Antibacterial Activity of Lawsonia inermis Leaf Extracts against Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Infected Wounds

Background: Wound infection comprises numerous different organisms that have the ability to surface colonization of wounds. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the pathogenic bacteria associated with wound infections. Aim: This study isolated and identified multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from infected wounds and determine the antibacterial activity of Lawsonia inermis leaf extracts against it. Design: This is a Clinical and laboratory-based study involving patients with defined cases of wound infections. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Microbiology (Bacteriology) laboratory of Specialist Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria, from February to November 2021. Methods: Twenty-eight (28) Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were recovered from 179 wound swabs using standard laboratory procedures and were screened for multidrug-resistant patterns according to the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Antibacterial efficacy of the aqueous, ethanolic, and methanolic leaf extracts of Lawsonia inermis was tested against the multidrug-resistant isolates using agar well diffusion techniques. The zone of inhibition was measured and the differences between means were statistically analyzed (p<0.05). Results: A total of twenty-eight (28) multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were confirmed, showing resistance to Amoxicillin (64.3%), Ceftazidime (85.71%), and Cefotaxime (78.57%) but sensitivity to Imipenem (95.5%). The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, and tannins among others. MDR P. aeruginosa was inhibited at varied concentrations of the extracts with the diameter mean zone of inhibition increasing as the concentration increased. The Methanol extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity against MDR P. aeruginosa with a mean zone of inhibition of 9.500±0.288mm at 400mg/ml. Conclusion: These results indicated that Lawsonia inermis leaf extracts possess antibacterial activities on Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa which could be a good source for the production of plant-based antibacterial drugs., although somewhat less than the synthetic standard drugs (Imipenem) having a mean of 13.83±0.288mm.

Synthesis, spectral characterization, anti-bacterial, cytotoxic evaluation and docking studies of new urea and thiourea derivatives

Isoniazid is one of the main API’s used in the combination treatment of tuberculosis recommended by the WHO. Urea and its derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic compounds that possess a wide range of therapeutic and pharmacological properties, while thiourea is an organosulphur compound in that it resembles urea except that the atom oxygen has been replaced by a Sulphur atom, but the properties of urea and thiourea are significantly different. The current work concerns the synthesis of a new class of urea and thiourea derivatives of isoniazid with various isocyanates and isothiocyanates in the presence of trimethylamine. The IR and NMR spectral data were performed for the urea and thiourea derivatives of the compounds [(3c & 3f) & (3d & 3e)], respectively. Molecular docking studies of the compounds (3a-h) revealed the binding mode involved in the active site of DNA gyrase. The synthesized urea and thiourea derivatives of isoniazid with various isocyanates and isothiocyanates were tested for their antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria using the “disc diffusion method”. Of all compounds tested, the urea derivatives (3a &3d), the thiourea derivatives (3e & 3g) showed more potent activity than the other compounds. The MTT assay revealed concentration dependent cytotoxic effects over a concentration range 25-200 µg/mL.

A Silent Threat of Emerging Resistance Based on Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Filamentous Fungi by Microdilution, E Test and, Disc Diffusion Method: A Critical Constructive Analysis

For more than two decades, antifungal susceptibility testing and interpretation haunted the medical professionals in diagnostics and management. This article mainly focuses on the three most widely used methods: broth microdilution, E test, and disc diffusion. It also focuses on the fact that clinicians should switch from empirical treatment to susceptible drugs as early as possible to combat antifungal resistance and newer mutations that horrify us every single day with poor patient outcomes. Many factors need to be taken into account during the interpretation of results but the positive side of the story is that they have been well documented in the literature. Though many methods have come up in testing antifungal susceptibility, still there is a scope for a rapid yet accurate testing modality to flourish and take the lead

Isolation of Enterococcus spp. in various clinical sample and their antimicrobial resistant pattern with MIC of vancomycin in patient attending tertiary care centre, RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand

