Trajectory of the development of caries in the permanent dentition of 12- to 16-year-old students based on a latent class growth model analysis in Liuyang / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@# To explore the trajectory of the development of permanent caries in 12- to 16-year-old students in Liuyang and to provide a reference for the prevention and management of caries.@*Methods@#Primary and secondary school students who were registered within the Liuyang jurisdiction were screened for caries from September to November by the Liuyang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. A total of 7 297 students between the ages of 12 and 16 years with complete permanent dentition caries monitoring records and traceable deciduous dentition caries monitoring records were selected from 2013 to 2019, and a zero-inflated negative binomial-latent class growth model (ZINB-LCGM) was established to describe the trajectory of the development of individual caries using the decayed missing filled teeth (DMFT) indicators. @*Results@# DMFT of 12- to 16-year-old students in Liuyang were mainly decayed teeth (DT), with the majority occurring in the first permanent molar. According to the ZINB-LCGM model, the students were classified into three latent categories, "slow growth pattern" (28.55%), "rapid growth pattern" (6.59%), and "stable pattern" (64.86%), which followed different nonlinear caries growth trajectories. Females with deciduous teeth caries were more likely to have trajectories showing a “rapid growth pattern” and a “slow growth pattern”. There were significant differences in the trajectories between men and women, as well as between those with and without primary dentition caries. @*Conclusion @# The trajectory of the development of caries in 12-16-year-old students shows heterogeneity in terms of different developmental patterns of latent categories, suggesting that females with deciduous dental caries should receive more attention.

Dental Caries and their Relation to HbA1c in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus with poor glycemic control is often associated with dental caries. We aim to assess the relationship between dental caries and HbA1c levels among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Chennai. A cutoff of HbA1c ?7.0 to 7.9% (53–63 mmol/mol) was used to define Group 1 (n = 113) as moderately controlled and HbA1c ?8.0% (64 mmol/mol) to define Group 2 (n = 228) as poorly controlled T2D. The absolute numbers of decayed, missing, and filled teeth were examined to calculate the decayed, missing and filled teeth index. Group 2 had a significantly higher percentage (48.2%) of decayed teeth when compared to Group 1 (28.3%). Group 2 had a 2.65 times higher risk of decayed teeth when adjusted for mean carbohydrate consumption, sweets consumption, oral hygiene, and brushing habit. T2D with higher HbA1c levels is associated with an increased number of decayed teeth. Hence, there is a need for monitoring dental status in T2D as earlier treatment may prevent or delay decay teeth.

Assessing consequences of untreated dental caries using pufa/PUFA index among 6–12 years old schoolchildren in a rural population of Kerala

Context: Dental caries is the most common dental disease of childhood. India with a population of more than 135 crores accounts for a high proportion of dental morbidity. Poor oral health has a significant impact on quality of life, especially in rural areas. The consequences of untreated dental caries include pain, abscess, and space infections which may lead to loss of function and school hours. These consequences are of utmost important while planning a community dental care program. Aims: To assess the prevalence of dental caries, caries experience, and severity of dental caries among 6–12 years old schoolchildren in the rural areas of Kollam District, Kerala State. Settings and Design: A community school-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study in the rural areas of Kollam District. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried among 2194 schoolchildren in the rural areas of Kollam District in the age group of 6–12 years. Children from eight randomly selected schools were examined for pufa/PUFA and dmf/DMF indices. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 17.0, Mann-Whitney, t-test, KruskalWallis test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results and Conclusions: Overall caries prevalence among the total population was found to be 74%. The prevalence of caries in the deciduous dentition was 61% and a mean decayed, missing, filled teeth value of 2.74 ± 3.200 and for the permanent dentition the caries prevalence of 26.8% and a mean Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth of 0.66 ± 1.360 were observed. The prevalence of untreated dental caries (pufa/PUFA) was 40.8%. The pufa prevalence in deciduous dentition was 38.3% with a mean pufa of 0.99 ± 1.679. Moreover, the PUFA prevalence in permanent dentition was 4.1% with a mean PUFA of 0.06 ± 0.349. The highest prevalence of untreated dental caries (pufa/PUFA) was found in the 7 years' age group (52%) and the lowest in 12 years' age group (22.4%).

