Dirofilariasis presenting as subcutaneous nodule: a case report and review of literature

Dirofilariasis is an emerging rare zoonotic disease in which man is a dead-end host and it is transmitted by mosquitoes. The cases of dirofilariasis are increasing over the past few years. Several species of the genera Culex spp., Aedes spp., and Anopheles spp. are involved in the transmission of this parasite. These species represent a constant risk of infection because they feed on both animal and human hosts. For this reason, dirofilariasis is considered an emerging public health problem because of its zoonotic potential. Most of the cases are ocular and subcutaneous presentations are rare. Here, we present a rare case of dirofilariasis presenting as a subcutaneous swelling near the knee joint. Dirofilariasis should be kept in mind as one of the differential diagnosis of subcutaneous nodule. In endemic areas, it can present in atypical forms like rash similar to this case; therefore, clinicians should be aware about this disease.

Removal and identification of a subconjunctival parasite by light and scanning electron microscopy

Background: Ophthalmic dirofilariasis is an uncommon zoonotic parasitic infection caused by species of Dirofilaria, a dog tapeworm that is transmitted to human by mosquitoes. Man is a dead?end host for the parasite. Ophthalmic involvement is rare and includes periorbital, subconjunctival, subtenon, and intra?ocular involvement. We report the removal of a subconjunctival worm and identification by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Purpose: A 62?year?old female presented with complaints of redness, discharge, and foreign body sensation with difficulty in opening eyes in the left eye for the last 3 days. The patient is a non?vegetarian. On examination, her best corrected visual acuity in both eyes was 20/20. On slit lamp examination, there was a long, thin, round, coiled white subconjunctival live worm in the left eye superiorly. The rest of anterior segment evaluation, intra?ocular pressure, and fundus was normal in both eyes. The parasite was removed under local anesthesia from subconjunctival space [Video]. External surface morphology under LM revealed fine transverse cuticular striations with tapered cephalic and caudal ends. Uterus was long and coiled with indistinguishable masses inside. The finding was also confirmed by SEM. Synopsis: A subconjuctival parasite was removed and identified as Dirofilaria repens by characteristic LM and SEM findings. Highlight: Dirofilaria species may lodge in many tissues of human bodies including eye and adnexa. Dirofilaria is a natural parasite of carnivorous animals, mostly dogs, cats, and foxes.[1] The most common mode of transmission to human is usually by bite of mosquitoes like Culex and Aedes, which are considered as vectors, and it is often thought that parasitemia is because of accidental conduction.[1] Simple surgical removal of the worm is curative. After removal, the worm should be visualized directly under LM. All the internal structures of the transparent worm could be seen and compared with those under SEM.

Enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en gatos: una mirada molecular en ambientes urbanos de Medellín, Colombia / Vector-borne diseases in cats: a molecular look at urban environments in Medellin, Colombia

RESUMEN Los microorganismos hemotrópicos en felinos son agentes infecciosos que varían desde nematodos, protozoos y bacterias. El presente estudio retrospectivo tiene como objetivo evaluar la frecuencia de agentes hemotrópicos mediante qPCR de las bases de datos de 1.418 felinos en Medellín entre julio de 2021 y marzo de 2022, periodo en el que se evidencia una frecuencia del 70%, con un número de animales infectados con uno, dos o tres agentes del 56%, 14%, y 2,3%, respectivamente. La frecuencia para cada uno de los agentes es: Rickettsia spp. 0,21%, Babesia spp. 0,35%, Ehrlichia spp. 0,49%, Dirolifaria spp. 0,64%, Anaplasma spp 0,7%, Hepatozoon spp. 5,4%, Mycoplasma spp. 24,4% y Bartonella spp. 37,9%. Las coinfecciones evidenciadas de dos agentes hemotrópicos son: Bartonella spp. y Mycoplasma spp. 7,9%, Bartonella spp. y Hepatozoon spp. 2,1%, Mycoplasma spp. y Hepatozoon spp. 2% y Ehrlichia spp. y Anaplasma spp. 0,5%. De los 15 hemogramas de felinos infectados, 11 de ellos tienen hemogramas sin alteraciones significativas. Dos de los felinos positivos evidencian anemia moderada y severa y reticu-locitos de 0,9% y 0,4%, respectivamente. Solo un individuo positivo para Mycoplasma spp. presenta trombocitopenia y tres plaquetas en limites inferiores. Se concluye que la PCR es la prueba más confiable para el diagnóstico de agentes hemotrópicos.

