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1.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 51(1): e20190838, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1133340

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: One of the biggest challenges in intercropping of two or more crops is to maintain their productivity as that of their sole counterparts. In order to obtain sustainable intercropping systems in a semi-arid environment, this study evaluated the agro-economic advantage and sustainability of intercropped systems of carrot and cowpea, optimizing the green manuring and spatial arrangements. Experiments were conducted in the period from July to October 2017 and 2018, using a randomized complete block design with the treatments arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, with four replications. Treatments included four amounts of M. aegyptia incorporated into the soil (20, 35, 50, and 65 t ha-1 on dry basis) with three spatial arrangements (2:2, 3:3, and 4:4) between the components cultures formed from cowpea rows alternated with carrot rows. The agro-economic advantage indices evaluated in the intercropping systems were: land equivalent ratio (LER), area-time equivalent ratio (ATER), score of the canonical variable (Z), actual yield loss (AYL), intercropping advantage (IA), gross income (GI), net income (NI), rate of return (RR), and profit margin (PM). The highest agro-economic advantages of the carrot and cowpea intercropping were obtained for LER, ATER, NI, and RR of 2.60, 4.16, US$ 8,720.99 ha-1, and US$ 2.21, respectively, for M. aegyptia biomass amounts of 46.42, 47.82, 32.60 and 31.51t ha-1 added to the soil. The 2: 2 spatial arrangement was the one with the best productive performance, with higher net income and rate of return in the intercropping of carrot-cowpea.


RESUMO: Um dos maiores desafios no consórcio de duas ou mais culturas é manter sua produtividade como a de suas únicas contrapartes. Com o objetivo de obter sistemas de consórcio sustentáveis ​​em ambiente semiárido, este estudo avaliou vantagem agroeconômica e a sustentabilidade de sistemas consorciados de cenoura e feijão-caupi, otimizando a adubação verde e os arranjos espaciais. Experimentos foram conduzidos no período de julho a outubro de 2017 e 2018, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos incluíram quatro quantidades de M. aegyptia incorporadas ao solo (20, 35, 50 e 65 t ha-1 em base seca) com três arranjos espaciais (2: 2, 3: 3 e 4: 4) entre as culturas componentes formadas a partir de fileiras de feijão-caupi alternadas com fileiras de cenoura. Os índices de vantagem agroeconômica avaliados nos sistemas de consorciação foram: índice de uso eficiente da terra (UET), razão de área equivalente no tempo (RAET), escore da variável canônica (Z), perda de rendimento real (PRR), vantagem do consórcio (VC), renda bruta (RB), renda líquida (RL), taxa de retorno (TR) e margem de lucro (ML). As maiores vantagens agroeconômicas do consórcio de cenoura e feijão-caupi foram obtidas para UET, RAET, RL e TR de 2,60, 4,16, US$ 8.720,99 ha-1 e US$ 2,21, respectivamente, para as quantidades de biomassa de M. aegyptia de 46,42, 47,82, 32,60 e 31,51 t ha-1, adicionadas ao solo. O arranjo espacial 2: 2 foi o de melhor desempenho produtivo, com maior receita líquida e taxa de retorno no consórcio entre feijão-caupi e cenoura.

2.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 69(5): 1275-1284, set.-out. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-879208

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade econômica, por meio da análise conjunta de indicadores financeiros expressos por animal, da terminação em confinamento de novilhos Aberdeen Angus recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de concentrado (NC): 25, 40, 55 ou 70% (base na matéria seca). Foram consideradas cotações históricas consecutivas dos anos de 2003 a 2014. A análise univariada caracterizou-se por delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, procedendo-se à análise de regressão. A análise multivariada consistiu de agrupamento (cluster). Pela análise univariada, houve similaridade para os indicadores financeiros, com médias para margem bruta de R$ 173,21; margem líquida de R$ 163,73; lucro de R$ 110,61; valor presente líquido de R$ 93,31; índice benefício: custo de 1,048; retorno adicional sobre o investimento de 1,17% a.m.; taxa interna de retorno de 2,04% a.m. e payback descontado de 1,36 mês. Pela análise de cluster, o NC de 55% apresentou maior discrepância em relação aos demais níveis, enquanto 40 e 70% foram os mais próximos. A análise conjunta dos indicadores financeiros indicou viabilidade do confinamento de novilhos, independentemente do nível de concentrado.(AU)


