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Objective:To analyze the distribution and drug sensitivity of pathogens in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)of children with severe community acquired pneumonia(CAP)in Qingdao from 2018 to 2020.Methods:The clinical data of 482 children with severe CAP in Qingdao admitted to Women and Children′s Hospital of Qingdao University were collected.BALF was collected by bronchoscopy for detection of bacteria and mycoplasma.Results:(1)Bacterial infection was detected in 139 cases(27.84%), mycoplasma infection in 119 cases(24.69%), and virus infection in 141 cases(29.25%). (2)The detection rates of bacteria and virus infection in the 1-12 months old group were higher.The detection rate of mycoplasma pneumoniae was the highest in the group over 5 years old.(3)A total of 139 strains were positive in bacterial culture of lavage fluid under bronchoscope: 55 strains(39.57%) of gram-negative bacilli and 84 strains(60.43%) of gram-positive cocci.Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common gram-positive bacteria.Haemophilus influenzae was the most common gram-negative strain.(4)Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus were highly sensitive to amoxicillin clavulanate potassium, vancomycin and linezolid.The resistance rate to erythromycin was high(100%). (5)Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were highly sensitive to meropenem and cefoperazone sulbactam.They were highly resistant to amoxicillin, ampicillin and cefuroxime(>80%).Conclusion:Severe CAP in Qingdao area is mainly caused by virus and bacteria within 1 year old.Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is the main cause of children over 5 years old.Respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus and parainfluenza virus are main causes of virus infection.Streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae are the main pathogens, which are more sensitive to vancomycin, linezolid, meropenem and cefoperazone sulbactam, but resistant to erythromycin and amoxicillin.
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Objective@#To compare the positive rate of microbiological examination in different clinical specimens, and to provide reliable basis for improving the quality of microbiological examination and management of nosocomial infection.@*Methods@#A total of 2 028 bacterial culture specimens were collected from the hospitalized patients in the Second People's Hospital of Jinanfrom March 2016 to February 2018.The samples were examined by Micro Scan autoSCAN4 automatic bacteriological identification analyzer.Strictly according to the specification of the standard operation, the positive rates of microbial testingof all kinds of clinical specimens were statistically analyzed.@*Results@#The positive rate of microbiological examination in 2 028 clinical specimens was 44.33%.The positive rate of microbiological examination in sputum was the highest(58.96%), followed by ophthalmic secretion(40.64%), eye contents(37.96%), urine(34.55%), blood(21.11%).@*Conclusion@#The positive rate of microbiological examination is different in different clinical specimens.The epidemiological situation of nosocomial infection can be understood by analyzing the microbiological examination of different clinical specimens in clinic.In order to provide a reliable basis for clinical prevention and treatment of nosocomial infection, and to further improve the positive rate of clinical microbiological examination, we should actively carry out improvement countermeasures against its influencing factors.
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Objective To investigate the frequent species of pathogenic bacteria causing infections in burn patients and their re‐sistance to commonly used antibacterial agents ,so as to provide references for rational use of antibacterials in clinic .Methods The distribution and drug susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria isolated from secretions of wound surfaces of 140 cases of burn patients from January 2012 to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed .Results A total of 152 strains of pathogenic bacteria were iso‐lated .The gram‐negative bacteria accounted for 59 .2% ,in which Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter bau‐mannii were the most common isolates ;the gram‐positive bacteria accounted for 34 .2% ,in which Staphylococcus aures ,Staphylo‐coccus haemolyticus and Enterococcus faecalis were the most common isolates ;and fungi were accounted for 6 .6% .A majority of these isolates were multiple resistant to the antibacterial agents .Conclusion Culturing ,identifing and carring out drug‐sensitivity test of pathogenic bacteria isolated from burn patients could provide basis for rational application of antibacterial agents and effec‐tive control of infection .
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Objective To study the distribution of Candida infection and drug tolerance in intensive care unit(ICU). Methods A retrospective study was conducted. The critical patients admitted from January 2011 to December 2013 in ICU of the First Hospital of Jiaxing in Zhejiang Province were enrolled,and their clinical data with positive Candida culture and drug susceptibility results in specimens of sputum,urine,blood,ascites,bile, etc were collected. In the study of these 3 years in ICU,the situation of Candida infection,the distribution of positive specimen,the condition of distribution of different strains of Candida,and the Candida tolerance to antifungal drugs were analyzed. Results From 2011 to 2013,2 412 times of patients(including one patient had admitted into ICU for more than one time)were admitted into ICU in which 407 cases were of Candida infection(16.9%),and the rate of Candida infection was rising gradually in the 3 years〔2011 to 2013 Candida positive rates were 13.4%(77/573), 16.1%(146/907),19.7%(184/932)〕,the difference being statistically significant(P<0.01). In the 407 strains of Candida,166 strains(40.8%)were isolated from sputum,157(38.6%)from urine,53 strains(13.0%)ascites, 13 strains(3.1%)blood,11 strains(2.7%)bile,7 strains(1.7%)from other specimens. The strain distribution of Candida was mainly as follows:Candida albicans(174 strains),Candida glabrata(131 strains),Candida tropicalis (83 strains),Candida parapailosis(5 strains),Candida krusei(12 strains),and 2 strains of rare Candida portugal and Lipolztica. From 2011 to 2013,the highest tolerance of Candida albicans,Candida glabrata,Candida tropicalis to fluconazole,itraconazole,Fushita Yasu and other antifungal drugs was in 2013,and the lowest was in 2012,the rates of tolerance of the above 3 strains of Candida to amphotericin B being 0,to itraconazole being the highest(10.9%, 27.8%,9.6%,respectively),to Fushita Yasu the secondary(6.6%,11.0%,0,respectively)and to fluconazole the last(4.7%,7.4%,1.9%,respectively),and the rates of tolerance of Candida parapsilosis,Candida krusei,Candida Portugal,Candida lipolztica to amphotericin B,fluconazole,itraconazole,Fushita Yasu were all 0. Conclusion In ICU,the Candida infection is mainly in the respiratory tract and urinary tract,its rate of infection has a tendency of rising,and the rate of Candida tolerance to itraconazole is the highest.