A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIOUS DIMENSIONS OF E- PAYMENT SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENT BENEFITS OF E-PAYMENT SYSTEM TO THE STAKEHOLDERS

The implementation of digital payment mechanism has changed the basics of money payment as a medium of exchange. The revolutionary changes that happened in the Information Communication Technology (ICT) has paved the way for drastic changes in various spheres of activities such as government to citizens government to business government to government government to employee and government to foreign trade. In line with the developments that have been taking place across the world in Electronic Payment System (EPS) changes have taken place in the UAE also. The rulers of the country are keen in establishing a high-tech oriented EPS system supported by the platform of knowledge management (KM) system. The study is an effort to explore various dimensions of EPS such as security speed ease of payment convenience and control and its importance in generating various bene?ts to the stakeholders in the form of value driven bene?ts citizen driven bene?ts economic cost driven bene?ts and technology driven bene?ts. The study attempts to ?nd out the relationship between various dimensions of EPS on stakeholders bene?t in the UAE.

La delincuencia juvenil en la Unión Europea tras la crisis financiera de 2008 / Juvenile Delinquency in the European Union after the 2008 Financial Crisis / Delinquência juvenil na União Europeia após a crise financeira de 2008

Resumen A partir del enfoque del análisis económico del delito, este artículo investiga qué papel jugó la edad en las tasas de criminalidad tras la crisis económica de 2008 para una muestra de 24 países de la Unión Europea (UE). Para ello, se establece un modelo de panel de datos con efectos fijos a partir de los datos de Eurostat y se realiza un análisis empírico sobre los factores influyentes en la delincuencia en la UE mediante la adopción del método de mínimos cuadrados. Los resultados son coincidentes con la literatura existente: los jóvenes de 15 a 19 años tienen una mayor probabilidad de cometer delitos y a medida que crecen en edad disminuyen su actividad delictiva. Esta investigación es novedosa y aporta nuevos resultados a la controversia académica sobre la influencia del estado de la economía en la delincuencia, ya que confirma que el deterioro de las condiciones económicas es un factor potenciador de la delincuencia en la Unión Europea, especialmente en los delitos contra la propiedad.

Abstract Based on the financial analysis of crime, this article researches the role of age in crime rates after the 2008 financial crisis for a sample of 24 countries in the European Union (EU). To do so, a panel data model was established with fixed effects based on data from Eurostat. An empirical analysis was performed on the factors that influenced crime in the EU by adopting the least squares model. The results coincided with the existing literature: youth from 15 to 19 years of age are more likely to commit crimes and, as they age, their criminal activities decrease. This research is groundbreaking and contributes new results to the academic controversy on the influence of an economy's condition on crime, since it confirms that deteriorating economic conditions are a factor that drives crime in the European Union, especially crimes against property.

Resumo Este artigo investiga, desde uma abordagem da análise económica do crime, que papel teve a idade nas taxas de criminalidade após a crise económica de 2008 para uma amostra de 24 países da União Europeia (UE). Para fazer isso, é estabelecido um modelo de dados em painel com efeitos fixos, com base nos dados do Eurostat, e é realizada uma análise empírica dos fatores que influenciam a delinquência na UE, adoptando o método dos mínimos quadrados. Os resultados coincidem com a literatura existente: jovens entre 15 e 19 anos têm maior probabilidade de cometer crimes e, à medida que envelhecem, sua atividade criminal diminui. Esta pesquisa é inédita e contribui com novos resultados para a controvérsia académica sobre a influência do estado da economia na delinquência, pois confirma que a deterioração das condições económicas é um fator que potencializa a delinquência na União Europeia, especialmente os crimes contra o património.

Visión empresarial como nuevo aporte a la teoría beckeriana del crimen en el Perú / The entrepreneurial vision is a new contribution to the Becker's crime theory in Perú / Visão empresarial como novo aporte à teoria beckeriana do crime no Peru

Resumen El presente documento pretende abordar el crimen de motivación económica como un modelo de negocio equivocado. El objetivo es considerar el crimen como una actividad con propósitos similares a los de una empresa y, por tanto, objeto de estudio también de la administración: maximización de utilidades a través de la minimización de costos asociada a la realización y mantenimiento de sus operaciones; competitividad e influencia de un clima propicio para la expansión de sus operaciones, para generar utilidades de manera ilegal, teniendo como colateral el crimen. La metodología usada aborda una revisión histórica, tomando como base la Teoría del Crimen Racional (Becker, 1968) y otras, que explican los beneficios e incentivos que hacen sustentable el negocio criminal, y el resultado pone de relieve la introducción de herramientas de la ciencia administrativa para la comprensión del fenómeno criminal de motivación económica.

