Preparaciones culinarias ¿cómo determinar cuándo forman parte de una dieta sustentable?

La adopción de formas de consumo y producción sostenibles de alimentos es una necesidad imperiosa, debido a las consecuencias adversas que los sistemas alimentarios actuales tienen para la salud y el planeta. A pesar de que estudios muestran que las personas valoran un menor efecto de la dieta en el ambiente, desconocen cómo evaluar su impacto en este sentido. Esta revisión cualitativa buscó la existencia de indicadores o herramientas que permitan evaluar la sustentabilidad de preparaciones culinarias como parte de una dieta sostenible. Se incluyen definiciones, abordajes y formas de medir y evaluar tanto la dieta como la gastronomía sustentable a nivel mundial y nacional. La búsqueda de artículos científicos se realizó en las bases de datos Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science y SciELO utilizando como palabras claves "dietas sustentables", "dietas sostenibles", "ecogastronomía", "sustainability assessment", "out of home meals", "sustainable gastronomy", "sustainable diet", "sustainable healthy diets", "sustainability indicators", "sustainable indicators", "sustainability index", "sustainable diets index", "dietas sustentáveis". Toda dieta tiene un impacto en el medio ambiente, sin embargo, factores como su composición y formas de producción determinan la magnitud de dicho impacto. Un tema central gira en torno a las metodologías para medir, analizar y evaluar los diferentes aspectos que componen la sostenibilidad de las dietas, existiendo escasa evidencia respecto de herramientas que permitan calificar las preparaciones culinarias según su nivel de sustentabilidad. Por esto, se requiere mayor investigación en la materia con el propósito de contribuir en la adopción de dietas saludables y sostenibles por parte de la población.

The adoption of sustainable forms of consumption and production is an imminent need due to the adverse consequences that current food systems have on health and the planet. Although studies show that people value a lesser effect of diet on the environment, they do not know how to evaluate its impact in this sense. This qualitative literature review investigated the existence of indicators or tools to assess the sustainability of culinary preparations as part of a sustainable diet. Definitions, approaches, and ways of measuring and evaluating sustainable diets and sustainable gastronomy at the global and national levels were included. The search for scientific articles was carried out in the Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and SciELO databases using as keywords "sustainable diets", "sustainable diets", "ecogastronomy", "sustainability assessment", "out of home meals", "sustainable gastronomy", "sustainable diet", "sustainable healthy diets", "sustainability indicators", "sustainable indicators", "sustainability index", "sustainable diets index", "dietas sustentáveis". Every diet has an impact on the environment, however, factors such as its composition and forms of production determine the magnitude of this impact. A central issue revolves around the methodologies to measure, analyze and evaluate the different aspects that make up the sustainability of diets, and there is little evidence regarding tools to qualify culinary preparations according to their level of sustainability. Therefore, further research is required in this area in order to contribute to the adoption of healthy and sustainable diets by the population.

Adaptação de receitas culinárias de um programa de intervenção em habilidades culinárias para indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2: um estudo de viabilidade / Culinary recipes adaptation to a cooking skills intervention program for individuals with type 2 diabetes: a feasibility study

Introdução: Hábitos alimentares saudáveis e habilidades culinárias podem contribuir no tratamento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Objetivo: Este estudo visou adaptar nutricionalmente, testar e avaliar qualitativamente as características sensoriais de receitas culinárias para sua aplicação em um programa de intervenção culinária para indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2, denominado Nutrição e Culinária na Cozinha. Método: O programa Nutrição e Culinária na Cozinha é uma intervenção com oficinas culinárias práticas focadas na promoção das habilidades culinárias. As modificações das receitas foram baseadas no índice glicêmico dos ingredientes, depois testadas e discutidas por especialistas em nutrição por meio de oficinas de consenso. Realizaram-se grupos focais com indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2 para avaliar e discutir as características sensoriais das receitas culinárias. Resultados: As adaptações das receitas para atender à população com diabetes tipo 2 incluíram a substituição de arroz por couve-flor e macarrão por abobrinha, além do uso de frutas e especiarias em receitas doces em substituição a ingredientes com açúcares de adição e/ou edulcorantes Essas mudanças foram aprovadas pelos indivíduos com diabetes tipo 2. Conclusão: As receitas culinárias adaptadas poderão ser utilizadas em orientações dietéticas e em intervenções culinárias para promover hábitos alimentares que contribuam para o controle glicêmico.

Introduction: Healthy eating habits and cooking skills can contribute to the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective: This study aimed to adapt, test, and qualitatively evaluate the sensory characteristics of food recipes for their application in a culinary intervention program for individuals with type 2 diabetes, called Nutrition and Culinary in the Kitchen. Methods: Nutrition and Culinary in the Kitchen is an intervention program with hands-on cooking classes focused on promoting cooking skills. Recipes' modifications were based on the glycemic index of ingredients, then tested and discussed by nutrition experts in consensus workshops. Individuals with type 2 diabetes assessed and discussed the sensory characteristics of recipes in focus groups. Results: Recipes adaptations to suit type 2 diabetes population included replacement of rice by cauliflower and pasta by zucchini, and the use of fruits and spices in sweet recipes instead of using added sugar ingredients and/or non-caloric sweeteners. Those changes were positively accepted by the individuals with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: The adapted culinary recipes can be used in dietary guidelines and in cooking interventions to promote eating habits that contribute to glycemic control.

Percepções de adultos jovens brasileiros sobre o ato de cozinhar / Perceptions of Brazilian young adults about cooking

Introdução: Cozinhar em casa pode promover uma alimentação mais saudável. Porém, uma possível redução na transmissão de conhecimentos e habilidades culinárias parece prejudicar a confiança e a autonomia dos jovens para preparar as refeições. Para informar o desenvolvimento de iniciativas que apoiem os jovens adultos a superar as barreiras para cozinhar e melhorar a qualidade da dieta, é importante investigar o processo de socialização culinária no contexto de seu próprio curso de vida. Objetivo: Este estudo qualitativo teve como objetivo explorar como jovens adultos que têm o hábito de cozinhar percebem seu envolvimento com essa prática e identificar quais agentes socializadores culinários fizeram parte de seu processo de aprendizagem. Método: Entrevistas abertas baseadas na abordagem da perspectiva do curso de vida foram realizadas com adultos jovens brasileiros de 19 a 24 anos de ambos os sexos e analisadas tematicamente. Resultados: As percepções sobre cozinhar e sobre aprender a cozinhar levaram à criação de seis temas: (1) "Cuidar de mim"; (2) "Sentimentos (des)agradáveis"; (3) "Promover o convívio"; (4) "Preocupação com os resultados"; (5) "Habilidades necessárias"; e (6) "Agentes de socialização". Conclusões: As iniciativas para permitir que os adultos jovens superem as barreiras para cozinhar e potencialmente melhorar a qualidade da dieta precisam se concentrar não apenas no desenvolvimento prático de habilidades culinárias, mas também em habilidades, como planejamento. Também é importante fomentar mensagens positivas envolvendo autocuidado, prazer e convívio. Formas de usar a internet e as mídias sociais para engajar essa população a cozinhar mais merecem ser mais bem exploradas.

