(Ir)responsabilidade social empresarial: uma avaliação do desastre de Mariana-MG / (Ir)responsabilidad social empresarial: evaluación del desastre de Mariana-MG / Corporate social (ir)responsibility: an analysis of the disaster in Mariana-Brazil

Resumo A temática irresponsabilidade social empresarial (IrSE) ganhou destaque na literatura mundial. No Brasil, o desastre causado pela Samarco Mineração S.A. em 2015 foi alvo de repercussão, constituindo uma oportunidade para estudar a IrSE. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a identificação social com a empresa, que surge em função dos benefícios econômicos, reduz a intenção punitiva e a atribuição de culpa. O instrumento de pesquisa contém escalas com indicadores psicométricos aplicados a 1.616 indivíduos. Constatou-se que os benefícios para a economia local reduziram a intenção punitiva nas cidades de Anchieta-ES, Guarapari-ES e Mariana-MG. O que não ocorreu nas cidades de Colatina-ES e Linhares-ES, que não recebem benefícios econômicos, mas foram afetadas pelo desastre. Identificou-se, ainda, que a severidade do evento aumentou a atribuição de culpa e a intenção punitiva aumentou a intenção de comentários negativos. Como principal conclusão, onde a empresa gerou benefícios, as pessoas estavam menos propensas a puni-la.

Resumen La temática irresponsabilidad social empresarial (IrSE) ganó prominencia en la literatura mundial. En Brasil, el desastre causado por Samarco Mineração S.A. en 2015 fue objeto de repercusión, constituyendo una oportunidad para estudiar la IrSE. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la identificación social con la empresa, que surge en función de los beneficios económicos, reduce la intención punitiva y la atribución de culpa. El instrumento de investigación contiene escalas con indicadores psicométricos aplicados a 1.616 individuos. Se constató que los beneficios para la economía local redujeron la intención punitiva en las ciudades de Anchieta, ES; Guarapari, ES y Mariana, MG. Lo que no ocurrió en las ciudades de Colatina, ES y Linhares-ES, que no reciben beneficios económicos y fueron afectadas por el desastre. Se identificó además que la severidad del acontecimiento aumentó la atribución de culpa y la intención punitiva aumentó la intención de comentarios negativos. Como conclusión, donde la empresa generó beneficios, la gente estaba menos propensa a castigarla.

Abstract The issue of corporate social irresponsibility (CSIR) has gained prominence in world literature. This study analyzes the 2015 environmental disaster caused by Samarco Mineração S.A. in Mariana (MG), Brazil, as an example of CSIR. The objective was to understand whether the population's social identification with the company, which is translated into the economic benefits, reduced punitive intention, and blame attribution. The research instrument uses scales with psychometric indicators applied to 1,616 individuals. It was verified that the benefits to the local economy reduced the punitive intention in the municipalities of Anchieta and Guarapari (ES), and Mariana (MG). This was not the case for Colatina and Linhares (ES). Also, it was observed that the disaster's severity increased blame attribution, and the punitive intention increased the intention to engage in negative word-of-mouth (WOM) about the company. As the main conclusion, people were less likely to punish the company in the municipalities where it generated economic benefits.

Aves y mamíferos silvestres usados por pobladores del Bajo Urubamba, Cusco, Perú / Wild birds and mammals used by villagers from Lower Urubamba River at Cusco, Peru

Las aves y mamíferos constituyen la principal fuente de proteína animal para las poblaciones humanas originarias de la selva amazónica. La carne es destinada a la alimentación y otras partes del cuerpo son utilizadas en artesanías, adornos y objetos de uso cotidiano. Considerando el aprovechamiento y uso de la fauna, los objetivos del estudio fueron a) identificar las especies de aves y mamíferos aprovechadas por las poblaciones locales, b) determinar el uso de las aves y mamíferos, y c) calcular el valor económico de la biomasa extraída. Se realizó el registro del aprovechamiento de especies, mediante encuestas y la información recopilada fue sistematizada. Como resultado se encontró que en el Bajo Urubamba se aprovechan 10 especies de aves y 12 de mamíferos. El paujil (Mitu tuberosum) y las perdices (Crypturellus sp. y Tinamus tao) son las aves más aprovechadas. Se identificaron al majáz (Cuniculus paca), venado rojo (Mazama americana) y tapir o sachavaca (Tapirus terrestris) como los mamíferos con mayor biomasa extraída. El principal uso de la diversidad capturada es la alimentación de subsistencia.