Introduction- Enterococci are part of normal intestinal flora of humans and animals but have also emerged as important pathogens responsible for serious infections in hospital and community acquired infections.it is second most common cause of nosocomial infections in gastrointestinal tract, wound and genitourinary tract. To process all the clinicalAim- samples from various department in our hospital, for isolation of Enterococci spp. To speciate the isolates & to have resistance pattern of the isolates of vancomycin total 926 sample were collected from both outMaterial & Methods- patients and in patient in all clinical departments and transported to microbiology laboratory. specimens were processed by inoculating on to blood agar, MacConkey Agar, nutrient agar, potassium tellurite agar and incubated at 37°C for24-48 hr. Enterococci were identified by their typical arrangement in and salt tolerance test Gram stain, bile esculin test and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined by performing Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were identified by tube dilution methods. Result- a total of 926 sample, 645 (69.72%) were culture positive and 281 (30.28%) were culture negative. Among 645 culture positive cases, 81(12.55%) were Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrobial susceptibility & MIC done as per standard protocols. The E. Faecalis showed 99% sensitive to Vancomycin. the resistance to vancomycin was 1% & further confirmed by MIC via tube dilution methods. In which MIC was ?32 ?g/ml in one isolate. About 8 of Enterococcal strains showed MIC of 0.0125?g/ml. species level identification of Enterococcus is important forConclusions- epidemiological study and also for analysis of drug resistant pattern. Effective detection of vancomycin resistance helps in reducing the morbidity and mortality of VRE in hospitalized patients

A Study of Anti Microbial Activity of Panchvalkal Kwath

Panchvalkal is a combination of five astringent plants, these are Vata, Peepal, Udumbara, Parisha, Plaksha. Individual and combinations of drugs have Kashaya rasa (astringent) dominant and useful in the management of Vrana (Wounds) as well as Shotha (Inflammations). Panchvalakal is used in different forms, for instance, Kwath, ointment, and powder. Its formulation can prepare in oil for future prospective to add more medicinal value and improve its shelf life without any chemical preservative. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the scientific proof of old literature and further evaluate the wound healing property of water extract of Panchvalkal and blend with Amaltas (Cassia fistula) and Neem (Azadirachta indica). Disc diffusion was adopted to assess antimicrobial activity against the range of standard antimicrobial agents. The results were promising that E.coli, S.aureus, P.areuginosa are sensitive to Panchvalkal kwath. This herbal medicine is able to prevent vaginitis and also cure it without any side effects. Aqueous extract of Panchvalkal by soxhlet method showed significant results against E.coli and S.aureus with an inhibition value of 22 mm and 20 mm in diameter respectively. The results were compared with results obtained from reference (standard) antibiotics, Ciprofloxacin (5mcg/disc), Ceftriaxone (30mcg/disc), and Streptomycin (10mcg/disc) that served as the reference for inhibition zone diameter.

Molecular docking and Antibacterial activities of Cobalt (II) complexes derived from precursors of Hydrazones

The Schiff base ligands in their deprotonated forms have been utilized to synthesize thermodynamically and kinetically stabilized Cobalt(II) complexes. In the complexes, cobalt ion present is in distorted octahedral arrangement and is coordinated by four tridentate ligands in complexes. The synthesized Schiff base ligands coordinate with Cobalt (II) ion through four azomethine nitrogen atoms and two sulfur atoms developing a 6- membered chelate ring. Synthesized Cobalt(II) complexes via hexadentate ligands have been characterized thoroughly through various spectroscopic techniques like FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1HNMR, TGA, TEM, SEM, Particle size, Elemental analysis (C, H, N, Co, S) and conductivity measurements. All Cobalt(II) complexes have been evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial activity against isolated bacterial strains of E. coli (MTCC-1687), E. faecalis (MTCC-439), S. aureus (MTCC-737) and MR S. aureus (Indigenous). All Cobalt complexes show mild to moderate antibacterial activity. The MIC ranged from 50 µg/ mL to 3.125 µg/ mL. All Cobalt(II) complexes displayed in-vitro antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. It may be proved that the antibacterial activity of the complexes is related to the cell wall structure of the tested bacteria. In-vitro toxicity tests explained the Cobalt complexes were less cytotoxic than the Vancomycin drug on A431 cancer cell lines and the results explain that synthesized Cobalt complexes can act as potent antimicrobial agents and can be considered as a good drug candidate for medicinal chemistry researchers.