Introduction: Cooking at home is conducive to better diet quality and can help improve health. Nevertheless, the reduced transmission of culinary knowledge and skills worldwide hinders young adults' confidence and autonomy to prepare meals. To inform the development of initiatives that support young adults to overcome barriers to cook and improve their diet quality, it is important to investigate the process of culinary socialization in the context of their own life course. Objective: This qualitative study aimed to explore how young adults who cook perceive their involvement with this practice and to identify which culinary socializing agents were part of their learning process. Method: Open interviews based on the life-course perspective approach were conducted with male and female Brazilian young adults aged 19-24 years-old and thematically analysed. Results: Perceptions about cooking and about learning how to cook led to the creation of six themes: (1) "Caring about myself"; (2) "(Un)pleasant feelings"; (3) "Promoting conviviality"; (4) "Worrying about outcomes"; (5) "Skills needed"; and (6) "Socializing agents". Conclusions: Initiatives to enable young adults overcoming barriers to cook and potentially improve their diet quality need to focus not only on practical cooking skills development, but also on planning. Also important is to foster positive messages involving self-care, pleasure, and conviviality. Ways of using the internet and social media to engage this population to cook more deserves to be further explored.

Escherichia coli biofilm formation and control by phenolic compounds from Salvia officinalis L. Extracts

Biofilm is recognized as one of the virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. It offers bacteria significantly increased tolerance to antibiotics and makes difficulties in infection eradication. In this study, the biofilm formation ability of clinical isolates of uropathogenic E. coli as well as the antibiofilm activity of the common Garden sage, Salvia officinalis L. extracts were investigated in vitro. The influence of growth conditions (nutrient composition and incubation period) on biofilm formation of E. coli strains was evaluated using crystal violet staining procedure. The tested strains better formed biofilms after a longer incubation period (48 h). In addition, biofilm formation depended on nutrient medium composition. The eight strains were slime producers (Congo red agar assay). The water, ethanol, acetone and diethyl ether S. officinalis extracts were screened for their ability to inhibit the formation and metabolic activity of E. coli biofilms using crystal violet and resazurin assay, respectively. The water extract was not active, while ethanol, acetone and diethyl ether extract exhibited antibiofilm activity (MBIC= 2.5-10 mg/mL). The microscopic visualization of treated E. coli LM1 biofilm has shown morphological and density changes. In addition, the concentrations of phenolic compounds were determined spectrophotometrically. The highest content of total phenolics was found in acetone extract while the flavonoids in water extract

Development and Validation of Culinary Nutrition Questionnaire to Assess Chefs’ Culinary Nutrition Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP)

@#Introduction: Culinary nutrition is a science that aims to apply nutritional concepts into culinary art to serve healthier foods. This study aimed to develop and validate a newly developed culinary nutrition questionnaire to assess chefs’ culinary nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP). Methods: The KAP questionnaire was developed to be consistent with the Malaysian Dietary Guideline (2010) and Malaysian ingredients. It consisted of 31 items and tested its content validity among four experts using Content Validity Index (CVI), followed by back-to-back-translation process. Finally, 180 chefs answered the questionnaire followed by statistical analysis to evaluate the construct validity using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and reliability using Cronbach alpha. Results: One item was deleted after content validity and four items were omitted after testing the construct validity because their lower factor loading value. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was derived from (EFA) for knowledge section is 0.631 with total variance 34.7%, attitude is 0.665 with total variance 53.1%, and practice section is 0.841 with total variance 54.6%. The total Cronbach alpha value was 0.712. The Cronbach alpha value for knowledge, attitude, and practice domains were 0.77, 0.73, and 0.88 respectively. Conclusion: The final draft of the questionnaire consisted of 26 items. The questionnaire is valid and reliable. This questionnaire is suitable to be used to assess chefs’ culinary nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP).

How was the cooking skills and healthy eating evaluation questionnaire culturally adapted to Brazil? / Como o questionário de avaliação das habilidades culinárias e alimentação saudável foi adaptado transculturalmente ao Brasil?

Abstract The study described the cross-cultural adaptation process of the American Cooking Skills and Healthy Eating questionnaire to Brazil. Six stages were followed: Translation; Synthesis of translations; Back-translations; Expert Committee; Synthesis of final version; and the Pretest (self-administered online questionnaire in a Brazilian University). Participants responded to the translated questionnaire twice for test-retest. Conceptual, item, semantic, operational and measurement equivalences were evaluated between original and translated questionnaires, as well as the internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Item, conceptual, semantic equivalences between original and Brazilian questionnaires were reached before the Expert Committee stage. Specific cooking techniques and terms were adapted. Forty-eight students answered the questionnaire in the pre-test stage, achieving the operational and measurement equivalences with kappa's agreement from moderate to substantial, and satisfactory to excellent correlations between measures. Only two measures showed low internal consistency. The combination of stages and equivalences approaches used in this cross cultural adaptation study provided lessons for further Nutrition's researches, disclosing the complexity of cooking skills concepts.

Resumo O estudo descreveu o processo de adaptação transcultural do questionário estadunidense de avaliação das habilidades culinárias e alimentação saudável para o Brasil. Seis estágios foram conduzidos: Tradução; Síntese da tradução; Retrotradução; Comitê de Juízes; Síntese da versão final; e Pré-teste (preenchimento do questionário online). Participantes responderam duas vezes ao questionário traduzido. Equivalências conceitual, do item, semântica, operacional e de mensuração foram avaliadas entre os questionários original e traduzido, bem como a consistência interna e a confiabilidade teste-reteste. Alcançaram-se as equivalências do item, conceitual e semântica entre as versões antes do Comitê de Juízes. Técnicas e termos culinários específicos foram adaptados. Quarenta e oito estudantes responderam o questionário no pré-teste, alcançando equivalências operacional e de mensuração, concordância kappa moderada a substancial, e correlações entre as medidas satisfatórias a excelentes. Duas escalas apresentaram baixa consistência interna. A combinação das abordagens dos estágios e equivalências usadas na adaptação transcultural do questionário proveu lições para futuras pesquisas em Nutrição, revelando a complexidade dos conceitos de habilidades culinárias.