The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability, through the joint analysis of financial indicators expressed by animal, of the Aberdeen Angus steers feedlot finished fed diets with different levels of concentrate (CL): 25, 40, 55 or 70% (on dry matter basis). Consecutive historical quotes of years 2003 to 2014 were considered. Univariate analysis was characterized by a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications, proceeding regression analysis. Multivariate analysis consisted of grouping (cluster). The univariate analysis showed similarity to the financial indicators with averages to gross margin of R$ 173.21; net margin of R$ 163.73; income of R$ 110.61; net present value of R$ 93.31; benefit: cost ratio of 1.048; additional return on investment of 1.17% per month; internal rate of return of 2.04% per month and discounted payback of 1.36 months. By cluster analysis, 55% CL presented greater discrepancy in relation to other levels, while 40 and 70% were the nearest. The analysis of the financial indicators indicated feasibility of feedlot steers, regardless of the concentrate level.(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Diet/veterinary , Decision Making , Efficiency
3.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 69(5): 1284, set.-out. 2017. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1462530

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade econômica, por meio da análise conjunta de indicadores financeiros expressos por animal, da terminação em confinamento de novilhos Aberdeen Angus recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de concentrado (NC): 25, 40, 55 ou 70% (base na matéria seca). Foram consideradas cotações históricas consecutivas dos anos de 2003 a 2014. A análise univariada caracterizou-se por delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, procedendo-se à análise de regressão. A análise multivariada consistiu de agrupamento (cluster). Pela análise univariada, houve similaridade para os indicadores financeiros, com médias para margem bruta de R$ 173,21; margem líquida de R$ 163,73; lucro de R$ 110,61; valor presente líquido de R$ 93,31; índice benefício: custo de 1,048; retorno adicional sobre o investimento de 1,17% a.m.; taxa interna de retorno de 2,04% a.m. e payback descontado de 1,36 mês. Pela análise de cluster, o NC de 55% apresentou maior discrepância em relação aos demais níveis, enquanto 40 e 70% foram os mais próximos. A análise conjunta dos indicadores financeiros indicou viabilidade do confinamento de novilhos, independentemente do nível de concentrado.


The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability, through the joint analysis of financial indicators expressed by animal, of the Aberdeen Angus steers feedlot finished fed diets with different levels of concentrate (CL): 25, 40, 55 or 70% (on dry matter basis). Consecutive historical quotes of years 2003 to 2014 were considered. Univariate analysis was characterized by a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replications, proceeding regression analysis. Multivariate analysis consisted of grouping (cluster). The univariate analysis showed similarity to the financial indicators with averages to gross margin of R$ 173.21; net margin of R$ 163.73; income of R$ 110.61; net present value of R$ 93.31; benefit: cost ratio of 1.048; additional return on investment of 1.17% per month; internal rate of return of 2.04% per month and discounted payback of 1.36 months. By cluster analysis, 55% CL presented greater discrepancy in relation to other levels, while 40 and 70% were the nearest. The analysis of the financial indicators indicated feasibility of feedlot steers, regardless of the concentrate level.


Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Diet/veterinary , Efficiency , Decision Making
4.
Ciênc. rural ; 45(1): 111-117, 01/2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-731063

ABSTRACT

The study aimed to evaluate the use of β-mannanase and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) to replace growth promoters in broiler diets. Four hundred male Cobb broiler chicks were used, with initial weight of 45±1g, distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and eight repetitions of ten birds. The treatments were: basal feed; basal feed without growth promoter; basal feed without growth promoter + β-mannanase; basal feed without growth promoter + MOS; and basal feed without growth promoter + β-mannanase + MOS. The feed intake of the birds increased in response to dietary treatments compared to basal diet during the period 1-21 days of age. A higher weight gain and improved feed conversion was found at 42 days of age among birds that had received the basal diet without growth promoter + MOS. The absolute weight at slaughter, relative carcass and prime cuts except breast weights improved in response to dietary treatments compared to the basal diet at 42 days of age. No difference was observed in relative weight of the liver, while significant differences were found in the weight of heart, gizzard, and abdominal fat. It was concluded that β-mannanase and MOS can replace the growth promoters in broiler diets without compromising production and economic performance. However, the association of these products into the feed may cause negative interaction that reduces the broiler chickens' performance.


