Analysis of Characteristics and Relevant Factors of 1 340 Cases of Intentional Injury Cases in Southwest China / 法医学杂志

Objective To investigate the characteristics and patterns of factors such as victims' information, injury tools and time of occurrence of intentional injury cases in southwest China. Methods One thousand three hundred and forty intentional injury cases from several places in southwest China from 2014 to 2016 assessed as minor injury level Ⅱ and above had been randomly selected. Data on victims' information, motives, injury tools, sites of occurrence, time of occurrence, injured parts and degrees of injury were classified and gathered, and then association analyses of motives and types of injury tools as well as degrees of injury and injury tools were made. Results Most of the victims were young adults between 20-50 years （65.2%）, male （82.3%）, rural household registration （62.8%）; the motives were mainly dispute （45.8%）. Injury tools were mostly blunt （54.6%） or sharp （36.0%）. Specifically, injuries were mostly made bare-handed （36.9%） and by cutting tools （33.2%）; the cases mainly occurred in public areas （59.0%）. Cases occurred more frequently in January （11.3%）, February （13.1%）, March （11.6%） and from 22：00 to 01：00 every night. Injuries mainly involved the craniofacial region. The wounds were mainly assessed as minor injury level Ⅱ （61.6%）. There was statistical significance in the difference of types of injury tools among cases with different motives （P<0.05）. There was statistical significance in the difference of the distribution of injury tools among cases with different degrees of injury （P<0.05）. Conclusion The occurrence of intentional injury cases in southwest China has potential patterns and relevant influencing factors. Prevention and analysis of such cases need to be comprehensively considered from the aspects such as victims' information, injury tools and time of occurrence.

Development of Lung Compression Degree Measurement Software of Pneumothorax and Its Application in Forensic Medicine / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To develop a measurement software of lung compression degree to calculate the lung compression ratio in pneumothorax patients accurately and quickly, and then provide an objective assessment of damage degree in forensic clinical identification.@*METHODS@#A volume calculation software was established according to the working principle of the CT instrument. CT data of 15 pneumothorax patients were selected as research objects. The lung compression ratio of pneumothorax patient was calculated by the lung compression volume calculation software of the CT instrument. Meanwhile, the lung compression ratio was also calculated by the developed volume calculation software. The lung compression ratio and operation time calculated by the two methods were analyzed statistically. Scatter plot graphs were draw based on related data, and the developed volume calculation software was verified.@*RESULTS@#The difference between the lung compression ratios calculated by the two methods was not statistically significant, but showed a linear correlation （P<0.05）. The operation time of the developed volume calculation software was obviously shorter.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The volume calculation software developed in this study can calculate the lung compression degree of pneumothorax more conveniently and rapidly with easy accessibility, which shows an application value in the forensic practice.

O perdão interpessoal em relação a variáveis psicossociais e demográficas / Interpersonal forgiveness in relation to psychosocial and demographic variables

O perdão foi estudado através do Enright Forgiveness Inventory - EFI (versão em português) - em relação à intensidade da mágoa, aos afetos, aos julgamentos e aos comportamentos da vítima referentes ao ofensor. Verificou-se também se a cultura, o sexo, a idade e a religião influenciam o perdão. Participaram 200 brasileiros e 394 estadunidenses. Os resultados foram similares nas duas culturas: as pessoas perdoaram espontaneamente, mas não completamente. O perdão mostrou-se negativamente correlacionado com a intensidade da mágoa; foi oferecido em maior grau à família e aos amigos do que a estranhos e a colegas de trabalho; e as pessoas perdoaram mais pelos julgamentos do que pelos afetos. Não ocorreram diferenças quanto à religião, sexo ou idade. Futuros estudos devem verificar se ao perdoar completamente os afetos positivos pelo ofensor permanecem inferiores ou se igualam aos escores dos julgamentos positivos.

The Enright Forgiveness Inventory - EFI (Portuguese version) was used to verify relationships between forgiveness and degree of injury to the agents of hurt and also the degree of affect, behavior and judgment from victims towards their offenders. It was also checked whether culture, gender, age and religion affect the act of forgiving. Two hundred Brazilians and 394 Americans participated in the study. Findings were similar for both cultures. Forgiveness was negatively related to the degree of injury. People forgive family and friends at a higher degree than they forgive strangers or co-workers. Positive judgments received significantly higher scores than positive affect. No significant effect was found for forgiveness regarding gender, age or religion. Future studies should verify whether genuine forgiveness shows positive affect for offenders at a same degree as positive judgments or affect remains always lower than judgment for forgiving.

