ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the current prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in Shanghai,and to study the distribution characteristics of NTM clinical isolates,which may help to improve the diagnostic level of NTM and provide guidance for effective prevention and treatment of NTM infection.Methods Culture-positive isolates of clinical mycobacteria were collected from 2008 to 2013 in Huashan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University.All isolates were heat inactivated,and the genomic DNA was extracted and the species were identified by comprehensive comparative analysis of 16S rDNA,hsp65 and rpoB target genes sequencing.Results From January 2008 to December 2013,the overall mycobacterial culture-positive rate was 4.1 ％ (411/10 015).After excluding the repeated isolates,a total of 253 culture-positive mycobacteria isolates were collected for the species identification.By genes sequencing analysis,140 isolates were identified as mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBc),102 NTM and 11 Nocardias,accounting for 55.3％,40.3％ and 4.4％,respectively.Positive rate of NTM isolates had an increasing trend from 25.0％ in 2008 to 42.7％ in 2013,reaching a highest rate of 54.9％ in 2012.In further analysis of 102 NTM isolates,16 species were identified.Among them,28 were M.abscesses,18 strains of M.marinum,17 strains of M.avium-intracellulare complex and 10 strains of M.fortuitum,accounted for 27.5％,17.6％,16.7％ and 9.8％,respectively.Conclusions Both of the isolation number and isolation rate of NTM in the general hospital are increasing.NTM related cases are also increasing in recent years,which mainly caused by M.abscess,M.marinum,M.aviumintracellulare complex and M.fortuitum.
ABSTRACT
The purposes of this study were to analyze the quality attributes and customer satisfaction in school foodservice by distribution place and to suggest an improvement plan. The survey was distributed to different respondents (students, parents, and faculty) at different types of schools (elementary school, middle school, and high school) on September 2008 in 16 cities and provinces. The statistics were analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, and ANOVA by SPSS 12.0. All foodservice quality attributes were significant different by school type and the students in elementary schools had higher scores than students in middle and high school. A comparison of scores by school type and distribution place demonstrated that elementary schools had a higher score for quality attributes and in middle and high school dining halls had a higher score for quality attributes. The overall customer satisfaction with school foodservice was higher for dining halls than classrooms for all respondents (students, parents, and faculty). For students, the overall customer satisfaction score was 69.1 for schools using dining halls and 66.4 for schools using classrooms. The overall customer satisfaction for classrooms was higher in elementary school but, this score for middle and high school was higher for dining halls. Therefore, students prefer dining halls to classrooms. Especially, as the students grow, they have an increased preference for dining halls.