Establishment of fingerprints ，anti-inflammatory activities and spectrum-effect relationship study of pith-nodecayed and pith-decayed Scutellaria baicalensis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To es tablish the fingerprints of pith-nodecayed and pith-decayed Scutellaria baicalensis ，and to investigate the difference of their anti-inflammatory activities. METHODS HPLC method was adopted to establish the fingerprints of 5 batches of pith-nodecayed S. baicalensis and 5 batches of pith-decayed S. baicalensis . SIMCA 14.1 software was adopted to screen the markers of weight difference between pith-decayed S. baicalensis and pith-nodecayed S. baicalensis ，using variable importance in projection （VIP）＞1 as standard. Using the inhibitory rates of NO ，IL-6 and IL- 1β in supernatant of lipopo- lysaccharide（LPS）-induced monocyte macrophages （RAW264.7 cells）as indexes ，the anti-inflammatory activities of pith-decayed and pith-nodecayed S. baicalensis were evaluated and median effective concentration （EC50）of NO were calculated. The gray correlation method was used for spectrum-effect relationship analysis ；SPSS 26.0 software was used for cluster analysis using the inhibitory rates of NO ，IL-6 and IL- 1β in cells at the concentration of 50 μg/mL. RESULTS There were 15 common peaks in 5 batches of pith-nodecayed S. baicalensis and 5 batches of pith-decayed S. baicalensis ，and the similarity of them was greater than 0.990. There were total of 8 peaks with VIP 1.0，they were peak 14，12，15，6，10，13，11 and 4. At jcqinge@163.com the concentration of 50 μg/mL，the inhibitory rates of pith- decayed S. baicalensis extract to NO ，IL-6，IL-1 β and the average EC 50 were 62.14％-71.13％，3.32％ -18.38％ and 93.12％-95.47％ and 25.35 μg/mL，respectively；those of pith-nodecayed S. baicalensis extract were 39.52％-50.19％， 6.21％-22.55％，94.10％-96.44％ and 58.63 μg/mL，respectively. Average NO inhibition rate of pith-decayed S. baicalensis extract was significantly higher than that of pith- nodecayed S. baicalensis extract；average EC 50 and average IL- 6 inhibitory rate of pith-decayed S. baicalensis extract were significantly lower than those of pith-nodecayed S. baicalensis extract（P＜0.05）. There was no statistical significance in average inhibitory rate of IL- 1β（P＞0.05）. The correlation degrees of peaks 2-3，5-8 and 10-11 with inhibitory rate of NO were all greater than 0.8. The correlation degrees of peaks 2，5，8-9 with inhibitory rate of IL- 1β were all greater than 0.9. The correlation degrees of 15 common peaks with inhibitory rate of IL- 6 were all less than 0.8. Ten batches of samples could be grouped into two categories ，K1-K5 were clustered into one category and T 12-T16 were clustered into one category. CONCLUSIONS At the concentration of 50 µg/mL，the inhibitory effect of pith-decayed S. baicalensis extract to NO is stronger than that of pith-nodecayed S. baicalensis extract，while the inhibitory effect on IL- 6 is weaker than that of pith-nodecayed S. baicalensis extract；they have similar inhibitory effect on IL- 1β. The corresponding components of peak 6，10-11 are preliminarily identified as main chemical components of the difference in anti-inflammatory activity between pith-decayed S. baicalensis and pith-nodecayed S. baicalensis .

Cold abscess of dental origin in a 7-year-old child

Abscess related to an infected tooth is mostly associated with pyogenic infection, but sometimes, it can be asymptomatic and indicate a chronic condition. This case report shows cold abscess with a draining sinus due to dental origin. A 7-year-old female patient complained of pain with respect to grossly decayed tooth and recurrent swelling with no response to medications. After investigations and management of the lesion, it was concluded as abscess due to chronic granulomatous infection. Cold abscess is a classical manifestation of tuberculosis with no signs of inflammation. More than 60% of cases of this pathology occur in patients below 15 years old. It needs various clinical, histopathological, and laboratory investigations. Although rare, it should be considered as a differential diagnosis when no improvement occurs postroutine therapy to prevent serious complications. Furthermore, various precautions should be taken by the clinicians to prevent cross-infection.