ABSTRACT Hemotropic microorganisms in felines are infectious agents that vary from nematodes, protozoa, and bacteria. The objective of this retrospective study is to evaluate the frequency of hemotropic agents by means of qPCR from the databases of 1,418 felines in the city of Medellín between July 2021 and March 2022, where a frequency of 70% is evidenced, with several infected animals, with one, two, or three agents of 56%, 14%, and 2.3%, respectively. With a frequency for each of the agents of: Rickettsia spp. 0.21%, Babesia spp. 0.35%, Ehrlichia spp. 0.49%, Dirolifaria spp. 0.64%, Anaplasma spp. 0.7%, Hepatozoon spp. 5.4%, Mycoplasma spp. 24.4%, and Bartonella spp. 37.9% The evidenced coinfections of two hemotropic agents is: Bartonella spp. and Mycoplasma spp. 7.9%, Bartonella spp. and Hepatozoon spp. 2.1%, Mycoplasma spp. and Hepatozoon spp. 2% and Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. 0.5%. Of the 15 blood counts from infected cats, 11 of them had blood counts without significant changes. Two of the positive cats show moderate and severe anemia, and reticulocytes of 0.9% and 0.4%, respectively. Only one individual positive for Mycoplasma spp. presented thrombocytopenia, and three platelets in lower limits. It is concluded that PCR is the most reliable test for the diagnosis of hemotropic agents.

Clinicopathological study of parasitic lesions of the eye and ocular adnexa in a tertiary care ophthalmic center in South India

Purpose: To study clinical and pathological features of parasitic lesions in the ocular adnexa in a tertiary care ophthalmic center in south India. Methods: 43 cases of ocular parasitosis were analysed clinically and correlated with the pathological findings (gross morphology and histopathology) over a period of five years (2015–2020). Results: Among the 43 cases, the age group ranged from 9 months to 78 years (mean age of 41.6 years). Female patients were more common than male patients, with a percentage of 63% (27) and 37% (16) respectively. Cystic lesion in the lid or orbit was seen in 23 cases (53.4%); solid mass lesions were seen in 17 cases (39.5%); subconjunctival worms in three cases; and subretinal parasite in one. Gross examination and histopathologic study showed Dirofilaria in 23 cases (53.5%), followed by Cysticercus in six cases (14%) and Microfilariae in four cases (9.3%). Exact species identification was not possible in ten cases (23.25%). Correlation between the type of lesion and type of inflammatory cells with the specific parasite was done. Conclusion: Our study showed that important clinicopathological correlations can be made from the parasitic lesions in the eye and adnexa, which can aid in definitive diagnosis and prompt identification of the parasite for patient management

Frecuencia de dirofilariosis en caninos de la localidad 3 de Cartagena, Bolívar (Colombia) / Frequency of dirofilariosis in canines of the locality 3 of Cartagena, Bolívar (Colombia)

RESUMEN Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de dirofilariosis en caninos de la localidad 3 de la ciudad de Cartagena. Materiales y métodos: estudio correlacional de corte transversal. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de 128 perros con el consentimiento previo e informado de sus dueños. Se registró la información sociodemográfica y los síntomas. A las muestras se les realizo observación directa, extendido de sangre periferia coloreado con Wright y la técnica de Knott. Resultados: se estableció que 19,5% de los perros se encontraban parasitados con Dirofilaria sp. Los signos sugestivos de dirofilariosis más frecuentes fueron pérdida de peso y disminución del apetito (10,9% cada uno). El 76% de los caninos eran mestizos. Conclusiones: la frecuencia de dirofilariosis se concentra principalmente en barrios de escasos recursos, los síntomas identificados son sugestivos de una dirofilariosis canina.