O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de β-mananase e mananoligossacarídeos em substituição aos promotores de crescimento nas rações para frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 400 pintos de corte machos da marca Cobb, com peso inicial de 45±1g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e oito repetições de 10 aves. Os tratamentos foram: ração basal; ração basal sem promotor de crescimento; ração basal sem promotor de crescimento + β-mananase; ração basal sem promotor de crescimento + MOS; e ração basal sem promotor de crescimento + β-mananase + MOS. O consumo de ração das aves aumentou em resposta aos tratamentos dietéticos, quando comparados à ração basal no período de 1 a 21 dias de idade. Observou-se maior ganho de peso e melhora na conversão alimentar das aves aos 42 dias de idade que receberam a dieta basal sem promotor de crescimento + MOS. Os pesos absolutos ao abate e relativos de carcaça e de cortes nobres, com exceção de peito, melhoraram em resposta aos tratamentos dietéticos, quando comparados à ração basal aos 42 dias de idade. Não houve diferença sobre o peso relativo de fígado, enquanto os pesos de coração, moela e gordura abdominal foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Concluiu-se que a β-mananase e o MOS podem substituir os promotores de crescimento em rações de frangos de corte sem comprometer o desempenho produtivo e econômico, no entanto, a associação destes produtos à ração pode causar interação, reduzindo o desempenho das aves.

5.
Ciênc. rural ; 44(2): 380-385, fev. 2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-701352

ABSTRACT

A presente análise tem a finalidade de comparar o desempenho entre unidades e atividades produtivas, interligando os parâmetros energéticos aos econômicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a relação entre a energia produzida e consumida durante o processo de produção das principais culturas de cereais do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a saber, trigo, arroz e soja, em contraposição aos resultados econômicos das respectivas atividades. A pesquisa foi do tipo exploratória, a partir de estudos de multicaso, com uso de pesquisa bibliográfica, análises de laboratório e entrevistas. Para determinar os resultados de análises energéticas, foram realizados os balanços energéticos e as eficiências culturais e energéticas das culturas. Para determinar os resultados econômicos das atividades estudadas, foi utilizada a Teoria do Valor Agregado. Os resultados demonstram que a atividade da soja, em sistema de plantio direto com rotação de culturas, alcançou a maior eficiência energética, entre 25,58MJ ha-1 a 38,39MJ ha-1, sendo que a relação de menor eficiência foi a cultura do trigo, com 3,13MJ ha-1. Em relação ao desempenho econômico das culturas, a soja igualmente mostrou a melhor eficiência econômica igual a 2,47 e a do trigo foi de 1,14 a menor. Cabe destacar os significativos resultados econômicos obtidos pela cultura do arroz, expressos pelo alto valor agregado, obtido por unidade de área (VAL/ha de R$ 3.802,00) em função de sua alta produtividade física. Apesar dos indicadores energéticos serem positivos, houve significativos gastos com fertilizantes, combustíveis e agrotóxicos em todas as propriedades estudadas. Dessa forma, reforça-se a importância do debate sobre a sustentabilidade socioambiental dos sistemas estudados, principalmente quando analisados sob a ótica dos gastos energéticos de bens não-renováveis e da problemática social atribuída à mão-de-obra.