Prediction of dental caries in 12-year-old children using machine-learning algorithms / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: The decayed-missing-filled (DMFT) index is a representative oral health indicator. Prediction of DMFT index is an important basis for the development of public oral health care projects and strategies for caries prevention. In this study, we used data from the 2015 Korean children's oral health survey to predict DMFT index and caries risk groups using statistical techniques and four different machine-learning algorithms.METHODS: DMFT prediction models were constructed using multiple linear regression and four different machine-learning algorithms: decision tree regressor, decision tree classifier (DTC), random forest regressor, and random forest classifier (RFC). Thereafter, their accuracies were compared.RESULTS: For the DMFT predictive model, the prediction accuracy of multiple linear regression and RFC were 15.24% and 43.27%, respectively. The accuracy of DTC prediction was 2.84 times that of multiple linear regression. The important feature of the machine-learning model, which predicts DMFT index and the caries risk group, was the number of teeth with sealants.CONCLUSIONS: Using data from the 2015 Korean children's oral health survey, which is considered big data in the field of oral health survey in Korea, this study confirmed that machine-learning models are more useful than statistical models for predicting DMFT index and caries risk in 12-year-old children. Therefore, it is expected that the machine-learning model can be used to predict the DMFT score.

Evaluation of Different Effect of Pith-nodecayed and Pith-decayed Products of Scutellariae Radix on Large Intestine Damp-heat Syndrome Based on Pharmacological Indexes / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To compare the pharmacodynamic effects of pith-nodecayed and pith-decayed products of Scutellariae Radix on rats with large intestine damp-heat syndrome, and to demonstrate the scientificness of dividing Scutellariae Radix into pith-nodecayed and pith-decayed products as medicines by modern pharmacological test. Method::Rats were randomly divided into blank group, model group, low-and high-dose group of pith-nodecayed products (0.9, 3.6 g·kg-1), low-and high-dose group of pith-decayed products (0.9, 3.6 g·kg-1), Scutellariae Radix group (0.9 g·kg-1), compound berberine tablets group (positive drug group, 0.045 g·kg-1), and 8 rats in each group. Taking model rats with large intestine damp-heat syndrome, the body temperature, thymus index, spleen index, pathological sections of colon and ileum, inflammatory factors and Secretory immunoglobulin (SIg) A content were selected as indexes to evaluate the therapeutic effect of pith-nodecayed and pith-decayed products on large intestine damp-heat syndrome, and make comprehensive evaluation of the difference in efficacy between them. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was employed to analyze the pharmacological indexes of these two products against large intestine damp-heat syndrome. Result::Pith-nodecayed and pith-decayed products of Scutellariae Radix with different doses could reduce the body temperature, thymus index, spleen index, contents of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-1β in serum and SIgA content in intestinal mucosa, and most of them had significant differences (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with the isodose group of pith-decayed products, the effect of corresponding dose group of pith-nodecayed products was better, and most of them had significant differences (P<0.05, P<0.01). PLS-DA results indicated that there were significant differences in the pharmacological effects of pith-nodecayed and pith-decayed products, and they were clustered on one side, respectively. Conclusion::Both of pith-nodecayed and pith-decayed products of Scutellariae Radix have therapeutic effect on large intestine damp-heat syndrome with distinctly different strength of action, and pith-nodecayed products is superior to pith-decayed products, which verify the scientific nature of pith-nodecayed products was specializedly used to treat bowel disease in ancient times.

Prevalence of dental caries, oral health awareness and treatment-seeking behavior of elderly population in rural Maharashtra

Background and Objective: There have been numerous studies of oral health status of school children and young population; however, similar studies in elderly population in India are lacking. With advances in medical science and consequent increase in life expectancy, elderly population is on the rise and is a subject of growing concern for public health policy. Hence, an attempt was made to study factors influencing decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, oral health awareness, and dental treatment-seeking behavior of elderly population. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted between September 2014 and December 2014 in villages in rural Maharashtra. Sociodemographic and health-related information were collected from 352 participants 60 years of age and above in 10 villages. Results: Prevalence of dental caries was 76.4% in a study population with median DMFT score of 12 with interquartile range of 7–22. The majority of the participants cleaned their teeth with fingers using charcoal and mishri. Only 17.2% participants used toothbrush. About 39% participants had experienced dental pain, of which majority did not visit dentist. The median DMFT index who used toothbrush and toothpaste was significantly less when compared with participants who did not use tooth brush and tooth paste. The majority of the participants had one or more missing teeth, but only 2.2% were using dentures. Conclusion: There is an urgent need for comprehensive oral health educational programs, and accessible and affordable oral health services to be provided to rural community.