Abstract This paper aims to approach crime of economic motivation as a wrong business model. The objective is to consider crime as an activity with the same goals of an enterprise. Therefore, this is a matter of study of business management, too: profit maximization through the cost minimization connected to the completion and maintenance of its operations; competiveness and influence of an appropriate climate for increasing its operations, for producing incomes illegally and having crime as collateral. The methodology conducted a historical review based on the Theory of the Rational Crime (Becker, 1968) and other theories that explain the benefits and incentives that make criminal business sustainable. The result underscores the tolos introduction of the business administration sciences for understanding the criminal matter of economic motivation.

Resumo O presente documento pretende abordar o crime de motivação econômica como um modelo de negócio errado. O objetivo é considerar o crime como uma atividade com propósitos similares aos de uma empresa e, portanto, também objeto de estudo da administração: maximização do lucro por meio da minimização de custos associada à realização e manutenção de suas operações; competitividade e influência de um clima propício para a expansão de suas operações, para gerar lucro de maneira ilegal, tendo o crime como colateral. A metodologia usada aborda uma revisão histórica com base na Teoria do Crime Racional (Becker, 1968) e outras, que explicam os benefícios e incentivos que fazem sustentável o negócio criminal, e o resultado salienta a introdução de ferramentas da ciencia administrativa para a compreensão do fenómeno criminal de motivação econômica.

Influencing factors of economic burden of chronic respiratory disease in elderly patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate cost and influencing factors of the economic burden of chronic respiratory disease in hospitalize elderly patients. Methods A convenience sample of 284 elderly patients with chronic respiratory disease, investigated with Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and EuroQol-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D). Results The hospitalization expenses was (8 810.80 ± 4 290.90) yuan,especially medical costs was the highest(54.18%).Correlation analysis and the outcome of multiple lineal stepwise regression reveals that durations of hospitalization (r=0.822), value of GDS-15 (r=0.558), value of EQ-5D (r=0.486), medical insurance types (r=0.290), nutrition medicine (r=0.226), prognosis of disease (r=0.188), measures of PTA (r=0.158), chronic complications (r=0.143) and reimbursement ratio (r=-0.211) were related with the direct economic burden (P<0.05). Conclusion The durations of hospitalization,degree of depression,medical insurance types,complications,nutrition medicine,level of healthy,and the antibacterial effect are the main influence factors of the direct economic burden.Among them,the durations of hospitalization is more severe.

Out-of-pocket Costs of Disabilities and Their Association with Household Socioeconomic Status Among School-aged Children in Vietnam / Journal of Rural Medicine

<b>Objective:</b> The aim of this study was to assess the economic burden of disability of school-aged children and to evaluate the association between disabilities and household socioeconomic status, as well as the economic burden of disability and household socioeconomic status in Vietnam.<br><b>Materials and Methods:</b> Nationally representative data for 9,882 children aged 6 to 17 years from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey 2006 were used. Disabilities were measured in six basic functional domains, including vision, hearing, remembering or concentrating, mobility, self-care, and communication. We evaluated the association between area, household income, educational attainment, or occupation of household head, and each difficulty. The ratio of health-care expenditure to per capita household income was compared by presence of a disability as well as household socioeconomic status.<br><b>Results:</b> The prevalence of difficulty was 1.9% for vision and 2.3% for at least one of the other five domains. Difficulty in vision was more prevalent in the richer households (p=0.001), whereas difficulty in the other five domains was more prevalent in the poorer households (p=0.002). The ratio of health-care expenditure to per capita household income was greater than 0.05 in 4.6% of children. The adjusted odds ratio of children with difficulty in vision having a health-care expenditure share greater than 0.05 compared with children without difficulty was 4.78 (95% CI: 2.95, 7.73; p<0.001), and that for difficulty in the other five domains was 3.13 (95% CI: 2.04, 4.80; p<0.001). Among children with difficulty in at least one of the five domains other than vision, the proportion of children with a health-care expenditure share greater than 0.05 was higher among children from the poorer households (p=0.033).<br><b>Conclusions:</b> Children with a disability spent more on health care relative to their income than those without. Visual disability was more prevalent among children from the richer households, whereas other disabilities were more prevalent among children from the poorer households.

