Fatty acid profile variations after exposure to textile industry effluents in Indian Major Carps / Variações do perfil de ácidos graxos após exposição a efluentes da indústria têxtil nas principais carpas indianas

Abstract Indian major carps are the widely consumed fish species of Pakistan, being a cheap source of proteins and unsaturated fatty acids, they are good for cardiovascular health. Water pollution due to discharge of untreated industrial waste water into water bodies contaminates this precious source of nutrients. The present study therefore, was aimed to assess deterioration of fatty acid profile of three Indian major carp species due to different concentrations of industrial wastes. The water samples were collected from the river Chenab at the site where it receives industrial wastewater via Chakbandi drain. After exposure to 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% dilutions of collected water in different aquaria it was observed that proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in selected fish species were decreased significantly as the intensity of the dose increased (P < 0.05). Conversely the level of saturated fatty acids increased with the increasing dose of treatment (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that untreated wastewater not only deteriorate the fatty acid profile of aquatic animals but also these toxic substances can reach human body through fish meat and pose further health hazards. Therefore, it is highly recommended that industrial effluents should be treated before they are dumped into water bodies.

Resumo As carpas indianas são as espécies de peixes mais consumidas no Paquistão, sendo uma fonte barata de proteínas e de ácidos graxos insaturados e boa para a saúde cardiovascular. A poluição da água por causa do descarte de resíduos industriais não tratados em corpos d'água contamina essa preciosa fonte de nutrientes. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a deterioração do perfil de ácidos graxos de três principais espécies de carpas indianas em diferentes concentrações de resíduos industriais. As amostras de água foram coletadas do rio Chenab no local onde recebe esgoto industrial via dreno de Chakbandi. Após a exposição a diluições de 1,5%, 3% e 4,5% da água coletada em diferentes aquários, foi observado que a proporção de ácidos graxos insaturados em espécies de peixes selecionadas diminuiu significativamente com o aumento da intensidade da dose (P < 0,05). Por outro lado, o nível de ácidos graxos saturados aumentou com a elevação da dose de tratamento (P < 0,05). Essas descobertas sugerem que águas residuais não tratadas não apenas deterioram o perfil de ácidos graxos dos animais aquáticos, mas também essas substâncias tóxicas podem atingir o corpo humano por meio da carne de peixe e representar mais riscos à saúde. Portanto, é recomendável que os efluentes industriais sejam tratados antes de serem despejados em corpos d'água.

Fatty acid profile variations after exposure to textile industry effluents in Indian Major Carps

Abstract Indian major carps are the widely consumed fish species of Pakistan, being a cheap source of proteins and unsaturated fatty acids, they are good for cardiovascular health. Water pollution due to discharge of untreated industrial waste water into water bodies contaminates this precious source of nutrients. The present study therefore, was aimed to assess deterioration of fatty acid profile of three Indian major carp species due to different concentrations of industrial wastes. The water samples were collected from the river Chenab at the site where it receives industrial wastewater via Chakbandi drain. After exposure to 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% dilutions of collected water in different aquaria it was observed that proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in selected fish species were decreased significantly as the intensity of the dose increased (P 0.05). Conversely the level of saturated fatty acids increased with the increasing dose of treatment (P 0.05). These findings suggest that untreated wastewater not only deteriorate the fatty acid profile of aquatic animals but also these toxic substances can reach human body through fish meat and pose further health hazards. Therefore, it is highly recommended that industrial effluents should be treated before they are dumped into water bodies.

Resumo As carpas indianas são as espécies de peixes mais consumidas no Paquistão, sendo uma fonte barata de proteínas e de ácidos graxos insaturados e boa para a saúde cardiovascular. A poluição da água por causa do descarte de resíduos industriais não tratados em corpos dágua contamina essa preciosa fonte de nutrientes. Portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a deterioração do perfil de ácidos graxos de três principais espécies de carpas indianas em diferentes concentrações de resíduos industriais. As amostras de água foram coletadas do rio Chenab no local onde recebe esgoto industrial via dreno de Chakbandi. Após a exposição a diluições de 1,5%, 3% e 4,5% da água coletada em diferentes aquários, foi observado que a proporção de ácidos graxos insaturados em espécies de peixes selecionadas diminuiu significativamente com o aumento da intensidade da dose (P 0,05). Por outro lado, o nível de ácidos graxos saturados aumentou com a elevação da dose de tratamento (P 0,05). Essas descobertas sugerem que águas residuais não tratadas não apenas deterioram o perfil de ácidos graxos dos animais aquáticos, mas também essas substâncias tóxicas podem atingir o corpo humano por meio da carne de peixe e representar mais riscos à saúde. Portanto, é recomendável que os efluentes industriais sejam tratados antes de serem despejados em corpos dágua.