Comparison of well diffusion, disc diffusion and broth dilution methods for antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculata herbal gel against acne-associated pathogen

Aims@#Acne is a common skin disease among teenagers and also affects other ages. It occurs when the oil and dead skin cells plug into the hair follicles and causing pimples or whitehead. Although antibiotics have been used for many years in treating acne, the widespread use of it has led to the development of bacterial resistant, which resulted in unsuccessful treatment. Thus, in this study, Andrographis paniculata (AP) herbal formulation gel is proposed in order to determine its effectiveness in treating acne. Three different methodologies were used to compare the antimicrobial effect of A. paniculata herbal gel against acne-associated pathogens. @*Methodology and results@#Well diffusion, disc diffusion and broth dilution methods were applied to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of AP herbal gel at concentrations of 1.5% (w/w), 2.5% (w/w) and 5.0% (w/w) onto selected pathogens associated with acne which consisted of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes and Candida albicans. Among the three methods, broth dilution showed the best antimicrobial effect towards all microorganisms used. AP herbal gel at concentration 2.5% (w/w) showed the optimum antimicrobial effect of S. aureus and C. albicans, while 5.0% (w/w) exhibited the best antimicrobial activities for P. acnes and S. epidermidis. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Broth dilution method appears to be a reliable method for the determination of antimicrobial effects for the pathogens tested. In addition, AP herbal formulation gel has great potential to treat acne effectively.

Phytochemical Profiles Of Three Traditional Medicinal Plants And Its Antimicrobial Activities

Objective: The objective of the current study was to compare the phytochemical composition and to evaluate the antibacterial properties of Cissus qudrangularis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Trigonella foenum-graecum against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Bacillus circulans. Methods: Qualitative analysis and quantitative estimation of various phytochemical components were done using standard protocols. Antibacterial activity against gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Bacillus circulans was evaluated using standard protocol of agar well diffusion and disc diffusion assay. The zone of inhibition was calculated. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins and tannins in all three plant extracts. In quantitative estimation, Cinnamomum zeylanicum showed high alkaloid content (22%), Cissus qudrangularis showed high saponin content (6%) Trigonella foenum-graecum showed a high concentration (4.65 mg/g) of tannin. All the three plants showed moderate antimicrobial activity. The water extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum showed the highest zone of inhibition (13 mm) against Escherichia coli and the water extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum showed the highest zone of inhibition (11 mm) against Bacillus circulans. Conclusion: The result of this study supports the use of all the selected three medicinal plants as a source of antibacterial substance for the possible treatment of human pathogenic organisms. These plants can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic phytochemicals and further pharmacological evaluation.

Actividad antimicrobiana de adhesivo ortodóntico con nanopartículas de plata sobre Streptococcus mutans / Antimicrobial activity of orthodontic adhesive with silver nanoparticles on Mutans streptococci / Atividade antimicrobiana de adesivo ortodôntico com nanopartículas de prata sobre streptococcus mutans

La aparatología fija usada en ortodoncia dificulta una adecuada higiene bucal, en estas condiciones el de-sarrollo de lesiones cariosas puede ser una complicación, uno de los principales agentes etiológicos involu-crados es Streptococcus mutans. La nanotecnología con plata tiene una aplicación preventiva importante en biomateriales dentales. Objetivo: Se determinó la actividad antimicrobiana sobre Streptococcus mutans de nanopartículas de plata (AgNPs) incluidas en adhesivos ortodónticos a diferentes concentraciones. Materia-les y métodos: En 20 cajas Petri con Streptococcus mutans inoculada en agar Müller-Hinton suplementado con 5% de sangre, se colocaron 6 discos de papel, 4 embe-bidos con AgNPs incluidas en un adhesivo orto-dóntico a concentraciones de 25, 75, 125 y 175 ppm, y 2 discos controles con clorhexidina al 0.12% y agua destilada. Se determinó la capacidad antimicrobiana en función de promedios de halos de inhibición a las 48 horas de incubación, en comparación con la escala de Duraffourd y la clorhexidina 0.12%. Resultados: A 25 ppm no existió capacidad antibacteriana, a 75 ppm el 50% alcanzó sensibilidad límite, pero el 100% de las muestras a 125 y 175 ppm consiguieron sensibilidad límite, sin embargo, la clorhexidina al 0,12% presentó mayor sensibilidad entre media 60% y sumamente sensible 40%. Conclusión: Las nanopartículas de plata con tamaño inferior a 100 nm, incluidas a 125 y 175 ppm en adhesivos de ortodoncia poseen actividad anti-microbiana sobre Streptococcus mutans, sin embargo, en el tiempo de estudio no alcanzan la sensibilidad de la clorhexidina al 0.12%.