Occurrence of Escherichia coli in salmon sashimis commercialized in restaurants from Londrina - PR / Ocorrência de Escherichia coli em sashimis de salmão comercializados em restaurantes de Londrina - PR

The population interest for fish consumption has increased, mainly due to several beneficial nutritional properties presented by this food. In this context, oriental culinary also brings different eating habits as consume raw food, such as sashimi. A relevant food contaminant of fecal origin is Escherichia coli, able to become potentially harmful, when it acquires virulence factors, as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). This study aimed to evaluate 30 samples of salmon sashimi regarding the presence of E. coli, as well as perform the genotypic characterization of virulence factors associated with STEC. Three samples were collected from 10 different restaurants, specialized in Japanese culinary in the city of Londrina - PR. The E. coli identification was performed using the Colilert® chromogenic substrate technique and biochemical tests, and for the investigation of virulence genes, stx1 and stx2, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used. Among the 30 samples analyzed, 15 (50%) presented contamination by E. coli. However, in no sample were detected virulence factors associated with STEC. Although human diseases associated with STEC are poorly described in Brazil, it is possible to verify that fish, mainly those consumed raw, are potential transmitters of E. coli to humans. This can compromise the food safety of these products and, thus, characterize them as unsuitable for consumption. Therefore, it is necessary the adoption of preventive measures of contamination by E. coli in products intended to human consumption, beyond more research that can verify the potential of STEC as a fish contaminant. (AU)

O interesse da população pelo consumo de peixe tem aumentado, principalmente devido às diversas propriedades nutricionais benéficas apresentadas por este alimento. Neste contexto, a culinária oriental também traz diferentes hábitos alimentares, como consumir alimentos crus, tais como o sashimi. Um relevante contaminante alimentar de origem fecal é Escherichia coli, capaz de tornarse potencialmente danosa ao adquirir fatores de virulência, como E. coli produtora de toxina Shiga (STEC). Este estudo objetivou avaliar 30 amostras de sashimi de salmão quanto à presença de E. coli, bem como realizar a caracterização genotípica de fatores de virulência associados com STEC. Três amostras foram coletadas de 10 diferentes restaurantes especializados em culinária japonesa da cidade de Londrina - PR. A identificação de E. coli foi realizada utilizando a técnica de substrato cromogênico Colilert® e testes bioquímicos, e para a investigação dos genes de virulência, stx1 e stx2, a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada. Dentre as 30 amostras analisadas, 15 (50%) apresentaram contaminação por E. coli. Contudo, em nenhuma das amostras foram detectados fatores de virulência associados com STEC. Embora as doenças humanas associadas com STEC sejam pouco descritas no Brasil, é possível verificar que os peixes, principalmente aqueles consumidos crus, são potenciais transmissores de E. coli aos humanos. Isto pode comprometer a segurança alimentar destes produtos e, assim, caracterizá-los como impróprios para o consumo. Portanto, é necessária a adoção de medidas preventivas de contaminação por E. coli nos produtos destinados ao consumo humano, além de mais pesquisas que possam verificar o potencial de STEC como um contaminante de peixes. (AU)

Validity and reliability of plant-based culinary nutrition model questionnaire for fitness among sports science students

@#Introduction: There is an emerging focus on plant-based foods that have the added advantage of being nutritious without side effects. Besides, its preparation with nutritional awareness and culinary skills could be an effective solution for improving personal fitness. This study aimed to determine validity and reliability of a questionnaire for the development of a plant-based culinary nutrition model for fitness among sports science students. Methods: This study employed exploratory sequential mixed method design and was carried out in two phases. Phase 1 employed a qualitative design utilising modified Delphi method to determine content validity index (CVI) of the questionnaire, while phase 2 was a quantitative design using Cronbach’s alpha statistical analysis to evaluate reliability of the instrument. The questionnaire consisted of the need for plant-based culinary nutrition model (Section A) and the model’s components (Section B). Thirteen expert panels from diverse expertise in sports nutrition and 30 sports science students took part. Results: Phase 1 resulted in development of a questionnaire where Section A and Section B scored CVI of 0.834 and 1.000, respectively. For phase 2, Cronbach’s alpha score for reliability of the questionnaire was 0.836 with a total of 15 items. The Cronbach’s alpha score for questionnaire items from Sections A and B were 0.709 and 0.832, respectively. Conclusion: The questionnaire developed in this study is validated and is considered reliable for use as a significant tool for plantbased culinary nutrition among sports science students.

La hallaca tradición y nutrición / The hallaca tradition and nutrition

La hallaca es un plato nacional expresión de nuestro mestizaje, nace en la civilización del maíz, de la cual el plato más representativo es el tamal. Objetivo. Conocer las características históricas, culturales, sociales y nutricionales de la hallaca. Resultados. Hay diferencias culturales, la participación del elemento afrocaribeño-africano le dio un toque diferencial en el sabor, en el aroma, en la textura y en la presentación de los alimentos caribeños. En la preparación por ejemplo, en los andes incorporan papas, garbanzos, apio, caraota, entre otros y el guiso es crudo. En el oriente se añade pescado o mejillones y en el Zulia el plátano reemplaza algunas veces al maíz. El guiso con carne de res, de cerdo o de gallina picadas, juntos o separados, los demás condimentos, el adorno de huevos, aceitunas, pasas y el envoltorio de hojas de cambur o plátano soasadas, le comunican a la hallaca un sabor único. La masa es de maíz pilado con manteca de cochino, coloreada con onoto. Desde 1960, se usa la harina precocida de maíz, que facilitó su preparación urbana y su internacionalización. Cada una aporta 700 calorías, rica en proteínas animales, vitaminas y hierro. Está teñida de simbolismos, "la mejor hallaca es la de mi mamá" y es motivo de inspiración en distintas expresiones culturales. Conclusiones. La hallaca tiene un valor familiar y todas las clases sociales del país la consumen en navidad. La hallaca, ya es internacional, junto con la arepa, ha emprendido el viaje con cada venezolano que ha tenido que emigrar(AU)

The hallaca is a national dish, an expression of our mestizaje, born in the civilization of corn, of which the most representative dish is the tamale. Objetive. Know the historical, cultural, social, and nutritional characteristics of the hallaca. Results. There are cultural differences, the participation of the Afro-Caribbean-African element gave it a differential touch in the flavor, aroma, texture, and presentation of Caribbean foods. The preparation for example, in the Andes incorporate potatoes, chickpeas, celery, beans, among others and the stew is raw. In the east fish or mussels are added and in Zulia the banana sometimes replaces the corn. The stew with minced beef, pork, or chicken, together or separately, the other condiments, the garnish of eggs, olives, raisins and the wrapping of roasted banana or plantain leaves, give the hallaca a unique flavor. The dough is mashed corn with lard, colored with onoto. Since 1960, precooked corn flour has been used, which facilitated its urban preparation and its internationalization. Each one provides 700 calories, rich in animal proteins, vitamins, and iron. It is tinged with symbolism, "the best hallaca is my mother's" and is a source of inspiration in different cultural expressions. Conclusions. The hallaca has a family value and all social classes in the country consume it at Christmas. The hallaca, already international, along with the arepa, has embarked on the journey with every Venezuelan who has had to emigrate(AU)

Evolução do consumo de nutrientes e de alimentos segundo a classificação NOVA em frequentadores de serviço de promoção da saúde da atenção primária / Evolution of nutrient and food consumption according to the NOVA classification among users of health promotion service in primary health care