Radioactivity in marine organisms around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant / 中国辐射卫生

@#<b>Objective</b> To determine the radioactive enrichment level in marine biological media around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant and to evaluate the impact of effluent on marine biological media in the surrounding sea area based on the discharge of effluent from the nuclear power plant over the years and the monitoring level of surrounding marine media. <b>Methods</b> The monitoring data of ³H, ¹⁴C, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, and ^110mAg in the environmental media monitored in Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant from 2008 to 2017 were collected, and the data were processed and analyzed by IBM SPSS Statistics 26. <b>Results</b> The activity concentrations of tritium in mullet and oyster in the sea area around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant were 0.5-2.9 Bq/kg and 0.55-8.2 Bq/kg, respectively, and the activity concentrations of tritium in both increased generally under the influence of effluent from the nuclear power plant. The activity concentrations of ¹⁴C, ¹³⁷Cs, and ⁹⁰Sr in the monitored organisms were lower than the background values. The results of correlation analysis showed that the effluent from the nuclear power plant had almost no effect on ¹⁴C. The activity level of ^110mAg decreased significantly year by year in oyster, and remained below the background level in mullet. <b>Conclusion</b> Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant is the longest operating nuclear power plant in mainland China. Most of the nuclides in biological media in the surrounding sea area are lower than the background levels, and the effluents from the nuclear power plant have little influence on marine biological media in the surrounding sea area.

Ensaios de toxicidade para avaliagao de águas superficiais estuarinas usando Nitocra sp. como organismo-teste alternativo / Toxicity tests for the evaluation of estuarine surface waters using Nitocra sp. as an alternative test organism

Resumo A crescente poluigao de ambientes marinhos e estuarinos por descarga de efluentes é um problema mundial. Os ensaios ecotoxicológicos vem sendo amplamente utilizados para monitorar os efeitos deste tipo de poluigao e, atualmente sao incorporados na legislagao ambiental de diversos países, nomeadamente no Brasil. Contudo, sao poucos os estudos realizados em áreas costeiras e a padronizagao de métodos com organismos nativos, representativos de ecossistemas locais, é insuficiente. Nitocra sp. tem sido eficientemente utilizado em ensaios ecotoxicológicos com sedimentos e águas intersticiais, sendo neces-sário avaliar a sua adequagao na análise de águas superficiais estuarinas. Amostras pontuais de agua do baixo estuário Jundiaí -Potengi (EJP) foram coletadas mensalmente durante 18 meses, em áreas com (CE) e sem (SE) recegao de efluentes tratados. Nitocra sp. e Mysidopsis juniae (espécie padronizada) foram os organismos teste utilizados nos ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Efeitos letais (taxa de mortalidade) e subletais (taxa de reprodugao) foram analisados considerando a caracterizagao microbiológica e físico-química das amostras testadas. Os teores de oxigenio dissolvido, salinidade, demanda bioquímica de oxigenio, nitrogenio amoniacal e amoniacal total, nitrogenio total, óleos e graxas, sólidos suspensos e sedimentáveis, potássio total e coliformes termotolerantes determinados nas amostras CE e SE, traduzem diferentes níveis de poluigao nos locais amostrados. As cartas-controle de Nitocra sp. e M. juniae indicaram boa reprodutibilidade laboratorial, e apesar dos organismos teste terem exibido diferentes perfis ecotoxicológicos, o aumento da taxa de mortalidade de ambos esteve associada a emissao de esgoto tratado. O uso de diferentes organismos teste favorece a representatividade dos ensaios ecotoxicológicos. Considerando o perfil de Nitocra sp. no monitoramento do EJP, o seu estabelecimento como organismo-teste padronizado necessita de mais estudos, incluindo a utilizagao de nauplii em bioensaios.

Abstract Increasing pollution of marine and estuarine environments from wastewater discharge is a worldwide problem. Eco-toxicological tests are widely used to monitor the effects of this type of pollution and are currently being incorporated into the environmental legislation of several countries, including Brazil. However, few studies have been conducted in coastal areas, and standardization of methods with native organisms representative of local ecosystems is insufficient. Nitocra sp. has been efficiently used in ecotoxicological tests with sediments and interstitial waters, and its suitability for estuarine surface water analysis needs to be assessed. Point samples from the lower Jundiaí-Potengi estuary (JPE) in areas with (CE) and without (SE) discharge of treated effluents were collected monthly for 18 months. Nitocra sp. and Mysidopsis juniae (standardized species) were the test organisms used in the ecotoxicological assays. The lethal (mortality rate) and sublethal (reproduction rate) effects were analyzed considering the microbiological and physicochemical characterization of the tested samples. Dissolved oxygen, salinity, biochemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal and total ammoniacal nitrogen, total nitrogen, oils and greases, suspended and settleable solids, total potas-sium and thermotolerant coliform bacteria determined in samples from CE and SE, reflect varying levels of pollution at the sampled sites. The control charts of Nitoera sp. and M. juniae indicated good reproducibility in the laboratory, and although the test organisms had different ecotoxicological profiles, the mortality rate of both organisms was related to the discharge of treated wastewater. The use of different test organisms increases the representativeness of the ecotoxicological tests. Given the profile of Nitoera sp. in JPE monitoring, further studies, including the use of nauplii in bioassays, are needed to establish it as standardized test organism.