The energy analysis aims to compare the performance between productive units and activities, searching an approach to link the energy with the economic. Objectives is the analysis of the energy produced and consumed during the production process of major crops in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, namely, rice, soybeans and wheat, opposed to the economic results of such activities. The research was exploratory and based on multi-case studies with the use of literature review, laboratory analysis and interviews. To determine the results of energy analyzes were performed energy audits and energy efficiencies and cultural crops, while for the economic results we used the theory of Earned Value. The results demonstrate that the activity of soybean in no-tillage system with crop rotation achieved the highest energy efficiency between 25.58MJ ha-1 and 38.39MJ ha-1, whereas wheat culture showed the lowest efficiency with 3.13MJ ha-1. Regarding the economic performance of crops, soybeans showed the highest economic efficiency 2.47 and wheat the lowest 1.14. It is worth mentioning the significant economic results achieved by the rice crop, expressed by the high added-value obtained per unit area (VAL/ha R$ 3,802.00) due to its high physical productivity. In spite of having positive energy indicators, significant expenses on fertilizer, fuel and pesticides were observed in all properties studied. Thus, we reinforce the importance of the debate on social and environmental sustainability of the systems studied, especially when analyzed from the perspective of energy expenses of non-renewable resources and social problems attributed to workforce.

6.
Ciênc. rural ; 38(8): 2293-2299, Nov. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-512013

ABSTRACT

Neste trabalho foram avaliados o desempenho de novilhas de corte e o retorno econômico da pastagem de milheto (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) manejada em duas massas de lâminas foliares (MLF). As MLF observadas foram de 642 e 1.024kg ha-1 de matéria seca (MS) e denominadas de '600' e '1.000'. Os valores de ganho de peso diário, carga animal, ganho de peso por área e escore de condição corporal foram semelhantes (P>0,05) nas massas de lâminas foliares avaliadas. A utilização de milheto, com massa de lâminas foliares com valores entre 600 e 1.000kg ha-1 MS, promove ganhos individuais satisfatórios em novilhas de corte, que permitem o seu adequado desenvolvimento para acasalamento aos 18-20 meses, e o retorno financeiro direto médio de R$2,9 para cada real investido.


A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of Pearl Millet pasture (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) leaf lamina mass (LLM) on beef heifers performance and financial return. The observed LLM were 642 and 1.024kg ha-1 of dry matter (DM) and identified as '600' and '1000'. Daily weight gain, stocking rate, gain per area and body condition score averages were not affected (P>0.05) by changes on LLM. Pearl millet pasture managed between 600 and 1000kg ha-1 of LLM promotes satisfactory beef heifers individuals gains, which allows their mating at 18/20 months of age and average direct financial return of 2.9 for each real invested.

7.
Ciênc. rural ; 38(2): 358-364, mar.-abr. 2008. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-474497

ABSTRACT

A irrigação das culturas aumenta a possibilidade de obtenção de altas produtividades, mas exige racionalidade técnica e econômica no uso de insumos, especialmente fertilizantes nitrogenados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as doses mais adequadas de nitrogênio e de potássio para maior produtividade de grãos e o melhor retorno econômico da adubação com o cultivo de milho (Zea mays L.) sob irrigação por aspersão. O experimento foi conduzido nos anos agrícolas 2002/03 e 2003/04, em Cruz Alta, Rio Grande do Sul, em lavoura sob irrigação com pivô central, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico. A população efetiva do milho foi de 78.000 e 71.000 plantas ha-1 em 2002/03 e 2003/04, respectivamente, utilizando-se o híbrido Pioneer 30F44. Os tratamentos foram compostos das doses de 0, 80, 120, 160, 200 e 240kg ha-1 de N (uréia) combinadas com 0, 40, 80 e 120kg ha-1 de K2O (cloreto de potássio). O delineamento utilizado foi blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. A máxima produtividade de grãos de milho sob irrigação por aspersão foi obtida com a aplicação de 283 a 289kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, mas a máxima eficiência econômica ocorreu com 156 a 158kg ha-1 de nitrogênio, não havendo incremento na produtividade com a aplicação de potássio. Isso evidencia que, em muitas situações, os produtores estão utilizando fertilizantes nitrogenados e potássicos acima do necessário.