INTRODUÇÃO: Consumir alimentos in natura, minimamente processados e preparações culinárias (PC), em detrimento aos ultraprocessados (AUP), pode melhorar o perfil nutricional da dieta e reduzir o risco de desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução do consumo de nutrientes e de alimentos, segundo a classificação NOVA, após intervenção coletiva de incentivo ao consumo de frutas e hortaliças (FH) em usuários do Programa Academia da Saúde (PAS) de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS: Foram desenvolvidos três artigos com dados oriundos de ensaio comunitário controlado e randomizado (ECCR), conduzido entre 2013 ­ 2015, com amostra representativa das unidades do PAS de Belo Horizonte, sendo 9 unidades pertencentes ao Grupo Controle (GC) e 9 ao Grupo Intervenção (GI). Indivíduos alocados no GC participaram das atividades rotineiras do serviço de saúde (prática regular de exercícios físicos três vezes/semana) e aqueles do GI adicionalmente receberam, durante sete meses, intervenção de incentivo ao consumo de FH, pautada no Modelo Transteórico e na pedagogia dialógica e problematizadora de Paulo Freire. Artigo 1: Estudo transversal realizado com dados da linha de base do ECCR que objetivou analisar o consumo de AUP segundo fatores sociodemográficos, e sua associação com o perfil nutricional da dieta. O perfil nutricional da dieta foi analisado segundo os quintis de contribuição percentual de energia oriunda de AUP mediante análises de associação e de Regressão Linear referente ao consumo de energia total, densidade energética, carboidratos, fibras, proteínas, gorduras totais e subgrupos de gorduras: saturada, monoinsaturada, poli-insaturada, trans, ômega 3 e ômega 6, vitaminas A, B3, B6, B12, Folato e C; e os minerais cálcio, ferro, fósforo, magnésio, potássio e sódio. Além disso, avaliou-se o percentual de inadequação do consumo de nutrientes recomendados para prevenção de DCNT e do consumo de vitaminas por Regressão de Poisson. Artigo 2: ECCR que objetivou verificar a efetividade de intervenção coletiva de incentivo ao consumo de FH sobre o consumo de alimentos, segundo a classificação NOVA, em frequentadores de serviço de promoção da saúde da Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS) brasileira. Os desfechos analisados foram consumo de PC, de alimentos processados (AP) e de AUP por meio de análises de associação e de comparação entre GC e GI, e Equações de Estimações Generalizadas (GEE). Artigo 3: ECCR que objetivou verificar a efetividade de intervenção coletiva de incentivo ao consumo de FH sobre a adequação do consumo de nutrientes, especialmente aqueles voltados para prevenção de DCNT, em frequentadores de serviço de promoção da saúde da APS brasileira. Também foram utilizadas análises de associação e GEE entre os grupos GI e GC. Os nutrientes analisados foram: energia total, carboidratos, fibras, proteínas, gorduras totais e subgrupos de gorduras: saturada, monoinsaturada, poli-insaturada, trans, ômega 3 e ômega 6, vitaminas A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, Folato, C, D, E; e os minerais cálcio, ferro, fósforo, magnésio, manganês, potássio, selênio, sódio e zinco. RESULTADOS - Artigo 1: O consumo de AUP contribuiu com 27,7% da energia total da dieta. O seu maior consumo associou a maiores valores de ingestão de energia, densidade de energia, gorduras totais e sódio; e menores de proteínas, gorduras monoinsaturadas, ômega 3 e algumas vitaminas e minerais. A prevalência de inadequação de nutrientes para prevenção de DCNT variou entre 30% e 100% entre o menor e maior quintil de consumo de AUP. Artigo 2: Após 12 meses de acompanhamento, observou-se entre os indivíduos do GI e do GC, aumento no consumo de PC e redução de AUP; além de aumento no consumo de AP entre os indivíduos do GC. Foi observado que a intervenção nutricional contribuiu para redução do consumo de AP para indivíduos alocados no primeiro quartil (RR: 0.861; CI: 0.749; 0.988) e aumento para aqueles alocados no segundo quartil de consumo de AP (RR: 1.145; CI: 1.041; 1.259). Também foi observada relação entre participação na intervenção nutricional e aumento do consumo de AUP para indivíduos alocados no terceiro quartil de consumo de AUP (RR: 1,062; CI: 1,005; 1,122). Artigo 3: Participantes dos grupos GC e GI, após 12 meses, apresentaram redução no consumo de energia, ômega 6 e sódio; e aumento de carboidratos, fibras, vitaminas A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C, D e E, folato, cálcio, magnésio, potássio, selênio, manganês, zinco e ferro. Indivíduos do GC relataram ainda aumento do consumo de fósforo; e aqueles do GI, redução do consumo de gorduras totais, saturadas e poli-insaturadas; e aumento de monoinsaturadas. Em ambos os grupos, observou-se aumento na prevalência de adequação de nutrientes para prevenção de DCNT, exceto para gorduras trans. A participação na intervenção nutricional mostrou relação inversa com o consumo de energia (RR: 0,979; CI: 0,960; 0,999) e proteínas (RR: 0,978; CI: 0,959; 0,997) da dieta, mas não aumentou a chance de adequação dos demais nutrientes, incluindo aqueles voltados para prevenção de DCNT. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados apontaram para a importância do PAS, um serviço de promoção da saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde, para a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável, e prevenção das DCNT. A condução de intervenção coletiva de incentivo ao consumo de FH apresentou poucos resultados adicionais, evidenciando a necessidade de se realizar abordagens específicas relativas à classificação NOVA de alimentos visando alcançar melhores resultados.

