El cuidado como cuestión de tiempo: una perspectiva feminista sobre el tiempo cotidiano de cuidadoras de personas adultas con discapacidad / Caregiving as a matter of time: A feminist perspective of the daily time of women caregivers of adults with disabilities / O cuidado como questão de tempo: uma perspectiva feminista sobre o tempo cotidiano de mulheres cuidadoras de pessoas adultas com deficiência

El artículo aborda el carácter histórico y político del tiempo, por considerarle un articulador de la existencia humana, a partir de una lectura crítica de la vida cotidiana. La reproducción de la temporalidad está mediada por el trabajo, el que, analizado desde una perspectiva feminista-marxista, permite reconocer desigualdades en la experiencia del tiempo de hombres y mujeres, basadas en la división sexual del trabajo. Para profundizar en este fenómeno se presentan resultados derivados de una investigación cualitativa que buscó analizar la experiencia del tiempo cotidiano de mujeres que realizan el trabajo de cuidados de personas adultas con discapacidad en Santiago de Chile. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y observaciones participantes en los contextos cotidianos de ocho mujeres, reconociendo que su experiencia del tiempo depende de otras personas, que está densificada por la continua realización simultánea de trabajos no remunerados y que no distingue tiempos libres, de ocio ni por fuera del cuidado. Se concluye reconociendo que las desigualdades de género también producen desigualdades en la experiencia del tiempo, lo que insta a avanzar en políticas sociales que reconozcan el cuidado como un derecho social para que las mujeres puedan construir experiencias de sentido, azar, demora y libertad.

The article addresses time's historical and political character, considering it an articulator of human existence from a critical reading of everyday life. The reproduction of temporality is mediated by work, which, analyzed from a feminist-Marxist perspective, allows the recognition of inequalities in the experience of time for men and women based on the sexual division of labor. To delve into this phenomenon, the article presents the results from qualitative research that sought to analyze the daily experience of women who are caregivers of adults with disabilities in Santiago de Chile. Methodologically, semi-structured interviews and participant observations were made in the everyday contexts of eight women, recognizing that their experience of time depends on other people, that it is densified by the continuous and simultaneous performance of unpaid work, and that it does not distinguish free time, leisure, or time outside care. It concludes by recognizing that gender inequalities also produce inequalities in the experience of time, which urges progress in social policies recognizing care as a social right so that women can build experiences of meaning, chance, delay, and freedom.

O artigo aborda a natureza histórica e política do tempo, considerando-o um articulador da existência humana, a partir de uma leitura crítica da vida cotidiana. A reprodução da temporalidade é mediada pelo trabalho, que, analisado a partir de uma perspectiva feminista-marxista, permite reconhecer desigualdades na experiência do tempo de homens e mulheres, a partir da divisão sexual do trabalho. Para aprofundar este fenômeno, são apresentados os resultados derivados de uma pesquisa qualitativa, que buscou analisar a experiência do tempo cotidiano de mulheres que realizam o trabalho de cuidar de adultos com deficiência em Santiago do Chile. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e observações participantes nos contextos cotidianos de oito mulheres, reconhecendo que sua experiência do tempo depende de outras pessoas, que está intensificada pelo desempenho contínuo e simultâneo de trabalhos não remunerados, e que não distingue os tempos livres, de lazer nem externo ao cuidado. Conclui-se reconhecendo que as desigualdades de gênero também produzem desigualdades na experiência do tempo, o que urge avançar em políticas sociais que reconheçam o cuidado como um direito social, para que as mulheres possam construir experiências de sentido, casualidade, lentidão e liberdade.

Sexual castes of Trachymyrmex fuscus (Formicidae: Attini) performing worker tasks / Castas sexuadas de Trachymyrmex fuscus (Formicidae: Attini) executando tarefas de operárias

ABSTRACT: The main of this research was to report an atypical foraging behavior in a colony of Trachymyrmex fuscus, situated in "Cerrado" (savanna ecoregion of Goiás, Brazil). The colony foraging activity was performed only by sexual caste. Comparison of the foraging rhythm of this colony with another of the same specie where foraging was performed only by worker caste, showed that working time hours were very similar. After observations on the foraging behavior, both colonies were excavated in order to characterize them (nest size, population composition and estimating of the symbiotic fungus volume). Besides the foraging activity performed only by sexual females, other important observations were highlighted in that colony: low number of workers, presence of worker larvae and pupae (45 and 43 respectively) and apparently normal growth of the symbiotic fungus. Our hypothesis is that sexual females were in charge of the entire colony maintenance. This could be a strategy of colony survival when the worker caste is reduced.