Efecto del tamaño de la incisión en la gravedad de la lesin de la vía biliar iatrogénica posterior a colecistectomía abierta / Association between wound size after open cholecystectomy with severity of iatrogenic biliary tract lesions

Antecedentes: La lesión transoperatoria de la vía biliar durante la colecistectomía abierta y laparoscópica es un evento catastrófico que se asocia con morbilidad y mortalidad significativas. El objetivo fue documentar si el tamaño de la incisión en colecistectomía abierta está asociado a lesiones más complejas de la vía biliar. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo de marzo de 2006 a febrero de 2007. Se incluyeron 66 pacientes con lesiones de la vía biliar posterior a colecistectomía abierta. Se analizó el tamaño de la incisión. Resultados: Se incluyeron 66 pacientes, 70% del sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 44 años. El 70% fue tratado por colecistitis aguda. La mayoría tuvo sobrepeso o sufría diferentes grados de obesidad. En 76% de los casos, la lesión no fue advertida durante el procedimiento quirúrgico primario. Todos los pacientes con lesión de vía biliar grave (Strasberg E-3 y E-4) tuvieron incisiones menores a 10 cm de longitud. El tamaño de la incisión se asoció con lesiones inadvertidas (p=0.000), así como con el grado de lesión (p=0.000). No pudo demostrarse asociación estadísticamente significativa entre lesiones de la vía biliar y colecistectomía electiva o urgente, e incisión quirúrgica media o subcostal para la colecistectomía. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que el acceso quirúrgico menor durante la colecistectomía abierta puede ser un factor de riesgo, ya que incisiones pequeñas se asociaron con lesiones de la vía biliar más graves e imposibilidad para reconocer este daño durante el procedimiento. Sugerimos cumplir estrictamente los principios quirúrgicos de una adecuada exposición durante la colecistectomía abierta como medida para prevenir lesiones de la vía biliar.

BACKGROUND: Transoperative biliary tract injury during open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a catastrophic event associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to determine if wound size during open cholecystectomy is associated with more complex biliary tract injuries. METHODS: Prospective cohort study performed between March 2006 and February 2007. Sixty-six patients with biliary tract injuries after open cholecystectomy were included. Wound size was analyzed. RESULTS: Sixty six patients were included, 70% were female with a median age of 44. Seventy four percent were treated for acute cholecystitis. Most participants were overweight or had various degrees of obesity. Biliary tract injuries were not recognized during the primary surgical procedure in 76% of cases. All patients with severe biliary tract injuries (Strasberg E-3 and E-4) had a wound size less than 10 cm in length. Wound size was associated with unrecognized injuries (p=0.000), as well as with injury severity (p=0.000). We were notable to demonstrate a statistically significant association between biliary tract injuries and elective or emergency surgical procedures and midline or subcostal surgical incision for cholecystectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that minor surgical access during open cholecystectomy may constitute a risk factor since smaller incisions were associated with more severe biliary tract injuries and an inability to observe this damage during the surgical procedure. We suggest to adhere strictly to the guidelines of an adequate surgical exposure during open cholecystectomy to prevent biliary tract injuries.

Effect of Therapeutic Exercise according to Degree of Injury in Sciatic Nerve Damaged Rat

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of treadmill running and swimming exercise for the functional and electrophysiological recovery in rats with sciatic nerve damage, and to evaluate the patterns of recovery according to various degree of intensity and duration of injury. METHOD: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200~250 g) were used, and divided into the control and the experimental groups. Crushing injuries to the sciatic nerve at the sciatic notch was manipulated using a hemostatic forcep, treadmill and swimming exercise programs were performed for 30 minutes on a daily basis, 5 days a week during the 4 week period. The experimental group was divided into 2 sub-groups in correlation with the intensity of injury, and into 5 and 30 seconds group in correlation with the duration of injury. The test results were analysed by sciatic nerve functional index (SFI) that was obtained through walking tract analysis, and by the amplitude of compound muscle action potentials in calf muscles through the sciatic motor nerve conduction study. RESULTS: 1) After 4 weeks following sciatic nerve injuries, the SFI were -21.8+/- 10.8, -23.1+/- 7.0, -32.5+/- 9.1 in treadmill, swimming, and control groups, respectively. Treadmill and swimming groups showed markedly improved function compared to the control group. Amplitudes of sciatic nerve compound muscle action potentials in calf muscle were 21.2+/- 6.5, 15.9+/- 5.8, 12.5+/- 2.0 mV in treadmill, swimming, and control groups respectively, and revealed marked electrophysiological improvement in treadmill group. 2) The results concerning the intensity and the duration of injury, nerve recovery patterns showed the most significant improvement in the first degree-5 seconds group in both treadmill and swimming exercise programs. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the treadmill and swimming exercises have significantly better effect in the regeneration of damaged sciatic nerve than that of control, and the intensity of injury was a more important factor in the recovery of nerves compared to the duration of injury.