Patterns of oral hygiene behaviors, daily habits, and caries prevalence in India and dominican republic: A comparative study

Background: The purpose of the study was to gain integrative knowledge on oral hygiene behaviors and daily habits affecting caries experience among rural people in India and Dominican Republic (DR). Materials and Methods: Participants were recruited in two countries: La Esquina community, Province Maria Trinidad Sanchez in DR and in Ramgarh, district Chhindwara in the state of Madhya Pradesh in India. A total of 104 participants (18–80 years) were in the DR sample while 202 participants (18–85 years) were in the Indian sample. Face-to-face interviews collected information on oral hygiene behaviors, daily habits, and dental care. The caries experience was quantified using decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index. Results: There were significant differences in a few oral hygiene behaviors, daily habits, and levels of caries experience between the Dominican and Indian subgroups. Use of toothbrush (χ2 = 65.2; P < 0.001), self-reported use of fluoridated toothpaste (χ2 = 94.04; P < 0.001), use of tobacco (χ2 = 32.4; P < 0.001), dental visit (χ2 = 24.84; P < 0.001), attitude toward seeking professional dental care (χ2 = 85.07; P < 0.001), and DMFT scores (F = 13.3; P < 0.001) were significantly different between the two countries. The caries experience was higher in the Dominicans (9.6 ± 8.0 vs. 4.0 ± 5.7) than India's rural. Conclusions: Oral health practices varied considerably between rural populations in these two countries. Caries prevalence was significantly higher in Dominicans despite higher consumption of tobacco and lesser use of toothbrush among rural Indians in the subcontinent.

A comparative study on early childhood caries detection by using international caries detection and assessment system-Ⅱ and WHO criteria / 中华口腔医学杂志

Objective@#To investigate and compare the sensitivities of early childhood caries detection by using international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS)-Ⅱ and WHO criteria.@*Methods@#A total of 449 3-year-old children from four day care kindergartens in Beijing were enrolled in this study. Both ICDAS-Ⅱ and WHO criteria were used to assess the prevalence of caries in the given subjects. The decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) index scores were calculated. In ICDAS-Ⅱ system, four cut-off points (D1, D2, D3 and D4) were employed to differentiate sound and decayed teeth: D1 (score 0 as sound, scores 1-6 as caries); D2 (0-1 sound, 2-6 caries); D3 (0-2 sound, 3-6 caries) and D4 (0-3 sound, 4-6 caries). SPSS software was used to analyze the data to decide the significance of differences.@*Results@#The caries prevalence using ICDAS-Ⅱ were 76.6% (344/449), 71.3% (320/449), 52.8% (237/449) and 46.1% (207/449) for D1 to D4, respectively; the corresponding mean dmft scores were 4.95±4.85, 4.41±4.77, 2.54±3.69 and 1.97±3.10. The sites with highest caries prevalence were occlusal surface of mandibular molars in groups of D1 and D2 and proximal surface of maxillary anterior teeth in groups D3 and D4. In contrast, the caries prevalence was 48.8% (219/449) and the mean dmft was 2.27±3.54 when using WHO criteria, significantly lower than the detection rates by using ICDAS-Ⅱ (D1-D2) (P=0.00). This suggested that ICDAS-Ⅱ system was a more sensitive method in detecting early childhood caries.@*Conclusions@#ICDAS-Ⅱ system might be superior in detection of incipient caries and be of specific value in prevention of early childhood caries.