RESUMO: Este trabalho objetivou registrar um comportamento atípico de forrageamento em uma colônia de Trachymyrmex fuscus, localizada em área de cerrado, em Ipameri, Goiás, Brasil. Nessa colônia, a atividade de forrageamento era executada somente por castas sexuadas. A comparação do ritmo diário de forrageamento dessa colônia com o de outra, da mesma espécie, em que tal atividade era executada por castas operárias, mostrou ritmos das jornadas de trabalho relativamente similares. Essas colônias foram escavadas para sua própria caracterização. Além da atividade forrageadora, executada somente por fêmeas, outras observações relevantes mereceram destaque na referida colônia: inexpressivo número de operárias (5), presença de larvas e pupas de operárias (45 e 43, respectivamente) e crescimento aparentemente normal de fungo simbionte. Nossa hipótese é a de que as fêmeas sexuadas faziam a manutenção de toda a colônia. Essa pode ser uma estratégia para a sobrevivência da colônia em um momento em que a casta operária encontra-se reduzida.

El concepto de situs ocupacional: por qué esta propuesta no es plausible: una explicación sociológica / The concept of occupational situs: why this notion is not plausible: a sociological explanation

Seis años atrás apareció en este mismo medio una propuesta desde el interior de la enfermería académica, que sugería el desarrollo -y aun la preexistencia- de un situs ocupacional de enfermería. Siguiendo este concepto, la enfermería podría tomar distancia de la dominación médica e instalar un situs propio de enfermería, con las enfermeras en la cúspide de la estructura y otras ocupaciones asociadas en posiciones subalternas. Esta proposición, aunque muy prometedora, no logró despertar mayor discusión en las revistas del rubro. En parte, esta omisión puede ser resultado de que al tratarse de un concepto de limitado interés empírico, aun para la sociología de las profesiones (desde donde proviene), el situs ocupacional se ha enmohecido en el olvido. En el presente artículo tendré como objetivo el argumentar por qué los conceptos de situs y situs ocupacional, además de tener poca utilidad hoy en día, no son aplicables en la conformación de un 'situs de enfermería' La estratificación de categorías ocupacionales es un fenómeno mucho más complejo que meramente disponer lo que un grupo de profesiones 'debería' incluir o dejar fuera, por lo que sugiero su inoperatividad en la recomposición de estructuras profesionales. Representaciones contemporáneas sobre la estratificación social en el trabajo son mejor descritas a través del análisis del funcionamiento de credenciales académicas y, sobre todo, de las relaciones sistémicas a través de las cuales las profesiones tienen influencias mutuas, tanto en sus campos de práctica como en la construcción de narrativas profesionales.

Six years ago, there appeared in this same journal a proposal from the field of academic nursing, suggesting the development or even the pre-existence of an occupational situs of nursing. By using this concept, nursing could take distance from medical dominance and establish its own occupational situs, meaning that nurses would be on top of the structure and subordinate occupations on lower levels. Although promising, this proposal did not persuade other researchers into developing a debate in related journals. This omission may be partly due to the fact that, given its empirical limitations even for the sociology of professions (where the concept originates), the concept of occupational situs has fallen into oblivion. In this article I discuss why concepts such as situs and occupational situs, besides their limited usefulness today, are no longer applicable to the conformation of a 'nursing situs.' The stratification of occupational categories is much more complex than merely deciding what a group of professions should include or not include; I thus suggest the ineffectiveness of the concept in setting up professional structures. Contemporary representations of social stratification in different occupations are best described by analysing the role of academic credentials and, especially, the systemic relations through which professions develop mutual influence both in their practical fields and in the construction of professional narratives.

Dolor, trabajo y su diagnóstico psicosocial de género: un ejemplo / Pain, work and gender psychosocial diagnosis: an example

El objetivo de este artículo es describir y comprender el fenómeno del dolor crónico sin causa orgánica (más conocido como fibromialgia), desde una perspectiva feminista y crítica, mediante la creación de una herramienta que diagnostique este malestar según sus dimensiones biopsicosociales: el diagnóstico psicosocial de género. Esta herramienta, que aquí se presenta, toma en consideración la dimensión laboral (tanto profesional como familiar) de las personas afectadas en el contexto cultural catalán (Estado Español) de las últimas cinco décadas, ambivalente en términos de igualdad de género. La producción de datos que se usan en este artículo se obtuvo a través de entrevistas en profundidad, realizadas en el área metropolitana de Barcelona (Catalunya, España), que se analizaron mediante análisis de contenido y análisis crítico del discurso.