The fixed appliances used in orthodontics make proper oral hygiene difficult, in these conditions the develop-ment of carious lesions can be a complication, one of the main etiologic agents involved is Mutans streptococci. It was determined that silver nanotechnology has an important preventive application in dental biomaterials. Objective: Antimicrobial activity on Mutans streptococci of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) included in orthodon-tic adhesives at different concentrations. Materials and methods: In 20 Petri dishes with Mutans streptococci inoculated in Müller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% blood, 6 paper discs were placed, 4 soaked up with AgNPs included in an orthodontic adhesive at concentrations of 25, 75, 125 and 175 ppm, and 2 control discs with 0.12% chlorhexidine and distilled water. Antimicrobial capacity was determined based on averages of inhibition halos at 48 hours of incubation, compared to the Duraffourd scale and 0.12% chlorhexidine. Results:At 25 ppm there was no antibacterial capacity, at 75 ppm 50% reached limit sensitivity, but 100% of the sam-ples at 125 and 175 ppm achieved limit sensitivity, however, chlorhexidine 0.12% showed higher sensitivity be-tween average 60% and highly sensitive 40%. Conclusión: Silver nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm, included at 125 and 175 ppm in orthodontic adhessives, have antimicrobial activity on Strptococcus mutans, however, when studying, they don't reach the sensitivity of chlorhexidine at 0.12%.

Os aparelhos fixos utilizados em ortodontia dificultam uma higiene bucal adequada, nessas condições o desenvolvimento de lesões cariosas pode ser uma complicação, um dos principais agentes etiológicos envol-vidos é o Streptococcus mutans. A nanotecnologia com partículas de prata tem uma importante aplicação pre-ventiva em biomateriais dentários. Objetivo: Determinou-se a atividade antimicrobiana das nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) incluídas em adesivos ortodônticos em diferentes concentrações sobre Streptococcus mutans. Materiais e métodos: Em 20 placas de Petri com Streptococcus mutans inoculadas em ágar Müller-Hinton suplementado com 5% do sangue, foram colocados 6 discos de papel, 4 ensopados com AgNPs incluídos em um adesivo ortodôntico nas concentrações de 25, 75, 125 e 175 ppm e 2 discos de controle com 0,12% de clorexidina e água destilada. O efeito antimicrobiano foi determinado com base nas médias de halos de inibição às 48 horas de incubação, em comparação com a escala de Duraffourd e com clorexidina a 0,12%. Resultados: A 25 ppm não havia capacidade antibacteriana, a 75 ppm 50% atingiram a sensibilidade limite, mas 100% das amostras a 125 e 175 ppm atingiram a sensibilidade limite, no entanto, 0,12% de clorexidina apresentou maior sensibilidade entre 60% em média e 40% altamente sensíveis. Conclusão: Nanopartículas de prata menores que 100 nm, incluídas em 125 e 175 ppm em adesivos ortodônticos, têm atividade antimi-crobiana em Streptococcus mutans, no entanto, no tempo

Prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria isolated from raw chicken meat