Pharmacodynamic difference of Scutellaria baicalensis pith-nodecayed and Scutellaria baicalensis pith-decayed on pneumonia based on antibacterial activity and pathological parameters / 中草药

Objective To compare the pharmacodynamic effects of Scutellaria baicalensis pith-nodecayed and S. baicalensis pith-decayed on pneumonia. Methods The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of S. baicalensis pith-nodecayed and S. baicalensis pith-decayed on Streptococcus pneumoniae was determined by in vitro experiments with double dilution method. In vivo experiments, taking pneumonia rat as model, body temperature and lung weight coefficient, blood test and pathological section of lung in rats were used as evaluation index to evaluate the pharmacodynamic difference of the effect of S. baicalensis pith-nodecayed and S. baicalensis pith-decayed on pneumonia rats. S. baicalensis pith-nodecayed and S. baicalensis pith-decayed antibacterial activity and pathological indicators were analyzed with PLS-DA. Results The MIC of S. baicalensis pith-nodecayed to Streptococcus pneumoniae was 0.5 g/mL, and the MIC of S. baicalensis pith-decayed to Streptococcus pneumoniae was 0.25 g/mL. Both S.baicalensis pith-nodecayed and S. baicalensis pith-decayed could significantly reduce the inhibitory concentration body temperature, lung weight coefficient, white blood cell count, neutrophil number, and lymphocyte number in whole blood. PLS-DA showed that there were significant differences in the pharmacological effects of S. baicalensis pith-nodecayed and S. baicalensis pith-decayed. Conclusion S. baicalensis pith-nodecayed and S. baicalensis pith-decayed have a certain effect on the treatment of pneumonia, the role of the strength of the two have significant differences, the role of S. baicalensis pith-decayed is better.

Association Between Body Mass Index and Caries Lesions in Preschool Children in Santiago, Chile / Asociación entre Lesiones de Caries y Estado Nutricional en Niños Preescolares de la Región Metropolitana

ABSTRACT: The objective of the study was to determine the association between caries prevalence and body mass index (BMI) in preschool children in Santiago, Chile. Children aged 2 and 3 years old (n = 342) attending 16 nursery schools in Santiago, Chile were examined to record the status of dental caries using the modified criteria of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) (International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) Coordinating Committee, 2005). BMI was calculated for each of the subjects and their nutritional state was classified as underweight, normal-weight, overweight and obesity according to the WHO. The caries prevalence (ICDAS 2-6 > 0) of the children was 45.9 % (IC 95 % 40.50 - 51.21). Data showed that none of the preschoolers were underweight. 39.1 % were classified as normal-weight (IC 95 % 33.98 - 44.38), 34.8 % as overweight (IC 95 % 29.72 - 39.86) and 26 % as obese (IC 95 % 21.34 - 30.96). Normal-weight children had a prevalence of 51.5 % of ICDAS 2-6 lesions and prevalence of 28.3 % of ICDAS 5-6 lesions. Children with overweight had prevalence of 51.4 % ICDAS 2-6 lesions and of 19.3 % ICDAS 5-6 lesions, and obese children of 39.5 % and 25.8 % respectively. Subjects with normal-weight presented a mean of ICDAS 2-6 caries lesions significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the rest of the children. In conclusion, normal-weight preschool children presented a higher prevalence of caries lesions than those with overweight and obesity. Iso-BMI was found to be associated with lower dental caries and severity. Future studies should address which specific factors related to overweight in children might be protective against dental caries.

RESUMEN: La caries dental es una enfermedad crónica multifactorial que afecta a niños denominada Caries Temprana de la Infancia (CTI). Su etiología es multifactorial y se asocia a determinantes biológicos, conductuales y sociodemográficos. Entre estos, se ha planteado la obesidad como presunto factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de caries en población infantil. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer si existía o no asociación entre la presencia de lesiones de caries y el estado nutricional en una muestra de 342 preescolares entre 1 y 4 años de edad, que asisten a jardines infantiles de la Fundación INTEGRA, en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago. Se realizaron exámenes clínicos dentales y medición de la talla y peso. Se calculó IMC para cada uno de los sujetos y su estado nutricional fue clasificado como por debajo del peso adecuado, peso normal o normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad según los gráficos y tablas de la OMS. La prevalencia total de lesiones de caries (ICDAS II = 2 -6) fue de 45,9 % (IC 95 % 40,59 - 51,21). El estado nutricional de la muestra completa fue de 0 % bajo el peso normal, 134 (39,1 %) niños presentaron peso normal (IC 95 % 33,98 - 44,38), 119 niños (34,8 %) presentaron sobrepeso (IC 95 % 29,72 - 39,86) y a 89 (26 %) niños se les diagnosticó obesidad (IC 95 % 21,34 - 30,96). Los sujetos con normopeso presentaron un promedio de lesiones de caries (ICDAS II = 2 - 6) significativamente mayor (p < 0,05). Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que los preescolares con peso normal presentaron mayor número de lesiones de caries de acuerdo al criterio ICDAS II, que aquellos preescolares con sobrepeso y obesidad.