ABSTRACT Objective: to determine the frequency of dirofilariosis in canines from locality 3 of Cartagena city. Materials and methods: cross-sectional correlational study. Blood samples were taken for 128 dogs prior informed consent by their owners. Sociodemographic information and symptoms were registered. The samples have been analyzed using direct examination, Wright stained blood smear and Knott technique. Results: it was established that 19.5% of dogs were parasitized by Dirofilaria sp. Most common signs suggestive of Dirofilariosis were weight loss, and decreased appetite (10.9% each). 76% were mixed race dogs. Conclusions: the frequency of dirofilariosis focused on lower income neighborhoods. The identified symptoms are suggestive of canine dirofilariasis.

A case report on facial subcutaneous dirofilariasis with intraoral extension

Dirofilarial is parasitic nematodes of domestic and wild animals that can infect humans accidently via vectors. This disease is endemic in South Eastern United States, Australia, Europe and Central and Southern Asia. Dirofilaria immitis and Drepens are the common mosquito borne filarial nematodes that cause infection. The most frequent presentation of human dirofilariasis is a single submucosal nodule without signs of inflammation. Oral dirofilariasis is extremely rare and only a few cases have been documented. We report an interesting case of subcutaneous dirofilariasis in a patient who presented with a facial swelling. Laboratory investigations and radiographs were non-contributory to diagnosis. This paper stresses the importance of considering dirofilariasis as differential diagnosis for subcutaneous swelling of the face with intraoral extension, especially in areas where it is endemic.

Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs in Algodoal Island, Brazilian Amazon / Infecção por Dirofilaria immitis em cães na Ilha de Algodoal, Amazônia brasileira

Dirofilaria immitis, a parasite that mainly infects domestic or wild canids, but can infect felines or humans as well, is frequent in many Brazilian areas. The main objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of natural canine infection at the Algodoal-Maiandeua Island complex, in the coastal region of the state of Pará, Brazil. A total of 67 dogs were sampled for blood microfilariae detection and for D. immitis DNA detection. Microfilaria and D. immitis DNA could be detected in 35.8% (24/67) of the animals. In one dog's sample no microfilariae were detected, but the PCR was positive, suggesting that either larvae recently were eliminated or adults died shortly before sample collecting. Therefore, it can be concluded that the occurrence of D. immitis is a health threat for domestic and wild canids at the Island of Algodoal, as well as for feline or human health.(AU)

Dirofilaria immitis, um parasito que infecta principalmente canídeos domésticos ou selvagens, embora também possa infectar felinos e humanos, é frequente em muitas áreas do Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência da infecção natural em cães provenientes do complexo da Ilha de Algodoal-Maiandeua, região litorânea do estado do Pará, Brasil. Um total de 67 cães tiveram o sangue coletado para detecção de microfilárias de D. immitis e seu DNA. Microfilárias e o DNA de D. immitis foram detectados em 35,8% (24/67) dos animais. Na amostra de um animal, não foram observadas microfilárias, mas o seu DNA foi detectado, sugerindo que as larvas tenham sido recentemente eliminadas ou os adultos tenham morrido antes da coleta da amostra. Portanto, pode-se concluir que a ocorrência de D. immitis é uma ameaça à saúde de canídeos domésticos no complexo da Ilha de Algodoal-Maiandeua, bem como para felinos e seres humanos.(AU)