Aims@#Antibiotics are widely used in poultry industry for treatment, control and in preventing the spread of infectious diseases among chicken flocks. The uncontrolled use of antibiotic causes the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria which is a major concern worldwide. The aim of this study is to isolate and molecularly identify antibiotic resistant bacteria using raw chicken meat samples from farm, supermarket, wet market as well as free-range chicken. @*Methodology and results@#A total of 34 isolates were obtained through primary screening based on their ability to grow on streptomycin, kanamycin, ampicillin and cefazolin antibiotic plates. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test performed on the 34 isolates showed that they were highly resistant to oxacillin (97%) and penicillin (94%) followed by ampicillin (64%), cefazolin (50%), tetracycline (32%), erythromycin (24%), ciprofloxacin (21%) and least resistance towards gentamycin (6%). Eight isolates with the highest antibiotic resistance, were selected for molecular identification using 16S rDNA sequencing. Analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence using BLASTN and phylogenetic tree constructed on the selected isolates revealed that five different species of antibiotic resistant bacteria namely Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Chryseobacterium gleum, Comamonas testosteroni and Bacillus cereus were successfully identified from the different types of chicken sample.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The excessive use of antibiotic in the poultry farm industries had caused the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria which can harm the health of people consuming chicken meat. To overcome this crisis, antibiotic usage in the poultry farm industries should be regulated.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant property of Curcuma longa Linn.

Background: Curcuma longa Linn. (Zingiberaceae family) plant or turmeric is known to possess pharmacological properties at relatively nontoxic doses. The study was carried out with the aim to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of C. longa L.Methods: Ethanolic rhizome extract was applied against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi using disc and well diffusion methods. Antioxidant of C. longa L. was determined by measuring 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity.Results: The ethanolic extract of rhizomes showed inhibitory activity against Gram-positive S. aureus bacteria, whereas the Gram-negative S. typhi bacteria were resistant toward the ethanol extract. Zone of inhibitions against S. aureus were 7 mm and 11 mm by disc and well method, respectively. For antioxidant activity, DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of C. longa L. was set against butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). It was shown that the value of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of rhizome extract was higher than standard control. The dose response curve was utilized to determine the half maximal IC50 value for each sample. The IC50 of rhizome extract is 21.25 礸/ml, while the value IC50 for BHT is 12.42 礸/ml.Conclusions: The finding suggested turmeric rhizome-extract as a good candidate in the search for a natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agent.

Evaluation of Oxacillin Disk Diffusion Test for the Phenotypic Detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Different phenotypic detection method for theMethicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus is available.Objective: The aim of this present study was to evaluate theoxacillin disk diffusion test for the detection of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinicalspecimens.Methodology: This cross-sectional study was planned to carryout in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology atBangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka fromJanuary, 2010 to December, 2010 for a period of one (01)year. Different clinical specimens were collected from thepatients presented with infections at anybody sites. Isolationand identification of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) wasperformed by staining, culture and biochemical tests. Oxacillindisk diffusion test was performed to detect the methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. PCR was performed fordetection of the mecA gene for MRSA.Results: Out of the 22 suspected MRSA isolates 19 weremecA positive by PCR. The sensitivity and specificity ofoxacillin disc diffusion method for the detection of MRSA was84.2% (95 CI 60.4 to 96.6%) and 66.2% (95% CI 9.4 to99.2%) respectively. The positive predictive value and negativepredictive value of oxacillin disc diffusion method were 94.1%(95% CI 76.1 to 98.8%) and 40.0% (95% CI 15.2 to 71.2%)respectively. The accuracy was 81.8% (95% CI 66.7 to 95.3%).Conclusion: Oxacillin disk diffusion test shows high sensitivitywith moderate specificity for the detection of MRSA fromclinical specimens.