The aim of this paper is to describe and understand the phenomena of chronic pain without organic cause (better known as fibromyalgia) from a feminist and critical perspective through made of a tool by which to diagnose this pain as bio-psycho-social dimensions: gender psycho-social diagnosis. This tool, presented here, taking into account the labour dimension (both professional and family) of the affected people in the cultural context Catalan (Spanish State) of the last 5 decades, ambivalent in terms of gender equality. The production data we use in this paper it's obtained through in-depth interviews (conducted in the metropolitan area of Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain) and analyzed by content analysis and critical discourse analysis.

A divisão sexual do trabalho no sistema de integração agroindustrial / The sexual division of labor in the agribusiness system of integration

Neste texto mostramos algumas das transformações nas relações de trabalho no setor da agroindústria, ocorridas nas pequenas propriedades familiares rurais, localizadas no oeste catarinense e que são vinculadas ao sistema de integração da Sadia. Analisa particularmente a manutenção da desigual divisão sexual do trabalho na pequena unidade produtiva familiar avícola. Destacamos ainda alguns elementos presentes na divisão sociossexual nesse setor e concluímos indicando alguns desafios para o Serviço Social.

In this text we show some of the tranformatios in the labour relations in the agroindustry sector that ocurred in the small rural family properties, located in the west of Santa Catarina's State and that are vinculated to Sadia's sistem of integration. Analise in particular the maintenance of the unequal sexual division of labour in the small poultry familiar productive unity. We underline yet some elements in the social‑sexual division of labour in this sector and indicate some challenges for the social service.

The Natural History of Nest Defence in a Stingless Bee, Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with Two Distinct Types of Entrance Guards

The stingless bee Tetragonsica angustula (Latreille) is the only social bee known that has two different types of nest entrance guards. As in other stingless bees and the honey bee one type stands on, in or near the nest entrance. The second type, so far only known in T. angustula, hovers near the nest entrance. In order to gain further understanding of this unique situation we studied guarding behaviour in both types of guards. Using marked bees, we found that individual worker bees guarded for a long time, up to 20 days, relative to their short, average c. 21 day, lifespan. Relatively few, 33 percent, individually marked guards were seen performing both types of guarding. The others only acted as standing guards. The bees that did perform both types did so over similar periods of their life. Hovering bouts were 57 min long, interrupted by breaks inside the hive of a few minutes (3.3 ± 1.5 min). Standing bouts were slightly longer (74 min) and also interrupted by short breaks (7.82 ± 6.45 min). Human breath, mimicking a vertebrate intruder, caused the guards to retreat into the nest rather than to attack the intruder. Some colonies protected themselves against intruders by closing the entrance during the night (32 percent and 56 percent of colonies during two nights). In summary, our results indicate that nest entrance guarding in T. angustula involves division of labour between the two types, in which most guarding individuals only act as standing guards.

Advanced sub social behaviour in the scorpion Heterometrus fulvipes Brunner (Arachnida).

Scorpions arc generally non-social, solitary animals that interact with conspecifics at birth, courtship or predation only· The present study reports the presence of advanced sub social behaviour in Heterometrus fulvipes Brunner and evaluates the importance of its burrowing as a cause for such social behaviour· Heterometrus fulvipes constructed deep angular burrows at the base of plants· Burrows provided (i) protection against predation, (ii) increased availability of food and (iii) ideal microclimate for year round activity of the scorpions· No cannibalism was observed in laboratory maintained colonies· The risk of predation and the difficult by immatures to dig tunnels during dry soil conditions may have forced the mother and offspring to live together in the burrow for longer durations. The cohabitation of relative offsprings transforms the burrow into a nest· The members of a colony exhibits division of labour for nest expansion and in foraging· The mother communicates with the immatures through "Buzz" sound and may provide premasticated food· There is food sharing also among colony members· All these behaviours indicate the presence of advanced sub social behaviour in Heterometrus fulvipes·