Three unusual cases of parasites in eye

A 17-year-old male patient presented with cellulitis and mass in the eye noticed approximately 3 months back. The mass was about 1 cm in size and situated at the limbus. All preoperative routine investigations were normal. Surgical exploration revealed a sub-conjunctival cystic mass near the lateral rectus muscle about 1 cm in diameter; the mass was excised. Gross pathological examination revealed a thin-walled cystic mass. There was a hard nodule in the center. Microscopy revealed a wall of cysticercosis. Scolex was also seen. Surrounding tissue revealed sparse acute and chronic inflammatory cells. The case was confirmed by CDC, Atlanta, and was also included in their departmental presentation as an interesting case. A 60-year-old lady presented with complaints of itching over the forehead and right eye for 5 days. She was prescribed steroid eyedrops and antihistaminics. The itching aggravated with eyedrops along with watering and foreign body sensation. On revisit, the ophthalmologist noticed a worm in the right upper subconjunctival space. The worm was carefully removed in toto and sent to the laboratory for identification. The worm was thin, cylindrical, 8–10 cm long and white in color. After microscopic and gross examination of the worm, it was identified as Dirofilaria spp. CDC (Atlanta) confirmed the diagnosis of Dirofilaria. The patient was treated with antihistaminics and was relieved of symptoms without recurrence. A 45-year-old male patient had a painless mass in the eye for the last 3 months. He had no systemic illness. He gave a history of swimming pool use during that time. The mass was excised and submitted for histopathology. Numerous globular cysts representing thick-walled sporangia containing numerous spores diagnostic of Rhinosporidiosis were seen.

Co-infection of Dirofilaria immitis and Japanese encephalitis virus in a spotted seal (Phoca largha) in the Republic of Korea

A 10-year-old male spotted seal presented with loss of appetite and decreased activity. Grossly, the internal organs revealed several filarial nematodes in the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary vessels. Histopathological examination of the brain revealed moderate nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis with glial nodules and neuronophagia. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) of genotype I was isolated from the brain. All nematodes were identified as Dirofilaria immitis. This is the first clinical case of co-infection with D. immitis and JEV in a seal, suggesting that the seal, may be a dead-end host, like the human and horse, for JEV.

Ectopic migration of Dirofilaria immitis in a Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in Korea / 대한수의학회지

An 8-year-old female Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) reared in a wetland center, died 2 h after sudden onset of astasia and dyspnea despite medical treatment. Gross examination of internal organs revealed 10 adult filarioid nematodes in the right ventricle of the heart and three between the left and right cerebral hemispheres. All nematodes were identified as Dirofilaria immitis by direct microscopy and polymerase chain reaction assay. Histopathological observation revealed multifocal hemorrhage in the cerebral subarachnoid space and focal necrosis with hemorrhagein the cerebellar parenchyma. Although rare, veterinarians should consider cerebral dirofilariasis as a differential diagnosis in unexplained neurological cases.

High resolution melting real-time PCR detect and identify filarial parasites in domestic cats

Objective:To detect and identify filarial parasites in dried blood spots (DBS) collected from domestic cats using high resolution melting real-time PCR (HRM RT-PCR).Methods:A total of 208 DBS were collected from domestic cats in a brugian filariasis endemic areas in Surat Thani Province, southern Thailand. Microfilariae were found in 9 blood slides using Giemsa-stained thick blood film. The extracted DNA from blood spot volumes of 10 and 20 μL DBS with positive filarial parasites in cats were performed using HRM RT-PCR method. The primers were designed based on the partial mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene for identifying Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi, Dirofilaria immitis. All purified samples were then detected.Results:Using different volumes of 10 μL and 20 μL DBS could easily distinguish filarial parasites and showed similar results. PCR amplicons of Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis were determined at melting peak (temperature) of 75.70 77.46 and 73.56 respectively. All 9 positive DBS samples showed positive Brugia pahangi and similar nucleotide sequences.Conclusions:This HRM RT-PCR method is able to diagnose, identify and discriminate filarial parasites collected from DBS, which is simple and inexpensive compared with other probe-based genotyping methods. Furthermore, this method is useful to survey, prevent and control filariasis.

