuesta estandarizada. En una muestra cervico-vaginal por autotoma se realizaron pruebas moleculares por tecnología HPV Direct Flow CHIP. Resultados: Se encuestaron 810 mujeres, de éstas 435 (53,7%) se realizaron auto-toma por el riesgo presentado. La mediana de edad fue de 47,3 años (RIQ 41-53 años). Casi la totalidad de la población reside en estrato 1 y 2 (98,8%) y en su mayoría son del régimen subsidiado (87,2%). La prevalencia de infección fue de 10,6% (IC 95%: 7,8 - 13,8), para genotipos de alto riesgo fue de 3,9% (IC 95%: 2,3 - 6,2), de bajo riesgo de 3,5% (IC 95%: 1,4 - 5,6) y para genotipo indeterminado de 1,9%. El genotipo de alto riesgo más común fue VPH-59 y de bajo riesgo fue VPH-62/81. Hubo coinfección con genotipos alto/bajo riesgo en cinco mujeres y coinfección con dos genotipos de bajo riesgo en una mujer. Conclusión: la prevalencia de infección por Virus de Papiloma Humano en mujeres que habitan en zonas vulnerables de Bucaramanga es menor a la reportada en Bogotá y Cali (14,9% y 13%, respectivamente). No se encontró predominio de ningún genotipo de alto riesgo en particular.

Abstract Introduction: Persistent infection with high-risk Human Papilloma Virus is a necessary cause for the appearance of cervical cancer. Objective: Molecularly characterize circulating genotypes of Human Papilloma Virus in population of the north of Bucaramanga. Methods: Cross-sectional study in women aged from 35 to 65 years with risk ≥3 points for develop cervical cancer determined by a standardized survey. In a cervico-vaginal self-sampling probe a molecular test was performed by HPV Direct Flow CHIP technology. Results: 810 women were interviewed, of these 435 (53.7%) performed self-sampling due to the risk calculated. The median age was 47.3 years (RIQ 41-53 years). Almost the entire population resides in poor conditions (stratum1 and 2) (98.8%) and most of them are from the Colombian subsidized social security system (87.2%). The prevalence was 10.6% (CI 95%: 7.8 - 13.8), for high risk genotypes it was 3.9% (CI 95%: 2.3 - 6.2), low risk of 3.5% (CI 95%: 1.4 - 5.6) and for indeterminate genotype of 1.9%. HPV-59 was the most common high-risk genotype and HPV-62/81 was a low-risk genotype. There was coinfection with high risk / low risk genotypes in five women and coinfection with two low risk genotypes in a woman. Conclusion: The prevalence of infection by Human Papilloma Virus in women living in vulnerable areas of Bucaramanga is lower than that reported in Bogotá and Cali (14.9% and 13%, respectively). No predominance of any particular high-risk genotype was found.

Morphometric study of five constant skull base foramina in the Muisca population of the Tibanica anthropological collection of the Universidad de Los Andes / Estudio morfométrico de cinco forámenes constantes de la base del cráneo en la población Muisca de la colección antropológica Tibanica de la Universidad de Los Andes

Among osteological anatomic variations are those of the skull base foramina. These openings have conventionally been classified as either constant or variant. Their presence and dimensions have been associated with certain pathologies and procedural complications. Additionally, variability in these foramina between different ethnic groups has been observed, and it is sometimes possible to identify particular patterns of variability in certain populations. This anthropometric cross-sectional study seeks to determine the principal dimensions (bilateral anteroposterior and lateromedial diameters) of five constant skull base foramina in the adult Muisca population of the Tibanica anthropological collection at Universidad de los Andes. The studied foramina were magnum, jugular, ovale, spinosum, and external opening of the carotid canal. Only dimensions of the external openings of the foramina were recorded, owing to the preservation state of the skulls in the collection. The mean left and right anteroposterior and lateromedial diameters were 3.48 mm, 6.16 mm and 3.25 mm, 6.26 mm for the foramen ovale; 2.38 mm, 2.65 mm and 2.39 mm, 2.66 mm for foramen spinosum; 8.36 mm, 15.41 mm and 8.55 mm, 15.10 mm for the jugular foramen; 5.28 mm, 6.75 mm and 5.48 mm, 6.97 mm for the external opening of the carotid canal; and 33.90 mm, 29.47 mm for the foramen magnum. All foramina were measured twice, no important differences were observed between the results obtained in the first and second measurements. The skull base foramina of the sample studied did not suggest high variability within the population regarding these characteristics. Moreover, we can state that the morphometric profile displayed by the Tibanica collection at Universidad de los Andes is different from the one observed in other populations. Additional studies of anatomic variations in indigenous populations may be needed to make possible similarities and/or differences and their causes evident.