INTRODUCTION: Consuming fresh, minimally processed foods and culinary preparations (CP), in detriment to ultra-processed foods (UPF), can improve the nutritional profile of the diet and reduce the risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD). OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the evolution of nutrient and food consumption, according to the NOVA classification, after conducting a collective intervention to encourage the consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV) among users of the Health Academy Program (Programa Academia da Saúde - PAS) in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. METHODS: Three articles were developed with data from a randomized controlled community trial (ECCR), conducted between 2013 and 2015, with a representative sample of the PAS units in Belo Horizonte, with 9 units belonging to the Control Group (CG) and 9 to the Intervention Group (IG). Individuals allocated to the CG participated in the routine activities of the health service (regular practice of physical exercise three times/week) and those in the IG additionally received, for seven months, an intervention to encourage the consumption of FV, based on the Transtheoretical Model and on the dialogical and problematizing pedagogy of Paulo Freire. Article 1: Cross-sectional study carried out with baseline data from the ECCR, which aimed to analyze the consumption of UPF according to sociodemographic factors, and its association with the nutritional profile of the diet. The nutritional profile of the diet was analyzed according to the quintiles of percentage contribution of energy from UPF through association and Linear Regression analyzes regarding total energy consumption, energy density, carbohydrates, fiber, proteins, total fat and fat subgroups: saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans, omega 3 and omega 6, vitamins A, B3, B6, B12, folate and C; and the minerals calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and sodium. In addition, the percentage of inadequate consumption of nutrients recommended for the NCD prevention and the consumption of vitamins were evaluated by Poisson Regression. Article 2: ECCR which aimed to verify the effectiveness of collective intervention to encourage the consumption of FV on food consumption, according to the NOVA classification, among users of health promotion services in the Brazilian Primary Health Care (PHC). The outcomes analyzed were consumption of CP, processed foods (PF) and UPF through association and comparison analysis between CG and IG, and Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) analysis. Article 3: ECCR which aimed to verify the effectiveness of a collective intervention to encourage the consumption of FV on the adequacy of nutrient intake for NCD prevention in health promotion service users of the Brazilian PHC. Association, comparison and GEE analyzes were also used between the GI and CG groups. The analyzed nutrients were total energy, carbohydrates, fiber, protein, total fat and fat subgroups: saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, trans, omega 3 and omega 6, vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, folate, C, D and E; and the minerals calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, potassium, selenium, sodium and zinc. RESULTS - Article 1: The consumption of UPF contributed with 27.7% of the total energy of the diet. Its higher consumption was associated with higher values of energy intake, energy density, total fat and sodium; and smaller proteins, monounsaturated fats, omega 3 and some vitamins and minerals. The prevalence of inadequacy of nutrients for the NCD prevention ranged between 30% and 100% between the lowest and highest quintile of consumption of UPF. Article 2: After 12 months of follow-up, there was an increase in CP consumption and a reduction in UPF among individuals in the IG and CG; in addition to an increase in PF consumption among individuals in the CG. It was observed that the nutritional intervention contributed to a reduction in AP consumption for individuals allocated to the first quartile (RR: 0.861; CI: 0.749; 0.988) and an increase for those allocated to the second quartile of AP consumption (RR: 1,145; CI: 1,041; 1,259). A relationship was also observed between participation in the nutritional intervention and increased consumption of UPF for individuals in the third quartile of AUP consumption (RR: 1.062; CI: 1.005; 1.122). Article 3: Participants in the CG and IG groups, after 12 months, showed a reduction in the consumption of energy, omega 6 and sodium; and increased carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, C, D and E, folate, calcium, magnesium, potassium, selenium, manganese, zinc and iron. Individuals from the CG showed an increase in phosphorus consumption; and those of the IG, reduction in the consumption of total, saturated and polyunsaturated fats; and increased monounsaturated. In both groups, there was an increase in the prevalence of nutrient adequacy for the NCD prevention, except for trans fats. Participation in nutritional intervention showed an inverse relationship with dietary energy (RR: 0,979; CI:0,960; 0,999) and protein intake (RR: 0,978; CI: 0,959; 0,997), but did not increase the chance of adequacy of nutrient intake for NCD prevention. CONCLUSION: The results pointed to the importance of the PAS, a health promotion service of the Unified Health System, for the promotion of adequate and healthy food, and NCD prevention. The conduction of collective intervention to encourage the consumption of FV showed few additional results, highlighting the need to carry out specific approaches related to the NOVA classification of foods in order to achieve better results.

Desenvolvimento, avaliação sensorial e da composição nutricional de preparações destinadas a esportistas / Development, sensory evaluation, and nutritional composition of food preparations for sportspersons

Introdução: A associação entre dietas balanceadas e exercícios físicos é crescente devido à preocupação atual da população com o bem-estar físico e um estilo de vida mais saudável. No entanto, preparações que ofereçam bom valor nutricional com características sensoriais atrativas não são frequentemente encontradas por este público. Objetivo: Desenvolver quatro preparações (barra proteica, docinho de tâmara, torta de batata-doce e patê caprese) destinadas a esportistas e verificar o perfil nutricional, a aceitabilidade e a atitude de consumo de cada receita. Métodos: A avaliação sensorial e a atitude de consumo foram realizadas com 224 julgadores utilizando escala hedônica de nove pontos. No desenvolvimento das preparações, foram priorizados ingredientes com teores reduzidos de açúcares, sódio e gorduras saturadas. Resultados: As preparações barra proteica, docinho de tâmara, torta de batata-doce e patê caprese apresentaram, no teste de intenção de consumo e na avaliação sensorial, para todos os atributos avaliados, notas médias superiores a 6, e índice de aceitabilidade superior a 75%. Quanto ao valor nutricional, a barra proteica e a torta de batata-doce apresentaram bom conteúdo proteico, de energia e de carboidratos; e o docinho de tâmara e o patê caprese se destacaram pela baixa quantidade de calorias, gorduras totais e saturadas. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os resultados encontrados são satisfatórios, dada a realidade de grande parte dos consumidores que, em meio à atribulada rotina diária, estão em busca de produtos que possam aliar sabor, praticidade e melhor custo-benefício, e que resultarão em saúde e bem-estar físico geral.

Introduction: The association of balanced diets with physical exercise is increasing due to the population's current concern with physical well-being and a healthy lifestyle. However, food preparations that offer good nutritional value along with attractive sensory characteristics are not found often by the public. Objective: The objective of this study is to develop four food preparations (protein bar, date candy, sweet potato pie, and caprese pate) for sportspersons and to verify the nutritional profile, acceptability, and consumption intention of each food preparation. Methods: Sensory and consumption intention evaluation were performed with 224 tasters using a hedonic scale of 9 points. Ingredients with reduced levels of sugars, sodium, and saturated fats were prioritized for the development of the food preparations. Results: In the consumption intention and sensory evaluation tests, for all attributes evaluated, the food preparations protein bar, date candy, sweet potato pie, and caprese pate presented average scores higher than 6, and an acceptability index higher than 75%. Regarding the nutritional value, the protein bar and sweet potato pie presented good protein, energy, and carbohydrate content, and the date candy and the caprese pate stood out for the low number of calories, and total and saturated fats. Conclusion: It is concluded that the results found are satisfactory, given that a large number of consumers, amid a harsh daily routine, are in search of food preparations that can combine flavor, practicality, and cost-benefit, that will ultimately result in health and physical well-being. (AU)

Incompatible foods: an important concept to understand to prevent auto-immune disorders

The emerging field of trophologydeals primarily with suitable food combinations and also a few unsuitable food combinations. The science is still in its nascent state and a few things have emerged in terms of which foods should, or should not, be eaten together. But the ancient texts ofIndian Medicine are replete with such examples. What’s interesting is that there is a huge theoretical basis behind the concept of Incompatible foods. The science is rooted in the Ayurvedic concept of six tastes and the physiological basis of homeostasis-the doshas, which roughly correspond to the humours as propounded by the Greek philosopher Hippocrates. Inter cultural exchange in modern times of rapid transit has resulted in mixing up of foods and dishes in a haphazard manner, led by gustatory and aesthetic factors rather than immunological ones. This has led to explosion of so-called auto immune and metabolic diseases, because the immunological basis of incompatible food combinations has hardly begun to be researched

Comidas tradicionales: un espacio para la alimentación saludable / Traditional Foods: A Space for Healthy Eating

Antecedentes: la búsqueda de una alimentación saludable ha permitido redescubrir sabores y saberes de tiempos pasados. Reflexión: la comida tradicional, entendida como aquella transmitida de generación en generación, además de ser propia, relevante y significativa para una localidad, familia o persona, es analizada generalmente por las ciencias sociales, en particular la antropología, lo que ha sido un pilar fundamental en la patrimonización alimentaria. Sin embargo, desde las ciencias de la salud también se debe revalorar esta aportación a la comprensión de un plato típico, en especial si se examinan los indicadores globales de malnutrición por exceso y que el consumo de una comida tradicional podría permitir el acercamiento a una alimentación más saludable. Conclusión: el actual perfil alimentario refuerza el uso de las comidas tradicionales como un espacio para mejorar la calidad de vida a través de una alimentación más saludable, originado desde la unión social, emocional y nutricional que este tipo de alimentación presenta.

