ABSTRACT
"Assessing the quality by distinguishing features of traditional Chinese medicinal materials" is a characteristic quality evaluation system of traditional Chinese medicine, and it is also the basis of "Rating according to characters and setting the price by the grade" on the market. Astragali Radix was regarded as a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and this paper has carried out herbal textual research on the development and formation of the concept, "assessing the quality by distinguishing features of traditional Chinese medicinal materials", of Astragali Radix. The authentic medicine producing areas of Astragalus in China have experienced a great change, Gansu , Sichuan and adjacent areas before the Tang Dynasty; Shanxi during the Tang and Song Dynasty. The concept, "assessing the quality by distinguishing features of traditional Chinese medicinal materials", of Astragali Radix was formed in the Song and Ming Dynasty and still used today, which described as that the shape is "straight as an arrow"; the texture is "soft as cotton"; the section looks like" gold well and jade hurdle"; it was sweet in taste and has beany flavor. The system, "assessing the quality by distinguishing features of traditional Chinese medicinal materials", of Astragali Radix has undergone the adjustments from "true or false" to "good or bad", advance with the times, pick out the advantages from others and absorb the experience of traditional identification actively. Besides, it always returns to laconism from erudition and was summarized highly. Assessing the quality by distinguishing features of traditional Chinese medicinal materials and commodity specifications have the same root, so the former has reference meaning to revise the latter.
ABSTRACT
The quality of Chinese herbal medicine is an important prerequisite for ensuring clinical efficacy and safety. The current commodity specification of medicinal herbs is the summary of the traditional Chinese medicine practitioners' experience of "assessing the quality by distinguishing the features of traditional Chinese medicinal materials". However, with the continuous introduction and acclimatization and large-scale cultivation of wild medicinal herbs, the traits of some medicinal herbs have changed greatly compared with the previous one, resulting in that the market circulation specifications of these medicinal herbs is inconsistent with the current commodity specification. In this paper, by consulting the modern monographs, literatures and so on, we analyzed the market circulation specifications being implementing of Polygalae Radix, combined with the modern quality evaluation methods to explore the effects of strains and base, origin and climate, growth duration and harvesting period and medicinal parts on the quality of P. tenuifolia. This paper reveals the correlation between the traits and quality of Polygalae Radix, furthermore, provides the theoretical basis for setting up the commodity specifications of Polygalae Radix, and determines the future research direction of P. tenuifolia quality assessment.
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Objective To investigate the diagnostic criteria of thyroid solid nodules by high-frequency ultrasound,elastography and ultrasound contrast.Methods Totally 87 patients with thyroid solid nodules underwent high-frequency ultrasound,elastography and ultrasound contrast before surgery,distinguishing benign from malignant lesions was executed based on pathological results,and according to the pathological character the image features by the three measures were compared.There were 40 patients divided into a control group going through the examination by high-frequency ultrasound,and 47 ones into an observation group with the examinations by the three measures.Pathological results were used as gold standard,and the two groups were compared on diagnostic sensitivity.Results High-frequency ultrasound showed significant differences of benign and malignant nodules in equal echo,very low echo,irregular peripheral halo,rates of clear nodule boundary and aspect ratio higher than as well as microcalcification (x2--4.603,17.394,5.833,14.832,10.107 and 27.392,and all Pvalues were less than 0.05).There were 85％ benign nodules gained grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ elastography images,81.82％malignant nodules had grade Ⅲ and ⅣV elastography images,and there were significant differences between benign and malignant nodules (x2=53.42,P=0.00).Ultrasound contrast found annular enhancement in most of benign nodules (x2=39.16,P＜0.01) while uneven enhancement in most of malignant nodules (x2=40.28,P＜0.01),and the nodule ranges increasedsignificantly after contrast (t=2.19,P＜0.05).The observation group had the sensitivity being 82.86％,which was statisticallyhigher than 59.38％ in the control group (x2=4.537,P--0.033).Conclusion High-frequency ultrasound,elastography and ultrasound contrast all show the manifestations of thyroid solid nodules,and the comprehensive application of the above three measures contributes to determining the nature of the nodules.
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Objective To investigate the diagnostic criteria of thyroid solid nodules by high-frequency ultrasound,elastography and ultrasound contrast.Methods Totally 87 patients with thyroid solid nodules underwent high-frequency ultrasound,elastography and ultrasound contrast before surgery,distinguishing benign from malignant lesions was executed based on pathological results,and according to the pathological character the image features by the three measures were compared.There were 40 patients divided into a control group going through the examination by high-frequency ultrasound,and 47 ones into an observation group with the examinations by the three measures.Pathological results were used as gold standard,and the two groups were compared on diagnostic sensitivity.Results High-frequency ultrasound showed significant differences of benign and malignant nodules in equal echo,very low echo,irregular peripheral halo,rates of clear nodule boundary and aspect ratio higher than as well as microcalcification (x2--4.603,17.394,5.833,14.832,10.107 and 27.392,and all Pvalues were less than 0.05).There were 85％ benign nodules gained grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ elastography images,81.82％malignant nodules had grade Ⅲ and ⅣV elastography images,and there were significant differences between benign and malignant nodules (x2=53.42,P=0.00).Ultrasound contrast found annular enhancement in most of benign nodules (x2=39.16,P＜0.01) while uneven enhancement in most of malignant nodules (x2=40.28,P＜0.01),and the nodule ranges increasedsignificantly after contrast (t=2.19,P＜0.05).The observation group had the sensitivity being 82.86％,which was statisticallyhigher than 59.38％ in the control group (x2=4.537,P--0.033).Conclusion High-frequency ultrasound,elastography and ultrasound contrast all show the manifestations of thyroid solid nodules,and the comprehensive application of the above three measures contributes to determining the nature of the nodules.