Irrigation increases the probability to obtain high crop grain yield, but demands a technical and economical reasonable use of agricultural inputs, especially nitrogen fertilizers. The objective was to determine the more adequate rates of nitrogen and potassium for corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield and the better economical return of the fertilization in corn under sprinkle irrigation. The experiment was carried out in the years 2002/03 and 2003/04 in Cruz Alta-RS, Brazil, in a crop farm using central pivot irrigation system. The soil used was an Oxisol (Hapludox). The corn effective population totalized 78.000 and 71.000 plants ha-1 for the years 2002/03 and 2003/04, respectively, using the hybrid Pioneer 30F44. The treatments were composed by 0, 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240kg ha-1 of N (urea) combined with 0, 40, 80 and 120kg ha-1 of K2O (potassium chloride). The experiment was set in a randomized block design with four replicates. The maximum corn grain yield under sprinkle irrigation was obtained with N rates between 283 and 289kg ha-1, but the maximum economic efficiency was between 156 and 158kg of N ha-1, without any increment in grain yield with potassium application. These results show that, in many situations, farmers are using rates of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers over than necessary.

8.
Chinese Journal of Hospital Administration ; (12): 666-669, 2008.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-381318

ABSTRACT

Objective To explore ways to make public hospitals more economically efficient in compliant with existing health economic policies.Methods The concept Medicare Value Added(MVA)is proposed,and used as a benchmark in summarizing the economic management mechanism reforms in Dongyang People's Hospital during the past five years.Centering on MVA,this mechanism consists of the framework assurance,economic management organizational structure,management tools,ways of business growth,cost control,and financial management.Results During the past five years,the net state-owned assets of the hospital increased 100%,out-patients and emergency patients increased by 129 percent in number,in-patients,by 100%,while the average per capita payment of out-patients hasdropped from 1 57.86 yuan to 1 30.23 yuan,and that of in-patients has been kept as unchanged.Ratio of drugs to total income is maintained below 42%.Conclusions The management approach emphasizing MVA is effective in improving economic efficiency of public hospitals

9.
China Pharmacy ; (12)2005.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-526382

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the economic efficiency of original equipment manufacture(OEM)on drugs.METH?ODS:The economic efficiency of OEM on drugs was evaluated on the basis of transaction cost theory by analyzing the realistic and economic significance of OEM on pharmaceuticals and combining the current situation of supervision.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The OEM on drugs should be encouraged at the proper time,by which the problem of repeated construction and low percentage of utilization of asset will be solved,and the rationalization of pharmaceutical industrial organization should be realized.

10.
China Pharmacy ; (12)2001.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-533578

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for implementation of national essential drug system in various medical institutions.METHODS:The effect of national essential drug system on medical institutions was analyzed.RESULTS:The implementation of national essential drug system has various impacts on medical institutions in different levels,especially on primary medical institution,non-public medical institiution and military medical institution.CONCLUSION:Medical institutions were suggested to analysis the effect and put forward related countermeasures to cater to the changes and challenges of medical market and improve simultaneous development of social effect and economic effect.

11.
J Biosci ; 1997 Dec; 22(5): 605-613
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-161165

ABSTRACT

Energy and economic efficiencies were evaluated on young (6 year) and old (20 year) jhum fields in Mizoram, north-eastern India during second year of cropping, and were compared with those in the first year. The effect of auxiliary measures such as tilling the soil or application of fertilizers (chemical or farm-yard manure or both in combination) was also examined on energy and economic efficiencies. The results indicated that traditional jhum cultivation is labour intensive and energy efficient, producing almost 15-20 times of energy invested. Energy and economic efficiencies decline with shortening of jhum cycle. These efficiencies decline further from first to second year of cropping. Tilling is not useful to improve either energy or economic efficiency. Fertilizer application, which is though profitable from the point of view of economic efficiency, is highly energy inefficient. Application of fertilizers during second year cropping can be encouraged. Organic manuring may be a better option than others to alleviate energy efficiency. However, a combination of organic and inorgamic manuring could be the best option to enhance economic efficiency.

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