Comparison of caries and sealants between Shanghai native and migrant 12-year-old students from 2013 to 2015 / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To compare the caries prevalence, unmet restoration needs and sealant prevalence between Shanghai 12-year-old native and migrant students from 2013 to 2015. Methods·From 2013 to 2015, a random cluster sample of 12-year-old native and migrant students was selected from each district in Shanghai. World Health Organization (WHO) indices were used to assess decayed-missing-filled teeth of permanent dentition (DMFT). The prevalence of caries and sealants, caries filling rate, unmet dental restoration needs and the value of DMFT were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and chi-squared test. Results·A total of 2500 students were examined from 2013 to 2015, among which 36.8％ were migrants. There was no significant difference in caries prevalence and DMFT value between native and migrant students from 2013 to 2015. Sealant prevalence of migrants was significantly lower than that of natives in 2013 (0.8％ vs 6.6％) and 2015 (3.0％ vs 9.9％). Unmet restoration needs of migrants were significantly higher than those of natives in 2015 (60.5％ vs 46.4％). Conclusion·There was no significant difference in caries prevalence between 12-year-old native and migrant students in Shanghai from 2013 to 2015. But there were lower sealants and higher unmet restoration needs in 12-year-old migrant students than their native counterparts, even though free public dental health services were available to both groups.

Oral Hygiene Practices and Bottle Feeding Pattern Among Children with Early Childhood Caries: A Preliminary Study

@#The purpose of this study was to assess the association of bottle feeding and oral hygiene practices with the severity of caries among 3 to 5-year-old children with Early Childhood Caries (ECC). This cross-sectional study was carried out on pediatric dental patients with ECC attending a public university hospital. The parents or guardians were interviewed for the bottle-feeding pattern and oral hygiene practices followed by a clinical dental examination of their children with ECC. Data analysis was done using Chi squared test. Out of 32 children, 69% had severe early childhood caries with mean dft of 8.88. In this study, 87.5% of the subjects had a history of bottle feeding, with 53.1% still being bottle fed at the time of study. Current bottle-feeding habit was found to be statistically significant with the severity of caries (p=0.021). Majority (69 %) of the children were introduced to tooth brushing only after 1 year of age. About 40% of the children consumed either pre-chewed rice and/or shared spoons or feeding utensils with their parents or siblings but there was no significant association with the severity of caries (p=1.00). Because of its association with ECC, prolonged bottle feeding is significantly associated with the severity of caries in our study population. Besides, vertical and horizontal transmission of bacteria was also a risk factor for ECC, but it did not show any significant association with severity of ECC.

Is institutionalization a risk factor for poor oral health; a comparison of the oral status of schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorders.

Background: Oral health is an integral part of general health and psychiatric disorders lead them to change their life style and lose concern for general and oral health. In view of this, the study was planned to compare the oral health status in different types of in-patient psychiatric patients. Objective of current study was to study the oral health status in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorders institutionalized in psychiatric hospital. Methods: 50 Psychiatric patient (43 patients suffering from schizophrenia, 7 patients of bipolar affective disorder,) and 50 unrelated healthy volunteers were taken in the study. Dental examinations were done in both groups to measure the following indices of oral health: decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT) for caries; simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) for oral hygiene status; and tooth wear index for the wear of teeth. For comparison analyses t test was used. Results: Mean age of the study group was 37.74 years. Mean decayed missing filled teeth index (DMFT) score for study group and control population was 8.52 ± 4.36 vs. 4.72 ± 2.74 vs. 1.81 ± 1.00 (P ≤0.0001). The mean simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S) for study group was 3.87±1.21, while that of control was (p≤0.0001).The mean Tooth wear index (TWI) score for study group was found to be 1.62 ± 0.75 and for control group was 1.08±0.48 (P ≤0.0001). Conclusion: Oral health status is affected in psychiatric patients and improving the oral health in psychiatric patients can go long way in improving the quality and management of these patients.