Birds and mammals are the most important resource of protein for original groups of the amazon rainforest. Most of the meat is used for food and other parts of the animals are designates for the production of handicrafts, ornaments and other daily objects. Considering the use and exploitation of the fauna, the objectives of this study were: a) to identify the species of birds and mammals used by the local population; b) to determine what the uses of this animal are, and c) to calculate the economic value of the biomass extracted. We registered the exploitation and use of the species through surveys between the families. All the information was recorded, analyzed and systematized. We found that in the Lower Urubamba River, local families use 10 species of birds and 12 species of mammals. Paujil (Mitu tuberosum), Tinammus (Crypturellus sp. and Tinamus tao) are the species more commonly used. The lowland pacca (Cuniculus paca), Red brocket deer (Mazama americana) and tapir (Tapirus terrestris) are the mammals with the more extracted biomass. The most important use of these animals is for food (as meat) for subsistence of the families.

Perfil comparativo do custo do tratamento entre pró-fármacos e os seus fármacos precursores / Comparative profile of the cost of treatment withdrugs and their prodrugs

A latenciação é uma importante ferramenta no processo de desenvolvimento de fármacos, pois através dela, diversas barreiras biológicas que limitam o uso de um agente terapêutico podem ser superadas. Assim, esta estratégia permite a reintrodução de substâncias anteriormente descartadas por suas propriedades indesejáveis e o aprimoramento de novos fármacos, antes mesmo que sejam lançados na terapêutica. Embora a latenciação apresente vantagens clínicas, não existem estudos demonstrando a vantagem econômica do uso de pró-fármacos em relação às substâncias precursoras. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi elaborar um perfil comparativo do custo do tratamento entre pró-fármacos e seus respectivos fármacos precursores, disponíveis no mercado farmacêutico brasileiro, visando demonstrar a real importância da latenciação como ferramenta norteadora para o desenvolvimento de fármacos e, principalmente, a viabilidade financeira do uso de pró-fármacos. Constatou-se que seis do total de pró-fármacos analisados apresentaram-se financeiramente mais vantajosos que os seus precursores e, mesmo para os pró-fármacos que tiveram custo mais elevado, a vantagem clínica alcançada justifica sua utilização.

Prodrug design is an important tool in the drug discovery process, since many biological barriers that limit the use of a drug may be overcome by a prodrug precursor. This strategy allows the improvement of new drugs before they are marketed and also enables the reintroduction of substances previously discarded for their undesirable properties. Although clinical advantages of prodrug design are well-established, there are no studies demonstrating the economic benefits of using prodrugs rather than the intended drugs. The aim of this study was to elaborate a technical report on the relative cost of treatments carried out with prodrugs or with the related drugs. This study was intended to demonstrate the real importance of prodrug design as a guiding tool for drug development and the financial viability of the use of prodrugs. It was found that six of the analyzed prodrugs were financially advantageous compared to the actual drugs and that, even for the prodrugs that had a higher cost, the clinical advantage justified their therapeutic use.

Discussion on the centralized management of conventional medical equipment / 中国医学装备

Objective: To introduce the centralized management method for the conventional medical equipment and its utilization benefits and economic benefits to hospital and clinical department through scientific management pattern. Methods: Through several parts such as utilization ratio, usage cost, daily maintenance, measure control and data analysis, they could explain the advantage and convenience after proceeding centralized management. Results:Reasonable and scientific centralized management pattern could reduce or wipeout the idle and waste phenomenon for conventional medical equipment, reduce the department's expenditure of equipment depreciation, enhance the economic efficiency to hospital and clinical department. Through timely preventive maintenance and measure control, not only could save the precious time for the service staff to share personal experience, enhance the equipment repair time and repair rate effectively, but also could guarantee the equipment operation status and operation stability, protect the safety of patient medical device's usage. Conclusion:By making full use of various valuable data, it could be the reference point for these device's analysis and evaluation. As a result, concluded from economic, safety and scientific research part, it is necessary to promote centralized management for the conventional medical equipment.