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By summarizing the results of the determination of index chemical composition in the samples of product specification and growth period of Astragalus Radix, we analyze the reason for the contradictions of determination results as follows: The actual growth years of the sample are not clear, the test samples mixed, and we draw the conclusion that the existing commodity classification is not scientific. Proposing a set of methods to identify actual growth years of Astragalus Radix and to carry out the research by comparing the chemical and biological effects with the subjects which we have known the exact growth years. Aiming to get the exterior features associated with its chemical compositions and biological effects to interpret the meaning of "assessing the quality by distinguishing the features of CMM". Finally, to establish the kinds of standards that not only embody the actual growth years of Astragalus Radix, but also for applicable to market transactions
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Objective:To analyze the direct-to-patient( DTP)model in the field of pharmacy retail. Methods:The meaning and features of the model were analyzed,the advantages and challenges of the model were summarized,and some countermeasure sugges-tions for the model application in the pharmacy retail field were provided. Results:The DTP model can promote the development of drug retail enterprises. However,there are still some challenges needing continue exploration in practice. Conclusion:In order to pro-mote the application and development of the DTP model,drug retail enterprises demand the policy adjustment by government,increased investment,enhancement of centralized development and implementation of new business forms.
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Background: The distinction between Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is not always easy, so much so that the WHO 2008 Blue Book has incorporated a provisional category of "B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable with features intermediate between DLBCL and BL." One of the immunohistochemical (IHC) markers used at times to differentiate between the two is IHC expression of BCL2, which was initially believed to be consistently negative in BL. Later it was recognized that weak BCL2 expression is still compatible with the diagnosis of BL. To verify or otherwise this current view this study was undertaken. Materials and Methods: We retrieved 39 confirmed cases of BL, in both children and adults. All these cases had typical morphology, IHC profile, and Mib-1 index that are typical of BL. All these cases were then stained with a monoclonal antibody against BCL2 oncoprotein, using 2-step Envision system. Results: Out of 39 cases, 31 cases (79.4%) were completely negative for BCL2, whereas 5 (12.8%) were weak focal positive. However, another 4 (10.2%) cases did show strong diffuse cytoplasmic staining for BCL2. Fluorescent in-Situ hybridization (FISH) for t(14:18) was optimally done on 6 out of 9 cases. All these 4 cases were from adults with 3 out of 4 arising in the parotid region. Two out of 4 cases also showed t(8:14) on FISH. Conclusions: It was concluded that contrary to the common belief, strong BCL2 IHC expression is possible in typical BL in adults and cannot be absolutely relied upon to distinguish between BL and DLBCL.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Burkitt Lymphoma/diagnosis , Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology , Child , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Microscopy , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/biosynthesis , Sensitivity and SpecificityABSTRACT
Background: The distinction between Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is not always easy, so much so that the WHO 2008 Blue Book has incorporated a provisional category of B-cell lymphoma, unclassifiable with features intermediate between DLBCL and BL." One of the immunohistochemical (IHC)markers used at time to differentiate between the two is IHC expression of BCL2, which was initially believed to be consistently negative in BL. Later it was recognized that weak BCL2 expression is still compatible with the diagnosis of BL. To verify or otherwise this current view this study was undertaken. Materials and methods: We retrieved 39 confirmed cases of BL, in both children and adults. All these cases had typical morphology IHC profile, and Mib-1 index that are typical of BL. All these cases were then stained with a monoclonal antibody against BCL2 oncoprotein, using 2-step Envision system. Results: Out of 39 cases,31 cases (79.4%) were completely negative for BCL2, whereas 5 (12.8%) were weak focal positive. However, another 4 (10.2%) cases did show strong diffuse Cytoplasmic staining for BCL2. fluorescent in-Situ hybridization (FISH) for t(14:18) was optimally done on 6 out of 9 cases. All these 4 cases were from adults with 3 out of 4 arising in the parotid region. Two out of 4 cases also showed t(8:14) on FISH. Conclusions: It was concluded that contrary to the common belief, stong BCL2 IHC expression is possible in typical BL in adults and cannot be absolutely relied upon to distinguish between BL and DLBCL.
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AIM: We establish a suitable distinguishing reaction of nitrate and nitrite in Chinese traditional medicine containing reduction agents. METHODS: In different concentration solution of sulfate acid,we study on the distinguishing reaction,by paralleling samples with negative samples and positive samples. RESULTS:The nitrite and sample containing nitrite react with ferrous sulfate reagent from brown in 50%-5% solution of sulfate acid;The nitrate and sample containing nitrate react with ferrous sulfate reagent from brown in ≥25% solution of sulfate acid.The negative sample and sample without nitrite and nitrate does not react with ferrous sulfate reagent in 50%-5% solution of sulfate acid. CONCLUSION: The thin sulfate acid-ferrous sulfate reagent-nitrate ditinguishing reaction can be used to distinguish nitrate and nitrite in Chinese traditional medicine containing reduction agents.