Background: The search for healthy eating has allowed for a rediscovery of tastes and flavors from times gone by. Reflection: Traditional foods, understood as those passed from generation to generation, as well as those being from, relevant, and significant to a certain location, family or person, are generally examined by social sciences such as anthropology, which has been a fundamental pillar in food heritage. However, from a food science perspective we can also explore and comprehend typical meals, and especially how they relate to global malnutrition indicators. Traditional food intake could permit a closer look at and approximation to healthier eating. Conclusion: The current dietary profile reinforces traditional foods as a space to improve the quality of life through healthier diets and the social, emotional, and nutritional union that these heritage foods represent.

Development of culinary recipes in an intervention program with Brazilian university students / Desenvolvimento de receitas culinárias em programa de intervenção com universitários brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective Develop and test recipes for a cooking skills intervention program aimed at students of a Brazilian university. Methods Culinary recipes were selected for the Nutrition and Culinary in the Kitchen program, which offers cooking classes for participants to practice and develop their cooking skills. The Nutrition and Culinary in the Kitchen program is based on the Cooking with a Chef program of the United States of America. A literature search was conducted to establish criteria for the selection and development of recipes. A decision tree was constructed to determine if Cooking With a Chef recipes were appropriate for the Nutrition and Culinary in the Kitchen program. Recipes were evaluated in the laboratory by untrained university students using an acceptance test that comprised the analysis of sensorial attributes and healthiness criteria. Results Of the 32 developed recipes, nine were based on the Cooking With a Chef program. Recipes were adapted to increase the use of fresh fruits, whole grains, and vegetables; eliminate ultra-processed foods; and take into account local food habits and seasonality of ingredients. In the first test, 53.3% (n=16) of the dishes received an acceptance score of less than 70.0% mainly because of unsatisfactory taste. Culinary recipes considered inadequate were redesigned in terms of ingredients and/or cooking methods and were retested until achieving a score of 100.0%. Conclusion Culinary recipes adapted to the Brazilian food culture and the target audience with the use of healthy ingredients and cooking techniques were considered appropriate for the Nutrition and Culinary in the Kitchen cooking skills intervention program and might increase participants' adherence to healthy eating habits.

RESUMO Objetivo Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver e testar receitas culinárias para serem aplicadas em programa de intervenção sobre habilidades culinárias, com estudantes universitários brasileiros. Métodos Selecionaram-se receitas culinárias para o Programa de Intervenção Nutrição e Culinária na Cozinha, que objetiva realizar oficinas culinárias e praticar habilidades culinárias, com base no programa estadunidense Cooking With a Chef. Foi realizada busca na literatura para definição de critérios para seleção e desenvolvimento das receitas culinárias. Elaborou-se árvore decisória para verificar a possibilidade de utilizar as receitas do programa norte-americano. As receitas culinárias foram testadas em laboratório por estudantes universitários não treinados, quando foi feito o teste de aceitação adaptado incluindo atributos sensoriais e de critérios para considerar uma receita culinária saudável. Resultados Das 32 preparações selecionadas, adaptadas e testadas, nove eram originais do programa Cooking With a Chef. As principais adaptações foram o uso de frutas in natura, cereais integrais e leguminosas, bem como a eliminação de alimentos ultraprocessados e a adequação aos hábitos alimentares locais e à sazonalidade dos ingredientes. No primeiro teste, 53,3% (n=16) das preparações culinárias obtiveram percentual de adequação abaixo de 70,0%, principalmente devido ao sabor. As preparações consideradas inadequadas tiveram alterações nos ingredientes ou no modo de preparo, sendo testadas até atingirem 100,0% de adequação. Conclusão As receitas culinárias adaptadas de acordo com a cultura brasileira e o público-alvo, inserindo-se ingredientes e técnicas de preparo mais saudáveis, foram consideradas adequadas ao programa proposto e podem contribuir para a adesão ao programa de intervenções que visa o desenvolvimento de hábitos alimentares mais saudáveis.

Innovación en legumbres / Innovation in legumes

RESUMEN Desde tiempos prehispánicos las legumbres han formado parte de la alimentación de los pueblos americanos y si bien su presencia sigue vigente, se ha detectado en los últimos años una significativa baja en su consumo. En la actualidad, existe un consenso sobre los diversos beneficios que las legumbres otorgan a sus consumidores y desde distintas áreas se están realizando esfuerzos para divulgar la importancia y fomentar el consumo de este alimento. En los últimos años, desde el quehacer culinario, son variadas las estrategias que se están implementando para poder aportar a recuperar los niveles de consumo históricos. En este documento, se presenta una mirada general a las diferentes líneas de trabajo que se desarrollan actualmente en torno a las legumbres. Considerando su importancia histórica y la baja sostenida en su consumo, el mundo de la gastronomía, la ingeniería de alimentos y la innovación tecnológica, buscan impulsar las legumbres a través de la diversificación en la manera en que ellas pueden ser utilizadas y consumidas.

ABSTRACT Since pre-Hispanic times, legumes have been part of the diet of American people. While they remain part of the diet, a significant drop in consumption has been detected in recent years. At present, there is a consensus on the numerous benefits that legumes provide and there are efforts from various areas to disseminate information on their importance and encourage consumption. Recently, varied culinary strategies are being implemented to contribute to recover historical levels of consumption. In this document, we present a general look at the different lines of work that are currently being developed around legumes. Considering the historical importance of legumes and the sustained decline in consumption, the world of gastronomy, food engineering, and technological innovation, seek to contribute in the diversification of the way in which legumes can be used and consumed.

Diagnóstico de la situación alimentaria y nutricional de niños de tercero a quinto año básico de la comuna de la Reina, Santiago de Chile / Food and nutrition diagnosis of third to fifth grade school-age children from the La Reina neighborhood, Santiago de Chile

RESUMEN Se describe el estado nutricional, consumo, hábitos alimentarios y habilidades culinarias en alumnos de tercero a quinto año básico de colegios municipales de la comuna de La Reina, Santiago, Chile, para proponer intervenciones que conduzcan hacia una alimentación saludable. El estudio es descriptivo, de corte transversal en 617 niños, 349 hombres y 268 mujeres de tercero (n=193), cuarto (n=202) y quinto básico (n=222). El 30,3% de los niños tenía obesidad, mayor que el 24,2% reportado por la Junta Nacional de Auxilio Escolar y Becas (JUNAEB) en primero básico el 2015. Al 66,2% de los niños les gusta cocinar, pero sólo un 20,0% mezcla y aliña verduras, hace sándwich y pela o pica fruta 4 a 5 días en la semana. Todos los niños (100%) toman once, pero sólo un 60,9% cena en la noche. Un 20,7% toma doble desayuno y un 35,7% come doble almuerzo. Casi todos (97%) llevaban dinero o colación de la casa. El 78,4% llevaba golosinas dulces, 60,0% fruta, 50,0% lácteos y 48,4% bebidas o jugos azucarados y un 45,0% lleva $500 a $1.000 por día al colegio. Existe la necesidad de educar en hábitos de alimentación saludable a los alumnos, incorporando padres con apoyo del Ministerio de Educación, para tener una política de Estado en prevención de la obesidad infantil.