Private Opinion on Economic Benefits of Cancer Prevention Screening / 中国卫生经济

In order to reduce heavy burden of cancer on patients, families and social, it needs to raise special funds, apply regular screening for 45~65 years old group, achieve early detection and treatment of cancer, reduce medical expenses and economic loss of cancer greatly, reduce mental burden, establish the cancer prevention input-output model, calculates the economic benefits up to 1:9.89. It is proposed to establish the organization, improve the mechanism, expand the overall costs, secure the screening and popularize early detection and treatment.

Cultivos transgnnicos:: entre los riesgos biolóicos y los beneficios ambientalles y económicos / Gm Crops:: Between Biological Risk and Environmental and Economics Benefits

Los cultivos transgénicos, biotecnológicos o genéticamente modificados (GM) son el resultado de la aplicación de la tecnología del ADN recombinante en agricultura. Este tipo de organismos se constituyen con la transferencia de genes foráneos (transgenes) de cualquier origen biológico (animal, vegetal, microbiano, viral) al genoma de especies cultivadas de plantas. Los cultivos GM se utilizan en el mundo desde 1996 y en diciembre de 2010 se llegó a mil millones de hectáreas, sembradas en todo el periodo. En solo el pasado año 2010 se sembraron 148 millones de hectáreas, cultivadas por 15,4 millones de agricultores en 29 países. Los cultivos GM que se usan en agricultura global son principalmente soya, algodón, maíz y colza, que expresan transgenes derivados de bacteria y que confieren resistencia a insectos lepidópteros (RIL) o, tolerancia a algunos herbicidas (TH) como glifosato y glufosinato de amonio. Las primeras variedades transgénicas contenían solo un transgen de interés, o evento simple, mientras que las variedades actuales expresan varios transgenes, o eventos apilados, que en algunos casos confieren resistencia a diferentes especies de insectos lepidópteros y coleópteros, así como tolerancia a dos tipos diferentes de herbicidas. Para el año 2009 se sembraron en Colombia, 18.874 hectáreas de cultivos GM de algodón, 16.793 hectáreas de cultivos GM de maíz, y cerca de cuatro hectáreas de cultivos GM de clavel y rosas. Maíz y algodón se sembraron en los departamentos de Sucre, Cesar, Córdoba, Huila y Tolima. Solo maíz en los departamentos de Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, Meta, Cundinamarca y Santander, y clavel y rosas en el departamento de Cundinamarca. Las variedades transgénicas de maíz y algodón, expresan características RIL y TH, como eventos simples o como eventos apilados. En el caso de clavel y rosa, se trata de genotipos que expresan color azul. Desde la academia se ha tratado de organizar el debate sobre la adopción de los cultivos GM, alrededor del análisis ponderado de los riegos biológicos y beneficios ambientales y económicos. Los riesgos biológicos se definen por los posibles efectos negativos sobre consumidor humano o ambiente en que se liberan. Los beneficios ambientales tienen que ver con los efectos de la reducción en el uso de agroquímicos (insecticidas y herbicidas), y beneficios económicos con la reducción en las pérdidas debidas al ataque de insectos y a la competencia de malezas, así como a la reducción de costos de producción.

The transgenic crops were the result of the application of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture. These crops were developed by transfer of foreign genes (transgenes) from any biological origin (animal, plant, microbial, viral) to the genome of cultivated species of plants. The crops genetically modified (GM) have been used in the world since 1996; up to December 2010 they counted to a billion hectares planted throughout the period. In just the past year 2010 148 million hectares were planted, grown by 15.4 million farmers in 29 countries. GM crops that are used in global agriculture are mainly soybean, cotton, corn and canola, which express transgenes derived from bacteria, and confer resistance to lepidopteran insects (ILR) or herbicide tolerance (HT; glyphosate and glufosinate ammonium). The first transgenic varieties containing only a single transgene, or simple event, while the current varieties express several transgenes, or stacked, confereing resistance to different species of Lepidoptera and Coleopteran insects and tolerance to two different herbicides. In 2010 were planted in Colombia, 18.874 hectares of GM cotton, 16.793 hectares of GM corn, and 4 hectares of GM carnations and GM roses. GM corn and GM cotton were planted in Sucre, Cesar, Cordoba, Huila and Tolima. GM corn was planted in Antioquia, Valle del Cauca, Meta, Cundinamarca and Santander. Carnations and roses were planted in Cundinamarca. GM maize and GM cotton expressing ILR and HT features, as simple events or stacked. In the case of GM carnation and GM roses, these genotypes that express the color blue. Academia has tried to organize the debate on the adoption of GM crops around the analysis of biological risks and environmental vs environmental and economic benefits. Biological hazards are defined by the possible negative effects on human consumers or negative effects on the environment. The environmental benefits are related to reduce use of agrochemicals (insecticides and herbicides), and the economic benefits from the reduction in losses due to insect and weed competition to reduction of production costs.