Cost Effectiveness of Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Infants in Ghana.

Aim: In order to integrate malaria Intermittent Preventive Treatment in infants (IPTi) into the Ghana national immunization programme, there was the need to evaluate the feasibility of IPTi by assessing the intervention operational issues including its implementation costs, and its cost effectiveness. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Upper East Region, Ghana, between July 2007 and July 2009 Methods: We calculated the costs of administrating IPTi during vaccination sessions; the costs of programme implementation during the first year of implementation (start-up costs) and in routine years (recurrent costs). For the purposes of cost-effectiveness analysis, all economic costs (including financial and opportunity costs) and the net cost were estimated. To estimate the cost effectiveness ratios of IPTi, the aggregate cost of providing the intervention for a reference target population of 1,000 infants was divided by its health outcome. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to understand the results robustness. Results: IPTi gross costs in start up and in routine years were estimated at 70.66 cents and 29.72 cents per dose, or $2.0 and $0.87 per infant, respectively. The gross cost per DALY saved was estimated at $3.49 and the net cost of IPTi for 1,000 infants was $-3,416.38 in the routine years rending IPTi a highly cost saving intervention. Sensitivity analyses showed that the cost per DALY saved never went up more than $4.50 maintaining the intervention still highly cost effective. Conclusion: IPTi in Ghana is a highly and robust cost effective intervention. The intervention is cost-saving and should be scaled up nationally to save children’s health and economic capital.

Direct Medical Costs for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Related Complications: A Prospective Cohort Study Based on the Korean National Diabetes Program

We analyzed the direct medical costs for Korean patients with type 2 diabetes according to the type of complications and the number of microvascular complications. We analyzed costs for type 2 diabetes and associated complications in 3,125 patients. These data were obtained from the Korean National Diabetes Program (KNDP), a large, ongoing, prospective cohort study that began in 2005. The cost data were prospectively collected, using an electronic database, for the KNDP cohort at six hospitals. The costs were analyzed according to complications for 1 yr from enrollment in the study. Among 3,125 patients, 918 patients had no vascular complications; 1,883 had microvascular complications only; 51 had macrovascular complications only; and 273 had both complications. The annual direct medical costs for a patient with only macrovascular, only microvascular, or both macrovascular and microvascular complications were 2.7, 1.5, and 2.0 times higher than the medical costs of patients without complications. Annual direct medical costs per patient increased with the number of microvascular complications in patients without macrovascular complications. The economic costs for type 2 diabetes are attributable largely to the management of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Proper management of diabetes and prevention of related complications are important for reducing medical costs.

Tratamiento laparoscópico del quiste hidatídico hepático / Laparoscopic treatment of liver hydatid cysts

Background: Laparoscopic surgery is emerging as a useful alternative for the treatment of liver hydatid cysts. Aim: To report technical data, management protocols, costs and results of laparoscopic management of liver hydatid cysts. Material and Methods: Prospective analysis of 31 patients aged 5 to 73 years (17 females), with 40 cysts, operated between 2006 and 2009. All patients received albendazol for 15 days prior to surgery and for 2 months afterwards. Surgical technique consisted in the evacuation of parasite membrane, partial excision of prominent pericystic membrane and suture of biliary communications. Results: Sixty nine percent of cysts were uni-vesicular, 74 percent were unique and 68 percent were located in the right lobe. Surgical time was 80 min. Two patients were converted to open surgery and 24 percent had postoperative complications. Mean hospital stay was six days. Patients were followed for 28 months and in 4 percent the cyst relapsed. No patient died. The mean cost of laparoscopic treatment was US$ 2.107. Conclusions: Laparoscopic technique is a useful surgical alternative for the treatment of liver hydatid cysts.