ABSTRACT This article describes the nutritional status, food consumption, dietary behavior and culinary skills of third to fifth grade public school students from the La Reina neighborhood, Santiago de Chile, in order to propose healthy eating interventions. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study in 617 children (349 males and 268 females) from third (n= 193), fourth (n= 202) and fifth grade (n= 222). Obesity prevalence was 30.3%, greater than the 24.2% reported by National Board of Scholarships and Grants in first grade in 2015. Most of the children reported liking cooking (66.2%), but just 20.0% cooked mixed or seasoned vegetables, made sandwiches, or peeled or cut 4 or 5 days per week. All children (100%) ate a late snack in the afternoon, but only 60.9% ate dinner at night. A second breakfast was eaten by 20.7% of the children and a second lunch by 35.7%. Almost all children (97%) brought money or a snack from home: 78.4% brought candies, 60.0% fruit, 50.0% dairy products and 48.4% soft drinks or juices with sugar, and 45.0% money (500 to 1000 Chilean pesos). It is necessary to educate children in healthy eating habits, with participation of parents and support from the Ministry of Education to prevent children obesity.

"Darse un gustito", cocinar y comer en familia. Villa La Tela, Córdoba, Argentina / "Taking a little taste", cooking and eating within the family: Villa La Tela, Cordoba, Argentina / "Experimentar um pouco de sabor", cozinhar e comer em família: Villa La Tela, Córdoba, Argentina

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en reconstruir la gramática culinaria de las cocinas familiares de Villa La Tela, Córdoba, Argentina. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa desde una matriz de lectura materialista e interpretativista. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron: recetario viajero, encuentros expresivo-creativos y entrevistas semi-estructuradas. El análisis de las fuentes primarias se realizó mediante la teoría fundamentada. La construcción analítica de la gramática culinaria familiar aquí propuesta presenta cuatro dimensiones relacionales: Carta de menús familiares (Comidas/bebidas frecuentes, Comidas in-imaginables de existencia, Comidas que generan curiosidad de ser probadas, Comidas consideradas no-comidas, Comidas que se extrañan, Sus modificaciones); Cocinero (Transmisión de los haceres/saberes culinarios, Rol asumido al cocinar, Criterios para elegir el menú, Sensibilidades asociadas al cocinar, Normativa impartida); Comensales (Niños como destinatarios, Adultos como destinatarios); La situación de compartir el espacio-tiempo de comer (Con un nos-Otros, Con un-Otro de clase, Significados del compartir la comida). Más allá de habitar un escenario de pobreza estructural, las familias vivencian la gramática culinaria como estandarte de lucha de su historia alimentaria-nutricional, implementarla es "darse un gustito". Además, aparece el cocinar como vía de escape de lo real dando rienda suelta a la mixtura perfecta entre la creatividad y el afecto.

Abstract This paper aimed to reconstruct the culinary grammar of the family's kitchens of Villa La Tela, Cordoba, Argentina. A qualitative study was conducted from a materilistic an interpretative key. The techniques used were: traveling recipe, expressive and creative meetings and semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the primary sources was performed using the grounded theory. The analytic construction of the family culinary grammar proposed here refers to four relational dimensions: Familiar menus card (Frequent Food/Beverage, Unimaginable meals, Food that generate curiosity to try it; Meals that area considered non-food, Missed meals and their changes); Cook (Transmission of doings and culinary knowledge, Cooking role assumed, Criteria for choosing the menu, Sensitivities associated with cooking, Given rules); Commensals (Children as receivers, Adults as receivers); The situation of sharing the eating's space-time (With us-Others, With-Other Classmates, The meanings of sharing food). Beyond inhabiting a stage of structural poverty, the culinary grammar is experienced by the families as a struggle banner for their food and nutrition history, and implementing means "taking a taste". In addition, cooking appears as an escape from the real world unleashing the perfect mix between creativity and affection.

Resumo O objetivo do artigo é reconstruir a gramática culinária das cozinhas familiares de Villa La Tela, em Córdoba, Argentina. Realizou-se investigação qualitativa a partir de uma matriz materialista e interpretativa. As técnicas utilizadas foram: receitas de viagem, encontros expressivo-criativos e entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise das fontes primárias foi realizada utilizando a teoria fundamentada. A construção analítica da gramática culinária familiar aqui proposta tem quatro dimensões relacionais: Carta de menus familiares (Comidas/bebidas frequentes, Comidas de existência in-imaginável, Comidas que geram curiosidade de ser provadas, Comidas consideradas não comidas, Comidas de que se sente falta, Suas modificações); Cozinheiro (Transmissão dos fazres/saberes culinários, Papel assumido ao cozinhar, Critérios para escolher o menu, Sensibilidades associadas ao cozinhar, Regulamento dado); Comensais (Crianças como destinatários, Adultos como destinatários); A situação de compartilhar o espaço-tempo de comer (Com um nos-Outros, Com um-Outro da turma, Significados de compartilhar a comida). Apesar de viverem em um local com pobreza estrutural, as famílias vivenciam a gramática culinária como estandarte de luta da sua história alimentar-nutricional, e implementá-la é "experimentar um pouco de sabor". Ademais, cozinhar surge como via de escape do real, dando rédea livre à mistura perfeita entre a criatividade e o afeto.

Cook Supervisors' Perceived Performance of Safety Management for Vegetables at Korean Food Restaurants in Daegu

This study was conducted to identify risk factors to ensure food safety by evaluating cook supervisors' perceived performance of vegetable safety management at Korean food restaurants in Daegu. Recognition of the potential foodborne illness caused by vegetables was 2.60/5 on average. Inspection items with low scores by respondents during food safety inspection by government agencies were "Wash and sanitize vegetables" and "Keep washed and cut vegetables in the refrigerator". As for storage, perceived performance of "Store vegetable in the refrigerator less than 70% of the refrigerator capacity" scored less than 4 out of 5. About 86% of respondents answered "Water-only washing" for vegetable washing. For perceived performance of vegetable cooking, service, and leftover handling, 11 and three items out of 13 were significantly different depending on the size of restaurants and possession of culinary arts certificates, respectively. Based on results, it is necessary to provide food safety training programs for handling vegetables in order to increase knowledge of cook supervisors. In addition, intensive on-site guidance for safety management of vegetables is needed.