Antioxidant And Antibacterial Activity Of Alkaloid Extract Of Cucumis Trigonus Roxb

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial efficiency of alkaloids of root, leaf, and fruit of Cucumis trigonus. Methods: The antioxidant and antibacterial properties of alkaloid extracts were assessed by ferric thiocynate (FTC), 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging assay, superoxide radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power were analyzed separately for its inhibition percentage at different concentration (20µg, 30µg, 40µg and 50µg/ml) and antibacterial activity by agar disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC Code-9886), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC Code-6458). Results: The highest percentage of extraction yield was observed in fruit followed by leaf and root. The maximum content of alkaloid was found in fruit and root compared to leaf. The scavenging efficiencies of the extracts increased with the increasing concentrations. Appreciable levels of total antioxidant activity by FTC (2.112±0.011%), DPPH radical scavenging activity (1.912±0.001%), superoxide radical scavenging activity (0.955±0.021%) and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity (0.914±0.087 %) were observed at 50µg/ml of fruit extract. However, ferric reducing power was more in the root (0.893±0.0870%) compared to fruit (0.791±0.023%) and leaf (0.520±0.00 %) at 50µg/ml. The alkaloid extracts of root and fruit exhibited more antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (16.51±0.05 and 19.68±0.03 mm) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.2±0.03 and14.2±0.06) at 100µg/ml than leaf. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the root, leaf, and fruit was in the range of 3.125µg/ml to 35µg/ml for the pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: Data from the present results revealed that the alkaloid extracts of fruit and root of C. trigonus show good antioxidant and antibacterial potential than leaf. Hence, may be explored for the formation of new antibacterial with antioxidant drugs.

Impact Of Solvent Types On Antimicrobial Activities Of Root Extract Of Caesaria Tomentosa

Objective: The study deals with the antimicrobial activity of five solvent extracts of roots of Caesaria tomentosa against seven microorganisms: two gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), three gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimrium) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger). Methods: Roots of C. tomentosa were extracted with different solvents(n-hexane, ethanol, chloroform, acetone and water) and were subjected to antibacterial as well as antifungal screening by Well Diffusion Method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) was also performed by two-fold dilution. Results: The maximum inhibition zone at 50μg/ml concentration of n-hexane was 32 mm. These indicate that some active substances in C. tomentosa dissolved in varying degrees in the five solvents. The MIC for n-hexane was 1.6 μg/ml for S. aureus leading to a conclusion that the n-hexane extract was found to be the most potent. Conclusion: All extracts were very effective against S. aureus. As for the solvents, the n-hexane extract had the best inhibitory effect among five solvents tested.

A Comparative Analysis of Different Phenotypic Methods Used in \r\nDetection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus\r\n

Introduction: In developing country like Bangladesh rheumaticfever is common diseases occur in children.Objective: In this study our main goal is to evaluate theincidence in rheumatic fever in age 5-15 age groupBangladesh.Method: This cross sectional study was done at differentprivate hospital in Khulna district from January 2016 to January2017 .where 100 patients data were recorded methodically in apreformed data sheet.Results: In the study 71% patients’ mother was illiterate andmost of them were house wife. Also, most of the patients facedserious heart damage.Conclusion: We can conclude that, overcrowding and lowattainment of education by mothers is responsible for incidenceof RF in children. Further study in needed for better outcome.

Detection Of Esbl-Producing Escherichia Coli And Klebsiella Pneumoniae In Patient Suffering With Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infection In Tertiary Care Hospital.

Aim and objectives: This study is to determine the prevalence of Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in urinary isolates. To compare different phenotypic methods for ESBL detection and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance patterns among ESBL producing urinary Escherichia coli. Methodology: rd Urinary isolates of E.coli that were resistant to at least one of 3 generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftazidime) were screened and tested for ESBLproduction using the Double disc diffusion test (DDDT), quantitative E-strip method and Automated Vitek-2. Result: A total of 341 Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolates were screened from patients with symptomatic UTI. 207 (60.7%) Escherichia coli, 134 (39.2%) Klebsiella pneumonia. ESBL production was detected in 48.8% and for 161 screening test positive E. coli, ESBL production was detected in 40%

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Tradescantia zebrina aqueous Leaf Extract and Their Antibacterial Activity

Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles have emerged as one of the prime areas of investigation in recent years due to their wider application in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. In the present paper, we report the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of T. zebrina and its antibacterial activity against common human pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. The antibacterial activity of the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were compared with amikacin which was used as the positive control. The results of the study revealed good zones of inhibitions of the nanoparticles against test organisms that were comparable to amikacin and hence has a great potential in the preparation of drugs used against bacterial diseases.

