Aflatoxin Occurrence, Food Regulations, Dietary Exposure, and Risk Assessment: A Mini Review from the Malaysian Perspective

@#Aflatoxins are ubiquitous and occur in food. Exposure to aflatoxins seriously impact the health of human and animal. It is concerning especially when aflatoxins are odourless, colourless, and tasteless that hardly be detected through naked eyes. Ingestion of aflatoxin-contaminated food contributes the major route of exposure. The present review is an update on the aflatoxin occurrence in food, aflatoxin regulations in food, and recent risk assessment of aflatoxin exposure in Malaysia. Peanuts and chili were more prone to aflatoxin contamination in Malaysia. The extreme weather experienced in Malaysia and global climatic change may worsen the aflatoxin contamination in food. The regulatory standards for aflatoxins imposed by Malaysia are less stringent than developed countries. The dietary exposure of aflatoxins among Malaysian was relatively high as compared with other Asia countries, ranging from 0.002 to 34.00 ng/kg body weight/day. Nonetheless, Malaysian population had low risk of aflatoxin-related liver cancer, with an estimated liver cancer risk of <1 cancer case/100,000 population/year.

Dietary exposure risk of bisphenol S in vegetables and fruits inHenan Province / 预防医学

Objective@#To monitor the content of bisphenol S ( BPS ) in vegetables and fruits in Henan Province and evaluate the dietary exposure risk of the population, so as to provide the basis for formulating relevant food safety standards.@*Methods@#From 2018 to 2019, 276 samples of vegetables and fruits produced and sold in Henan Province were collected. BPS was determined by isotope dilution ultra performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry ( UPLC-MS/MS ) , and the dietary exposure was calculated according to the dietary structure and average body weight of local residents. The risk index of BPS was calculated according to the daily tolerable intake ( TDI ) of bisphenol A ( BPA ). @*Results@#The BPS contents in vegetables and fruits were 0.006-12.600 µg/kg and 0.006-9.380 µg/kg, the medians were 0.053 µg/kg and 0.023 µg/kg, the detection rates were 78.43% and 62.60%, respectively.The detection rate and content of BPS in vegetables were higher than those in fruits ( P<0.05 ). The maximum exposure of BPS from vegetables and fruits was 5.37×10-2 µg/ ( kgbw·d ), and the exposure risk index was 1.07 × 10-3, which was acceptable. @*Conclusions@#BPS was detected from vegetables and fruits in Henan Province. The detection rate and content of BPS in vegetables were higher than those in fruits. The health risk of BPS exposed by vegetables and fruits is small.

Probabilistic risk assessment of the dietary exposure of Chinese population to acephate using margin of exposure / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE Calculate the dietary exposure and exposure risk of Chinese consumers to acephate,using the margin of exposure method.METHODS Determine the bench mark dose of acephate by 21 -day gavage experiment of rats.According to the data from the 2002 National Diet and Nutrition Survey,the 2000 -2006 national food conta mination monitoring program,the 2005 -2006 export monitoring data of customs,calculate the dietary exposure of Chinese consumers to acephate by probabilistic assessment.Estimate the exposure risk by co mparing the margin of exposure with 100. RESULTS The bench mark dose of acephate was 0.75 mg·kg -1 ,the BMDL was 0.51 mg·kg -1 .The exposure of children was higher than that of adults.The proportion at risk of group 1 -6 y,7 -17 y and 18 y or higher was 5%,1 % and 0.1 %,respectively.CONCLUSION So me consumers was of dietary exposure risk to acephate.The high exposure of children should be of great concern.