Dental caries experience in high risk soft drinks factory workers of South India: A comparative study.

Background: The consumption of soft-drinks has been associated with dental caries development. Objective: The aim was to evaluate dental caries experience amongst the workers working in soft-drink industries located in South India and compare it with other factory workers. To evaluate the validity of specific caries index (SCI), which is newer index for caries diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 420 workers (210 in soft-drinks factory and 210 in other factories), in the age group of 20-45 years of Udupi district, Karnataka, India. Index used for clinical examination was decayed, missing, filled surfaces (DMFS) index and SCI. Results: The mean and standard deviation (SD) of decayed surface (5.8 ± 1.8), missing surface (4.3 ± 2) and filled surface (1.94 ± 1.95) and total DMFS score (12.11 ± 3.8) in soft-drinks factory workers were found to be significantly higher than the other factory workers. The total SCI score (mean and SD) was found to be significantly higher in soft-drinks factory workers (5.83 ± 1.80) compared with other factory workers (4.56 ± 1.45). There was a high correlation obtained between SCI score and DMFS score. The regression equation given by DMFS = 1.178 + 1.866 (SCI scores). Conclusion: The caries experience was higher in workers working in soft-drinks factory and this study also showed that specific caries index can be used as a valid index for assessing dental caries experience.

Assessing consequences of untreated carious lesions using pufa index among 5-6 years old school children in an urban Indian population.

Background: Dental caries is a major chronic noncommunicable disease affecting whole of mankind. Nontreatment of caries can have severe consequences such as pain, abscess formation, space infection, etc., which leads to loss of function, working hours or absence from school in children. These consequences are equally important, while planning dental care program for a community. Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and severity of consequences of untreated carious lesions using pufa index that is, pulpal involvement, and ulcer due to root fragments, fistula, and abscess index among 5-6 year old school children in an urban Indian population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 603 school going children of 5-6 year age group in mainly an urban Indian population. Children from 12 randomly selected schools were examined for pufa and decayed extracted filled indices. Results and Conclusions: Overall mean pufa value was 0.9 ± 1.93 and prevalence was 38.6% with major contribution from P component of index. Untreated caries ratio was 35%, suggesting that more than one-third of the developed carious lesions cause adverse events in a population. This study emphasis the need for treating dental caries at its earliest possible stage to avoid severe consequences. The pufa index can be used as tool to highlight these adverse consequences to dental professionals and health authorities.

Status of dental health in chemical warfare victims: The case of Isfahan, Iran.

Background: Little evidence is available regarding the dental health of victims of chemical warfare in Iran. Therefore, in this study, we examined the decayed, missing, and filled teeth index (DMFT), community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), and saliva secretion rate of chemical warfare victims living in the province of Isfahan in Iran. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted with 300 chemical warfare victims as the treatment group and 300 age-matched individuals without exposure to chemical warfare as the control group. DMFT and CPITN indices and saliva secretion rate were measured and compared between the two groups. Results: Chemical warfare victims had significantly higher scores than the control group for decayed teeth (4.25±3.88 vs 3.52±2.81; P=0.009), missing teeth (8.79±9.3 vs 6.15±8.43; P<0.001), total DMFT index (17.00±6.72 vs 13.20±6.89; P<0.001), and CPTIN (2.81±0.81 vs 1.71±1.04; P<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in filled teeth (4.00±4.2 vs 3.59±2.48; P=0.148). The level of saliva secretion in warfare victims was significantly lower than that in the control group (1.71±0.05 vs 3.85±1.95 cc/5 min; P<0.001). Conclusion: Chemical warfare victims have relatively poor dental/oral health. Chemical injury might cause a dysfunction in saliva secretion, with decrease in saliva secretion increasing the risk for tooth decay and periodontal disorders. Further research is required to find out the exact underlying mechanisms and the factors associated with poor dental/oral health in chemical warfare victims.