Consumo, hábitos alimentarios y habilidades culinarias en alumnos de tercero a quinto año básico y sus padres / Food consumption, dietary behaviour and cooking skills in third to fifth grade school-age children and parents

The objective of this study was to describe food consumption, dietary behaviour and culinary habits in third to fifth grade students and their families through surveys and focus groups to implement nutrition education interventions in healthy eating habits at schools. Surveys in parents and children demonstrated that healthy food consumption was under the Chilean Dietary Guidelines recommendations. Consumption of fruits, vegetables and dairy food in parents was less than in children, but non-healthy food consumption was also less in parents. In dietary behavior 22% of children consumed breakfast at home and also at school, and 33% consumed double lunch. Snack was carried from home in 60% of children, but 72% carried money to buy non-healthy snacks at school. Parents said that they had norms related to dietary behavior at home, but 60% watched TV during dinner and 96% had afternoon tea and just 42.2% had dinner. Regarding culinary habits, students had the skills to prepare simple food but did not have the skills to prepare a dish. The mothers said they had the culinary skills but they cook simple food like pasta, rice and potatoes. Focus groups confirmed survey findings, identifying three profiles in mothers and separating eating behaviour during the weekdays and weekend. Its notorious that mothers consuming a healthy diet were those who had more health problems. Barriers to healthy eating were lack of time and money. Surveys and focus groups showed a good access by parents and children to Information and Communication Technologies. In conclusion, it is urgent to design nutrition education programs to create healthy eating habits considering the current situation in food consumption, dietary behaviour and culinary habits in students and their parents.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el consumo, los hábitos alimentarios y las habilidades culinarias en alumnos de tercero a quinto año básico y de su familia por medio de encuestas y grupos focales para realizar intervenciones educativas en alimentación saludable en el ámbito escolar. Para ello se realizaron encuestas a alumnos y padres, que se complementaron con grupos focales. Según las encuestas, el consumo de alimentos saludables en alumnos y padres estuvo por debajo de lo recomendado en las Guías Alimentarias. El consumo de frutas, verduras y lácteos en los padres fue menor que en los hijos, pero consumieron menos alimentos no saludables. En hábitos, 22% de los niños tomaba doble desayuno y 33% doble almuerzo. Un 60% llevaba colación de la casa, pero 72% llevaba dinero destinado a compra de alimentos poco saludables. Los padres decían tener normas, pero un 60% veía televisión cuando comía, 96% tomaba once y 42,2% cenaba. En habilidades culinarias, los alumnos podían preparar alimentos simples, pero no un plato de comida. Las madres decían tener habilidades culinarias, pero cocinaban en forma ocasional y comida básica como papas, arroz y fideos. Los grupos focales confirmaron lo anterior, identificando tres perfiles de madres y diferenciando lo que comen en la semana con los fines de semana. Destaca el perfil de madres que se alimenta saludable, que eran las que han tenido un problema de salud. Las barreras para alimentarse bien son el alto costo y la falta de tiempo. Las encuestas y grupos focales mostraron un buen acceso de padres e hijos a las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación. Lo anterior demuestra el imperativo de contar con programas de educación nutricional prácticos para crear hábitos de alimentación saludable que consideren la situación actual de consumo, hábitos alimentarios y habilidades culinarias de los alumnos y sus padres.

O ato de cozinhar em uma sala de espera / El acto de cocinar en una sala de espera / The act of cookinng in a waiting room

Objetivo: Verificar se o ato de cozinhar na sala de espera de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família é capaz de ser um potencial educador em saúde e gerar reflexões acerca da alimentação enquanto provedora de sentido, de comunicação e de transformação na saúde das pessoas. Métodos: A pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo-descritiva, desenvolveu-se a partir do ato de cozinhar na sala de espera em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família no município de São Carlos, São Paulo. Foram utilizados a metodologia de observação participante, transcrita em diários de campo, e um roteiro prévio elaborado pela pesquisadora, aplicado em oito encontros. Foram abordadas questões referentes ao Guia Alimentar para População Brasileira, além disso, realizou-se a preparação de receitas saudáveis e econômicas a cada encontro. Resultados: Os resultados do estudo demonstraram que cozinhar neste espaço despertou outros sentidos que até então não haviam sido vividos no local. Tal experiência modificou a relação com a espera, trouxe reflexões para os participantes sobre seus hábitos alimentares e estimulou a alimentação saudável, de modo a tornar claro o fato de que ela pode ser saborosa e compatível com seus modos de vida. Houve participação de 26 mulheres e três crianças durante os oito encontros. Conclusão: O ato de cozinhar, em uma sala de espera de uma Unidade de Saúde da Família, proporcionou a transformação de um ambiente típico de um serviço de saúde em um espaço potencial de educação em saúde.

Objective: To verify if the act of cooking in the waiting room of a Family Health Care Unit can be a potential health educator and also to encourage patients to reflect on eating habits as a way to stimulate feelings, communication, and transformation in people's health. Methods: A qualitative-descriptive research about cooking in a waiting room of a Family Health Care Unit was carried out in the city of São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. The methodology used was participant observation based on diaries transcribed at field, and a prior script prepared by the researcher, which was applied in eight meetings. The Food Guide for the Brazilian Population was considered and it was prepared a healthy and low-cost meal at each one of the meetings. Results: The study demonstrated that cooking in the waiting room awakened feelings that have never been experienced in this place before. This activity changed the association with waiting habit, and participants were stimulated to think about their eating habits and it has even encouraged them to eat healthily, since the activity makes clear the fact that it can be tasteful and compatible with their lifestyles. A total of 26 women and three children participated in eight meetings. Conclusion: The act of cooking in a waiting room of a Family Health Care Unit transformed a typical environment of a health service in a potential space for health education.

Objetivo: Investigar si el acto de cocinar en la sala de espera del una Unidad de Salud de la Familia puede ser un potencial educador de salud y generar reflexiones acerca de la alimentación como proveedora de sentido, de comunicación y de transformación en la salud de las personas. Métodos: El estudio tuvo naturaleza cualitativa-descriptiva desarrollada a partir del acto de cocinar en la sala de espera en una Unidad de Salud de la Familia en São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil. Se utilizó la metodología de la observación participante, que se transcribe en diarios de campo, y un guión que fue elaborado previamente por la investigadora y utilizado en ocho reuniones. Fueron hechas cuestiones en cuanto a la Guía de Alimentos para la Población Brasileña, y fueron preparadas recetas saludables y de bajo precio a cada reunión. Resultados: Los resultados del estudio mostraron que cocinar en ese espacio despierta otros sentidos, que hasta entonces no se habían vivido en ese lugar. Esa actividad ha cambiado la relación con el hábito de esperar, los participantes fueron estimulados a pensar acerca de sus hábitos alimenticios e incluso les ha animado a alimentarse de forma saludable, ya que la actividad deja claro el hecho de poder ser de buen gusto y compatible con su estilo de vida. Hubo la participación de 26 mujeres y tres niños en ocho reuniones. Conclusión: El acto de cocinar en una sala de espera en la Unidad de Salud de la Familia proporciona la transformación de un entorno típico de un servicio de salud en un área potencial de la educación en salud.