High resolution melting real-time PCR detect and identify filarial parasites in domestic cats

Objective: To detect and identify filarial parasites in dried blood spots (DBS) collected from domestic cats using high resolution melting real-time PCR (HRM RT-PCR). Methods: A total of 208 DBS were collected from domestic cats in a brugian filariasis endemic areas in Surat Thani Province, southern Thailand. Microfilariae were found in 9 blood slides using Giemsa-stained thick blood film. The extracted DNA from blood spot volumes of 10 and 20 μL DBS with positive filarial parasites in cats were performed using HRM RT-PCR method. The primers were designed based on the partial mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene for identifying Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi, Dirofilaria immitis. All purified samples were then detected. Results: Using different volumes of 10 μL and 20 μL DBS could easily distinguish filarial parasites and showed similar results. PCR amplicons of Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria immitis were determined at melting peak (temperature) of 75.70 77.46 and 73.56 respectively. All 9 positive DBS samples showed positive Brugia pahangi and similar nucleotide sequences. Conclusions: This HRM RT-PCR method is able to diagnose, identify and discriminate filarial parasites collected from DBS, which is simple and inexpensive compared with other probe-based genotyping methods. Furthermore, this method is useful to survey, prevent and control filariasis.

Seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in Cats from Liaoning Province, Northeastern China

The present study was performed to investigate the seroprevalence and risk factors for Dirofilaria immitis infection in cats from Liaoning province, northeastern China. From October 2014 to September 2016, sera of 651 cats, including 364 domestic cats and 287 feral cats (332 females and 319 males) were assessed. They were tested for the presence of D. immitis antigen using SNAP Heartworm RT test kit. In this population, the average prevalence was 4.5%. Age and rearing conditions (feral or domestic) were found to be associated with the prevalence of D. immitis. The prevalence was significantly higher in feral cats compared with domestic cats (8.4% vs 1.4%, P 0.05), but older cats (≥3 years old) showed a statistically higher prevalence compared with younger cats ( 0.05), all these results suggest that outdoor exposure time may be one of the most important factors for D. immitis prevalence in cats. Results reveal that D. immitis are prevalence in domestic and feral cats in northeastern China, which indicates that appropriate preventive measures should be taken to decrease the incidence of feline heartworm disease in Liaoning province, northeastern China.

Finding Wolbachia in Filarial larvae and Culicidae Mosquitoes in Upper Egypt Governorate

Wolbachia is an obligatory intracellular endosymbiotic bacterium, present in over 20% of all insects altering insect reproductive capabilities and in a wide range of filarial worms which is essential for worm survival and reproduction. In Egypt, no available data were found about Wolbachia searching for it in either mosquitoes or filarial worms. Thus, we aimed to identify the possible concurrent presence of Wolbachia within different mosquitoes and filarial parasites, in Assiut Governorate, Egypt using multiplex PCR. Initially, 6 pools were detected positive for Wolbachia by single PCR. The simultaneous detection of Wolbachia and filarial parasites (Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens) by multiplex PCR was spotted in 5 out of 6 pools, with an overall estimated rate of infection (ERI) of 0.24%. Unexpectedly, the highest ERI (0.53%) was for Anopheles pharoensis with related Wolbachia and W. bancrofti, followed by Aedes (0.42%) and Culex (0.26%). We also observed that Wolbachia altered Culex spp. as a primary vector for W. bancrofti to be replaced by Anopheles sp. Wolbachia within filaria-infected mosquitoes in our locality gives a hope to use bacteria as a new control trend simultaneously targeting the vector and filarial parasites.