Obesity and dental caries among preschool children in Brazil / Obesidad y caries dental en preescolares de Brasil

Aim This study was aimed at verifying the relationship between childhood obesity and dental caries. Method A total of 2 651 preschool children were examined for this cross-sectional study in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; 1 338 of them attended public schools and 1 313 private schools. The clinical data and anthropometric measurements were obtained in line with WHO criteria. Pearson chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used, with a 5 percent margin of error. Results The prevalence of child obesity was 9 percent (n=240). The highest prevalence was observed amongst children in private elementary schools (p<0.0001). The prevalence of dental caries was 19 percent (n=504). The DMFT index was smaller in non-obese individuals (p=0.0267). The average value of dental caries, lost teeth and DMFT were significantly higher among children in public elementary schools than amongst those in private pre-schools (p<0.0001). Conclusion No relationship was found between dental caries and obesity. Suitable health policies should be adopted so as to minimise the high prevalence of dental caries among this population.

Objetivo Verificar la relación entre obesidad infantil y caries dental. Métodos Estudio de corte transversal en Pernambuco, Brasil, con 2 651 niños preescolares, de los cuales 1 338 se encontraban en escuelas públicas y 1 313 en escuelas privadas. La información clínica y antropométrica se obtuvo de acuerdo con los criterios de la OMS. Se utilizaron las pruebas de Chi cuadrado de Pearson y Mann-Whitney con un error del 5 por ciento. Resultados La prevalencia de obesidad infantil fue de 9 por ciento (n=240). La prevalencia más alta se encontró en los niños de las escuelas primarias privadas (p <0.0001). La prevalencia de caries dental fue de 19 por ciento (n=504). El dmf-t índice fue más pequeño en los individuos no obesos (p=0.0267). El valor promedio de caries dental, pérdida dental y dmf-t fueron significativamente más altas en los niños de las escuelas primarias públicas que en las privadas del mismo tipo (p <0.0001). Conclusiones No se encontró relación entre caries dental y obesidad. Políticas de salud adecuadas deben ser adoptadas para reducir la alta prevalencia de caries dental en esta población.

Obesidade e Cárie Dentária em Pré-Escolares Brasileiros Objetivo Este estudo objetivou verificar a relação entre obesidade infantil e cárie dentária. Material e Métodos Neste estudo transversal um total de 2 651 pré-escolares, sendo 1 338 pertencentes a escolas públicas e 1 313 de escolas privadas foram examinadas em Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Os exames clínicos e antropométricos foram realizados de acordo com os critérios estabelecidos pela OMS. Os testes do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Mann-Whitney foram empregados com margem de erros de 5 por cento. Resultados A prevalência de obesidade entre as crianças foi de 9 por cento (n=240). A maior prevalência foi observada entre as crianças de escolas públicas (p <0,0001). A prevalência de cárie dentária foi de 19 por cento (n=504). O índice ceo-d foi menor em crianças não obesas (p=0,0267). Os valores médios de cárie dentária, dentes perdidos e ceo-d foram significativamente mais elevados entre as crianças de escolas públicas do que entre as pertencentes às escolas particulares (p <0,0001). Conclusão Não foi observada relação entre cárie dentária e obesidade. Políticas adequadas de saúde devem ser adotadas objetivando minimizar a alta prevalência de cárie dentária nesta população.

The Dietary Intake, Oral Health Care and Caries Experience Amongst UKM Students / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

There are many factors that cause caries. This cross sectional study is to describe the relationship of oral hygience, dietary intake with caries experience among UKM students. A total of 93 subjects (19 - 24 years old) participated in the study. A food record for 3 days was used to assess fluoride ingestion from diet. Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode was used to analyse fluoride content in foods and beverages consumed. Foods frequency questionaires (ffq) were used to assess frequency of sugary foods intake and calcium ingestion. Oral health questionaire was used to assess the oral hygience status. DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filled teeth) index was used to describe the rate and accumulation of caries in permanent teeth. Results showed only 20.4% of subjects were caries free. The mean DMFT score was 3.80. The mean score for filled component was the highest (1.88), followed by decayed component (1.64) and missing component (0.27). The mean of fluoride and calcium ingestion per day were 2.13± + 0.96 mg and 454.79 + 208.9 mg respectively. Mean daily frequency of sugary food comsumption was 2 times. The range of fluoride content in foods and beverages were 0.04 to 25.64 ppm and 0.03 to 0.72 ppm respectively. There were no significant relationship between fluoride, calcium ingestion and frequency of sugary foods intake with caries experience. There was a statistically significant relationship between oral hygience practices and caries experience. (p < 0.05).