El objetivo es mostrar los detalles técnicos, protocolo de manejo, costos y resultados del tratamiento laparoscópico de quiste hidatídico hepático (QHH). Se presenta un análisis prospectivo y descriptivo de una serie de 31 casos consecutivos de pacientes portadores de QHH operados entre enero de 2006 y enero de 2009, en el Hospital Regional de Coyhaique. Se incluye a todos los pacientes portadores de QHH tipo I, III, los tipo II y IV sintomáticos, menores a 5 cms según la clasificación de la OmS. Previo a la realización de la cirugía se les indicó 15 días de Albendazol y 2 meses en el post-operatorio. La técnica quirúrgica empleada consistió en la evacuación de la membrana parasitaria, resección parcial de la periquística prominente y sutura de las comunicaciones biliares. Siempre se utilizó drenaje. Los 31 pacientes presentaron 40 quistes, 17 de las cuales fueron mujeres, con un promedio de edad de 37 años. El estudio radiológico reveló que el 68,6 de ellos correspondió a quistes univesiculares, siendo únicos en el 74 por ciento, localizados principalmente en el lóbulo hepático derecho (68 por ciento). El tiempo quirúrgico alcanzó a los 79,83 minutos. Hubo dos conversiones (6,45 por ciento), la morbilidad alcanzó al 24 por ciento. La estadía promedio fue de 6 días. El período de seguimiento fue de 28 meses, con una recidiva de 3,5 por ciento. No hubo mortalidad en esta serie. El costo del tratamiento laparoscópico del QHH promedió los US 2.107. Creemos que la técnica laparoscópica, aplicada con criterio selectivo, es una alternativa útil para el tratamiento de pacientes con hidatidosis hepática, pues sus resultados son comparables a los existentes con cirugía abierta.

A complexidade do custo socioeconômico da filariose linfática / The complexity of the socioeconomic costs of lymphatic filariasis

A falta de conhecimento do impacto socioeconômico das diversas doenças é, geralmente, um dos maiores obstáculos para a obtenção de verbas para investimentos em pesquisa aplicada, assim como para iniciar a implementação de programas de controle necessários aos países em desenvolvimento. Os autores analisam e ressaltam aspectos relevantes da complexidade de quantificação do impacto socioeconômico da filariose linfática e enfatizam as lacunas existentes em algumas áreas do conhecimento, que ainda não foram devidamente exploradas para os portadores da doença. Aos dados de literatura aliam os ecos do aprendizado adquirido através do atendimento de pacientes portadores de infecção e doença bancroftiana em serviço terciário de referência do Núcleo de Ensino Pesquisa e Assistência em Filariose (NEPAF), Recife, Brasil. O impacto social, no seu sentido mais abrangente, mostra indícios fortes de perdas na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, infelizmente ainda pouco documentadas e, até certo ponto, de muito difícil contabilização, pelo tão peculiar abandono social das comunidades endêmicas.

Lack of knowledge of the socioeconomic impact of various diseases is generally one of the biggest obstacles to obtaining funds for investment in applied research and for starting to implement control programs that are needed in developing countries. The authors analyze and emphasize important aspects of the complexity of quantifying the socioeconomic impact of lymphatic filariasis. They highlight the gaps that exist within some fields of knowledge and that these gaps have still not been properly explored with regard to individuals with this disease. They bring together the data in the literature and echoes from their own experience gained through caring for patients with Bancroftian infection and disease at a tertiary referral service (NEPAF - Filariasis Care, Research and Teaching Center, Recife, Brazil). The social impact, in its broadest sense, consists of strong indications of losses of quality of life among patients. Unfortunately, this is still poorly documented and, up to a certain point, very difficult to quantify because of the very particular social abandonment of the endemic communities.

Cost analysis and perspective of clinical inhaled nitric oxide / 医疗卫生装备

Inhaled nitric oxide has been identified as a potent method for curing acute respiratory distress syndrome,high brood pressure and some illnesses related to the lung,but the high cost limits its application.The present study investigates the reason of the high cost of inhaled nitric oxide in the current application,and gives some advices on solving them by using pulsed arc discharge in clean air,reducing the price of nitrogen oxides analyzer and being compatible with the present ventilators.The perspective of inhaled nitric oxide was viewed as well.