Canine heartworm disease in a brazilian non-endemic area / Dirofilariose canina em uma aréa não endêmica brasileira / Dirofilariosis canina en una zona no endémica brasileña

Canine Heartworm Disease (CHD) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by Dirofilaria immitis. In this study, two mature adult-senior dogs from a non-endemic area to CHD presented clinical signs suggestive to the disease. The first one presented skin lesions, loss of appetite, weakness, pale mucosa membrane, and hyperthermia, whereas the second one presented severe ascites, anorexia and exercise intolerance, lateral decumbency, and marked heart murmurs. Both presented tachypnea, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and microfilaremia. Multiplex-PCR (COI gene) resulted positive to D. immitis research in both cases, confirmed by sequencing, with 98% homology to D. immitis (Gen Bank accession n.AJ537512-1). In addition, both animals have never had any prophylactic treatment to CHD, and no reports about traveling to coastal areas. This study reported two unusual cases of D. immitis infection in non-endemic area from Brazil.

A dirofilariose canina (CHD) é uma doença transmitida por mosquitos e causada por Dirofilaria immitis. No presente estudo, dois cães de idade adulta a idoso de área não endêmica apresentaram sinais clínicos sugestivos da doença. O primeiro apresentou lesões de pele, perda de apetite, fraqueza, mucosas pálidas e hipertermia, enquanto o segundo apresentou severo quadro de ascite, anorexia e intolerância ao exercício, decúbito lateral, e murmúrios cardíacos acentuados. Ambos apresentaram taquipneia, trombocitopenia, leucocitose e microfilaremia. A pesquisa por D. immitis pela multiplex-PCR (COI gene) resultou positiva em ambos os casos, confirmada pelo sequenciamento, com 98% de homologia com D. immitis (Gen Bank n. AJ537512-1). Nenhum dos animais havia sido submetido a tratamento profilático para CHD e não havia relatos de viagens para regiões litorâneas. Assim, o presente estudo reporta dois casos raros de infecção por D. immitis em área brasileira não endêmica para a doença.

La dirofilariosis canina (CHD) es una enfermedad transmitida por mosquitos y causada por Dirofilaria immitis. En este estudio, dos perros de edad adulta a anciano, de área no endémica presentaron signos clínicos de la enfermedad. El primero presentó lesiones en la piel, pérdida del apetito, debilidad, palidez de mucosas e hipertermia, mientras el otro presentó severa ascitis, anorexia e intolerancia al ejercicio, decúbito lateral, y soplos cardíacos acentuados. Ambos presentaron taquipnea, trombocitopenia, leucocitosis y microfilaremia. La investigación de D. immitis por multiplex-PCR (gen COI) resultó positivo en ambos casos, confirmados por la técnica de secuenciación, con 98% de homología con D. immitis (Gen Bank n.AJ537512-1). Ninguno de los animales había sido sometido al tratamiento profiláctico para CHD, y sin relatos de viajes a regiones costeras. El presente estudio reporta dos casos raros de la infección por D. immitis en zona no endémica de Brasil.

Oral dirofilariasis.

Dirofilaria is parasitic nematodes of domestic and wild animals that can infect humans accidentally via vectors. Its occurrence in the oral cavity is extremely rare. The most frequent presentation of human dirofilariasis is a single submucosal nodule without signs of inflammation. We hereby, report a case of human dirofilariasis affecting the buccal mucosa in a 32‑year‑old farmer caused by D. repens.

Subconjunctival dirofilariasis caused by Dirofilaria repens: A case report with short review.

Human dirofi lariasis is a rare infection caused by fi larial worms of genus Dirofi laria. Subconjunctival dirofi lariasis has been reported from Asia, Europe, Italy and Africa. In India majority cases are from Kerala, Karnataka and very few from Maharashtra. We report the rare case of subconjunctival dirofi lariasis caused by Dirofi laria repens from Maharashtra, western India.