Entre las variaciones anatómicas óseas, se consideran aquellas referentes a los forámenes de la base del cráneo. Convencionalmente, estos orificios han sido clasificados como variantes o constantes. Su presencia y dimensiones se asocian a ciertas patologías y complicaciones procedimentales. Adicionalmente, se ha observado variabilidad en estos entre distintos grupos étnicos y en algunas ocasiones es posible identificar patrones particulares en poblaciones específicas. Este estudio morfométrico de corte transversal busca determinar las dimensiones principales (diámetros anteroposterior y lateromedial) de cinco forámenes constantes de la base del cráneo en la población adulta Muisca de la colección antropológica Tibanica de la Universidad de los Andes. Los forámenes estudiados fueron: magno, yugular, ovale, espinoso y la apertura externa del canal carotideo. Debido al estado de preservación de los cráneos, se registraron las dimensiones de las aperturas externas de los forámenes. La media de los diámetros izquierdo y derecho anteroposterior y lateromedial fue 3,48 mm, 6,16 mm y 3,25 mm, 6,26 mm para el foramen ovale; 2,38 mm, 2,65 mm y 2,39 mm, 2,66 mm para el espinoso; 8,36 mm, 15,41 mm y 8,55 mm, 15,10 mm para el yugular; 5,28 mm, 6,75 mm y 5,48 mm, 6,97 mm para la apertura externa del canal carotideo; y 33,90 mm, 29,47 mm para el foramen magno. Todos los diámetros se registraron dos veces, no se observó ninguna diferencia importante entre los registros de la primera y segunda medición. En general, las dimensiones de los forámenes estudiados no varían mucho en la colección ósea Muisca de Tibanica. En cuanto a estas características anatómicas, la población utilizada es diferente con respecto a algunas modernas. Por otro lado, se requieren investigaciones adicionales de este tipo con el fin de evidenciar posibles similitudes y diferencias entre poblaciones (prehispánicas y modernas) y determinar sus causas.

Relationship Between Allergic Rhinitis and Mental Health in the General Korean Adult Population

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the association between AR and mental health status in the general Korean adult population and to investigate the relative burden of AR on mental health using the Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) classification. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed by using data from 11,154 individuals, 19 years old or older in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012. Univariate analysis was conducted in the healthy AR groups with weighted prevalence of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and comorbid diseases. Subanalysis that classified AR severity according to the ARIA classification was carried out to evaluate the relationship of AR severity with mental health. The odds ratios (ORs) for each component representing mental health status were estimated by multiple logistic regression analysis with confounder adjustment. RESULTS: Univariate analysis with the chi-square test after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use status, and exercise status, components representing mental health status showed a linear relationship with the severity of AR according to the ARIA classification. Stress, depressive mood, suicidal thoughts, and psychological consultation factors were correlated with AR after adjustment for demographic characteristics and socioeconomic status. Even after adjustment for comorbid allergic diseases, the correlation remained significant with stress, depressive mood, and psychological consultation factors (OR [95% CI]; 1.227 [1.042, 1.445], 1.368 [1.095, 1.71], 1.804 [1.096, 2.969], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AR appear to be at higher risk of mental disorders in the general Korean adult population. Moreover, persistent or severe AR was correlated with poor mental health. Therefore, better control of AR may be conducive to better mental health, and more attention should be paid to the psychological status of AR patients.

Prevalence of visual,hearing,speech,physical,intellectual and mental disabilities in China,2006 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To explore the prevalence of visual,hearing,speech,physical,intellectual and mental disabilities in China,2006.Methods The reference time of the Second National Sample Survey on Disability was zero hour,April 1,2006,and 2 526 145 individuals were investigated from 31 provinces autonomous regions or municipalities under the"Disability Classification and Standards for the Second National Sampling Survey on Disability".The classified prevalence rates of 6 types of disability was analyzed.Results (1)The overall prevalence of disabilities was 6.39%,which was 1.49 percent higher than the prevalence rate in 1987.The prevalence of physical disability was the highest(2.34%),while the speech disability was the lowest(0.53%).(2)29.49% of all the disabled persons were classified as severe who suffered grade-1 and grade-2 while 70.51% of them were moderately and mildly disabled suffering from grade-3 and grade-4.Over 65% of the speech disability and over 45% of the mental disability were identified.which were much higher than the other 4 types of disability.(3)The correlation between age,gender.residential place and each of 6 types of disability were statistically significant(P＜0.001).(4)Among all the disabling factors of speech disability and mental retardation disability,congenital factors made great contribution(22.67% and 22.41% respectively).Conclusion According to the analysis results,the characteristics of disabled persons in China were as follows:ageing population had high prevalence rate of disability;all the population mainly suffered moderate and mild disability,but the proportion of severe disability was not low;the prevalence rate was higher and the main reasons caused disability were diversification in rural area.