Comprehensive Classified Management of Hospital Drug Storeroom / 中国药房

80% defined as category A,B,and C,respectively.Category A drugs were regarded as the focus of management,category B as the second focus of management,category C underwent general management,category D drugs were regarded as the focus in purchase.RESULTS:Hospital first-order drug storeroom and secondary drug storerooms classified their drugs into their own A,B,and C categories (category D was consistent).The consumption sum of category A drugs(about 20% of drugs) accounted for 60%;the consumption sum of category B drugs(about 20% of drugs) accounted for 20%;and the consumption sum of category C drugs(about 60% of drugs) plus that of small quantity of category D drugs accounted for 20%.CONCLUSION:This method can ensure drug supply and help maximize ec-onomical benefits with least human,material and financial resources.

The Economic Benefits of Breastfeeding / 대한지역사회영양학회지

To compare the costs incurred by infant feeding between mothers who breastfed their infants and those who fed them infant formula, a questionnaire survey was carried out to 136 mothers living in Seoul, Cheongju and Chungju who breastfed and 199 mothers who formula-fed their infants. The cost of formula-feeding was estimated based on the expenditures for formula and feeding apparatus, and the time needed to wash bottles and prepare formula. The cost of breastfeeding was estimated based on the expenditures for food for the additional nutritional intake of these mothers. The mean cost of formula-feeding was 1,870,125won during the first year of the baby's life. The food cost for the additional nutritional intake of the breastfeeding mothers was 203,004 won per year. The extra medical cost for respiratory illnesses in the formula-fed group compared to the breastfed group was 62,920 won because the formula-fed infants required medical attention for respiratory illnesses more often than the breast-fed infants. Therefore, breastfeeding could save 1,730,041 won during the first year of an infant's life. We may have underestimated the cost savings from breastfeeding because we did not take into account the potentially decreased costs of fertility control and the health benefits for mothers, as well as the decreased usage of water and gas. Analyses showed that breastfeeding is not only nutritionally advantageous, but also economically advantageous for families and society.

Economic benefits management for medical equipment storehouse / 医疗卫生装备

Combined with practical situation of our hospital,scientific management of economic benefits is applied to medical equipment storehouse with good effect.We traced and analyzed the economic benefits of medical equipment utilization,strengthened the supervision power,and formed a suitable management model for medical equipment in our hospital.

Economic benefit of military medical measurement in Nanjing Military Region / 医疗卫生装备

Objective: To evaluate economic benefits of military medical measurement. Methods: According to the record of the metrological verification from the measurement station in Nanjing military region from 2000 to 2004, database is set up by Excel 2003 and the economic benefits from 14 kinds of measuring standard are analyzed. Results In a 5-year-lifetime cycle, the NPV of 10 kinds of measuring standards were over 0, 4 kinds less than 0, the average pay back period was 4.43year, and total benefit cost ratio was 2.73. Conclusion Economic benefits have been gained obviously in the investment of military medical measurement.

Feasibility Study on Purchasing Multi-slice Helical Computed Tomography Scanner System for Pediatric Hospital / 医疗卫生装备

In order to select a computed tomography(CT)scanner system with reasonable cost performance (performance-price ratio) among various brands and types of CT products in accordance with the clinical features of the pediatric patients, Tianjin Children's Hospital made a feasibility study on purchasing the equipment in all its aspects, including the evaluation of its type and performance, social and economic benefits, and eventually purchased a 16-slice helical CT scanner which fully fulfills the practical needs of the hospital. This way of evaluation can be widely used in the feasibility study for purchasing different large-scale medical equipment to avoid unnecessary waste of funds.