Human ocular dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens in Sri Lanka

OBJECTIVE@#To identify worms obtained from patients with eye lesions and to describe the demographic factors of patients with ocular dirofilariasis.@*METHODS@#A retrospective descriptive study was conducted in 31 worm samples from 30 patients referred by consultant ophthalmologists between 2006 and February 2014. Data on age, sex and site of the lesion were ascertained from the details given in the referral letters. Morphological identification of the worm was based on the maximum width, length and appearance of the cuticle. The sex of the worm was determined by the width, length and presence or absence of vulva opening. PCR was performed using Dirofilaria repens specific primers to confirm the species of worms which couldnot be identified morphologically.@*RESULTS@#Most of the patients belonged to the age group of 40-49 years (mean age = 42 years). Majority of them were females (70%). Subconjunctival lesions were the most frequent presentation, while the rest (n = 4) were found on eyelids. Female worms were extracted from 18 cases, and 11 had male worms. One individual had both male and female worms in a single nodule. Adults were the most commonly affected. This pattern was different from the previous studies in Sri Lanka where the most common age group affected was younger than 9 years old.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The present study showed a considerably high incidence of ocular dirofilariasis, stressing the importance of implementing preventive measures to reduce the transmission of this zoonotic filarial disease.

Prevalence of filarial parasites in domestic and stray cats in Selangor State, Malaysia

OBJECTIVE@#To determine the prevalence of the filarial parasites,ie.,Brugia malayi, Brugia, Brugia pahangi(B. pahangi), Dirofilaria immitisandDirofilaria repens (D. repens) in domestic and stray cats.@*METHODS@#A total of 170 blood sample were collected from domestic and stray cats and examined for filarial worm parasites in two localities, Pulau Carey and Bukit Gasing, Selangor State, Malaysia.@*RESULTS@#The overall prevalence of infection was 23.5% (40/170; 95% CI = 17.4-30.6). Of this, 35% (14/40; 95% CI = 22.1-50.5) and 50% (20/40; 95% CI = 35.2-64.8) were positive for single B. pahangi nd D. repens, respectively. The remaining of 15% (6/40; 95% CI = 7.1-29.1) were positive for mixed B. pahangi and D. repens. In addition, 75% of the infected cats were domestic, and 25% were strays. No Brugia malayi and Dirofilaria immitis was detected. Eighty-four cats were captured at Pulau Carey, of which 35.7% (30/84) were infected. Among the cats determined to be infected, 93% (28/30; 95% CI = 78.7-98.2) were domestic, and only 6.7% (2/30; 95% CI = 19.0-21.3) were strays. Conversely, the number of infected cats was three times lower in Bukit Gasing than in Pulau Carey, and most of the cats were stray.@*CONCLUSIONS@#B. pahangi and D. repens could be the major parasites underlying filariasis in the study area. Adequate prophylactic plans should be administrated in the cat population in study area.

Human ocular dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens in Sri Lanka

Objective: To identify worms obtained from patients with eye lesions and to describe the demographic factors of patients with ocular dirofilariasis. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted in 31 worm samples from 30 patients referred by consultant ophthalmologists between 2006 and February 2014. Data on age, sex and site of the lesion were ascertained from the details given in the referral letters. Morphological identification of the worm was based on the maximum width, length and appearance of the cuticle. The sex of the worm was determined by the width, length and presence or absence of vulva opening. PCR was performed using Dirofilaria repens specific primers to confirm the species of worms which couldnot be identified morphologically. Results: Most of the patients belonged to the age group of 40-49 years (mean age = 42 years). Majority of them were females (70%). Subconjunctival lesions were the most frequent presentation, while the rest (n = 4) were found on eyelids. Female worms were extracted from 18 cases, and 11 had male worms. One individual had both male and female worms in a single nodule. Adults were the most commonly affected. This pattern was different from the previous studies in Sri Lanka where the most common age group affected was younger than 9 years old. Conclusions: The present study showed a considerably high incidence of ocular dirofilariasis, stressing the importance of implementing preventive measures to reduce the transmission of this zoonotic filarial disease.