The Effect of Age and Gender on the Intraocular Pressure in Koreans: A Cross-sectional Study

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of age and gender on intraocular pressure (IOP) in a large Korean population. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 102,218 healthy Koreans who were aged between 20 and 79 and had no preexisting ocular conditions that could affect the IOP. All the subjects had undergone a physical check up between 1996 and 2005, and their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Anthropometric measurements, blood tests, noncontact tonometry, and fundus examination were performed on all participants. Subjects were grouped according to decade of age. For all subjects and each age group, age and systemic variables were analyzed by multiple regression analysis on their relationship with IOP. RESULTS: A significant trend of decreasing IOP was observed in the 40s, 50s, and 60s in men, while a significant trend of increasing IOP was found in the 50s, 60s, and 70s in women. Multiple regression analysis revealed different IOP trends with age between age groups in both men and women. In general, the IOP had a significant positive correlation with systolic blood pressure, body-mass index (BMI), hematocrit, and serum cholesterol, especially with BMI in men and hematocrit in women. CONCLUSIONS: In a multiple regression analysis, the IOP trend in each age group was quite different from each other in a large Korean population, and it was suggested that women may have a steeper increasing slope (or less steep decreasing slope) of IOP with age than men. Further investigations with longitudinal study would be required to clarify the age- and gender-related physiologic changes of IOP.

Diseño y metodología de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000 / National Health Survey 2000: design and methodology

OBJETIVO: Como parte del Sistema de Encuestas Nacionales de Salud, durante los últimos meses de 1999 y los primeros tres del año 2000 se realizó la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de México (ENSA 2000). Se estudió la accesibilidad, calidad, utilización y cobertura de los Servicios de Salud; de modo adicional se actualizaron los marcadores serológicos de enfermedades infecciosas prevenibles por vacunación, infecciones de transmisión sexual y hepatitis. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Para la ENSA 2000 se seleccionaron tres grupos etarios y a los utilizadores de los servicios de salud. Se captó la información mediante entrevista directa y se tomaron muestras biológicas para análisis clínicos y medidas de parámetros biológicos y somatométricos. El diseño muestral de la ENSA 2000 fue probabilístico, polietápico, estratificado y de conglomerados. El tamaño de la muestra fue de 1 470 viviendas por estado, para un total de 47 040 viviendas a nivel nacional; los factores de expansión se modificaron por la falta de respuesta y la posestratificación. El personal operativo se capacitó y estandarizó para mantener una alta respuesta, en especial para las muestras de sangre. RESULTADOS: En total se obtuvieron 83 157 muestras de sangre de las 94 000 esperadas (respuesta de 88 por ciento) que se mantuvieron refrigeradas en tanto se ubicaron en el laboratorio del Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública donde se prepararon cuatro alícuotas y se congelaron a -150° C hasta el análisis.

OBJECTIVE: The 2000 Mexican National Health Survey (NHS) was created as part of the System for National Health Surveys conducted during the last months of 1999 and the first three of 2000. The 2000 NHS is a probabilistic survey of households from which users of health services were selected according to three age groups. Information was gathered through direct interviews with appropriate informants. Biological samples were taken for clinical tests as well as for measuring biological and somatometric parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample design of the 2000 NHS was stratified and clustered. Sample size was 1 470 households per state for a total of 47 040 households nationwide (there are 32 states in México). Sample weights were calculated and modified according to the non-response and post-stratified to calibrate for population distribution. Interviewers were trained in order to maintain a high response rate, especially for biological samples. RESULTS: A total of 83 157 blood samples were collected from the 94 000 expected (88 percent response rate). All samples were refrigerated immediately after collection and divided in four vials for storage at the National Institute for Public Health's laboratory. Samples were frozen at -150° Celsius until further analysis.

A Relationship between Intraocular Pressure and Age and Body Mass Index in a Korean Population

PURPOSE: This study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) and age or obesity adjusted for systemic health parameters such as gender, mean blood pressure in a Korean population. METHODS: A total of 13212 healthy participants underwent automated multi-phasic test, including tonometry, automated perimetry, fundus photography, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI). We used six age groups divided by decades ranging from 20 to 29 years to 70 to over 70 years old. The association between IOP and systemic health parameters was examined by means of cross-sectional analysis. RESULTS: The median age of participants was 47.6 years (range, 20 to 84 years), and 6684 (50.6%) of participants was males. The mean IOP of participants was 15.5 mmHg. The mean IOP, blood pressure, and BMI value was significantly higher in male than in female (P 22 mmHg without signs of glaucoma field or optic disc damages, was 6.1% in males and 2.5% in females. IOP was associated with mean blood pressure, gender, age, and BMI by multiple regression analysis (P<0.05). The relationship between IOP and age adjusted for gender, mean blood pressure, and BMI showed a significantly negative tendency in both genders (P<0.05). BMI had a significantly positive relation with IOP after controlling for age, gender, and mean blood pressure in male (P<0.05), but not in female. CONCLUSIONS: In this Korea population, after multiple adjustment, IOP was found to decrease with age in both gender and to increase with BMI in male.