Identification and Molecular Characterization of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Citrus Huanglongbing Disease Pathogenic Agent) and Its Control by Plant Extracts in Bangladesh

Aims: To identify and characterize Citrus Huanglongbing disease causing pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and to evaluate its biological control using medicinal plant extracts. Study Design: The study was designed based on standard laboratory protocol. Place and Duration of Study: Professor Joarder DNA and Chromosome Research Lab, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh between June 2015 and September 2016. Methodology: Causal pathogen of Citrus Huanglongbing disease was isolated from infected leaves. Different types of biochemical and morphological characterizations of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus were done. 16S rDNA primers (27F and 1391R) were used to amplify genomic DNA of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Sequencing of 16S rDNA sequence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus were performed. Sensitivity pattern of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus against several standard antibiotics were done. Antimicrobial activity test was observed using two solvents extracts of four medicinal plants by disc diffusion method in vitro condition. Results: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus showed positive and negative response to different biochemical test. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus showed gram negative in gram staining test. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus showed highest 35±0.5 mm and lowest 8±0.2 mm zone of inhibition against amoxycillin and kanamycin respectively. Approximately 1300bp band was found in PCR amplification and phylogenetic tree analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus showed 75% similarity with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus strain 374.15. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus showed highest 16±0.5 mm diameter of zone of inhibition at 60 µg/ml concentration for ethanol extract of Cuscuta reflexa. Conclusion: This study will be helpful for proper identification, characterization and control of Citrus Huanglongbing disease causing pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in an eco-friendly way.

Correction of Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay to the errors of automated ampicillin susceptibility test for Hemophilus influenzae / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective Broth dilution method was used as a reference method to observe the capability of Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay(K-B)for correcting automated ampicillin susceptibility detection of He-mophilus influenzae(HI).Methods A total of 228 HI strains isolated were collected,broth dilution assay,K-B and automated microdilution broth test(ATB)were used to determine the susceptibility of HI to ampicillin. Analyze the essential agreements of the three methods and the correction of K-B to the errors of A TB. Results The essential agreement of K-B or ATB with broth dilution method were 77.19%,70.18% respec-tively,combination of K-B and ATB could make the essential agreement increase up to 86.0%,which was sig-nificantly higher than ATB(χ2=16.600,P=0.000).Major error of ATB(42.0%)was higher than that of K-B(10.0%)(χ2=13.306,P=0.001),but very major error and minor error showed no significant difference be-tween the two methods(χ2=1.208,P=0.272;χ2=1.182,P=0.227),meanwhile,76.19% of major error of ATB could be corrected by K-B.For the very major error of ATB,53.57% could be corrected by K-B.Howev-er,the corrective capability of K-B to minor error of ATB was relative low.Conclusion K-B test could correct some errors generated by ATB.For the β-lactamase negative strains which were judged as ampicillin resistance by A TB,K-B test should be used to correct the errors by ATB.Moreover,it is necessary to apply K-B to confirm am-picillin sensitivity of the β-lactamase positive strains which were judged as ampicillin susceptible by ATB.

New Azafluorenone Derivative and Antibacterial Activities of Alphonsea cylindrica Barks

A phytochemical study of Alphonsea cylindrica King (unreported) has led to the isolation of six alkaloids. The compounds were identified as kinabaline (1; azafluorenone alkaloid), muniranine (2), O-methylmoschatoline (3; oxoaporphine alkaloid), lysicamine (4), atherospermidine (5) and N-methylouregidione (6; 4, 5-dioxoaporphine alkaloid). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on the spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data reported in the literature. Alkaloid 2 was isolated as a new derivative of azafluorenone while alkaloids 1, 3 - 6 were isolated for the first time from Alphonsea species. In addition, alkaloid 3 and 4 showed inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus in disc diffusion test. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of lysicamine (4) against S. aureus, B. cereus and P. aeruginosa were found to be smaller than O-methylmoschatoline (3). Therefore, the reported antibacterial activity showed the potential of this plant as natural antibacterial agent and supported the documented traditional use of Alphonsea sp. in the treatment of diarrhea and fever.