Biosorption of Zinc using Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 2423)

Heavy metals such as zinc in untreated industrial effluents cause diseases and disorders in living organisms. They cannot be degraded like organic contaminants and hence have to be removed. Though physical and chemical methods are available for their removal, most of them are not economical and eco-friendly. Hence, a suitable technique is necessary to minimize the deleterious effects of dispersion of heavy metals in ecosystems. Though zinc serves as a micronutrient, it becomes toxic in higher concentrations. Bacteria can be used in the removal of zinc and the process is economical and ecofriendly. Hence, in the present study, we tested zinc removal efficiency of Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 2423) for various concentrations viz. 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm of zinc in nutrient broth for a period of 10 days. Samples were tested for the zinc level every two days in each concentration and the maximum removal was noticed after six days of treatment. With the increase in zinc concentration, both biomass and zinc removal efficiency showed an increase. Autoclaved cells showed maximum zinc removal when compared with other cell types. Among the other heavy metals tested, iron enhanced the biomass of B. subtilis during zinc treatment and the results are discussed.

Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Artisanal Effluents on Bacillus, Enterobacter, Amorphotheca, Cladosporium and Penicillium Species in Brackish Water

Aim: To assess the effect of the hydrocarbon discharges from the artisanal refineries on the community structure of microbial mats in an aquatic environment Study Design: The study employs experimental design, statistical analysis of the data and interpretation. Place and Duration of Study: The microbial mats, surface water and sediments samples were collected from four hydrocarbon polluted stations (A, B, C and D) and a control sampling station in Yellow island (Iyalla kiri) in Degema Local Government Area, in Rivers state Nigeria. The samples were immediately transported with ice packs to the Microbiology Laboratory of Rivers State University, Port Harcourt. The study lasted from March 2020 to February 2021, covering both wet and dry seasons. Methodology: Different concentrations of fresh effluent (0, 1.625, 3.25, 6.5, 12.5, 25, 50 and 75%) were prepared in test tubes to final volume of 10ml. Each of the test tubes was inoculated with one milliliter (1ml) of the test organism. Five sets of concentrations were prepared for the five test organisms (Bacillus subtillis MW808817, Enterobacter ludwigiiMW767009, Amorphotheca resinae EU040230, Cladosporium cladosporioides MW793722 and Penicillium chrysogenum MN184857). The organisms were exposed to the pollutant for duration of 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours and plated out using spread plate technique. The cultures were incubated for 24 hours for bacteria and five days for fungi. Median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined using SPSS version 20. Results: The results showed that the percentage logarithm survival of the test organisms decreased with increase in exposure time and concentration. The LC50 of Bacillus subtillis MW808817 was 30.93%, Enterobacter ludwigii MW767009 was 29.74%, Amorphotheca resinae EU040230 was 19.65%,Cladosporium cladosporioides MW793722 was 20.08% and Penicillium chrysogenum MN184857 was 17.77%, (noting; the lower the LC50 the more toxic the pollutant). Conclusion: The effluent discharge was more toxic on Penicillium chrysogenum MN184857 than the other test organisms. Also, the ecotoxicological evaluation of the effluents on the test organisms isolated from the study area showed that LC50 of the effluent was slightly toxic on the microbial population when the results obtained were compared to GESAMP Standard for Toxicity Ranking of Chemicals/Effluents in Marine Environment.

Tratamento de efluentes: remoção de detergente utilizando processo Fenton com ultrassom e prego reutilizado / Effluent treatment: detergent removal using Fenton ultrasound process and reused nail

RESUMO Diferentes metodologias são descritas na literatura para tratamento de efluentes industriais. Entretanto, a maioria dos processos não são totalmente eficientes quando o efluente apresenta baixo conteúdo de partícula coloidal suspensa e alta concentração de matéria orgânica e detergentes. Entre os métodos que são estudados para eliminar detergente e matéria orgânica de efluentes industriais, o processo Fenton é uma estratégia atraente. No presente estudo, foi aplicada uma metodologia para remoção de detergente de efluentes líquidos utilizando processo Fenton com ultrassom e prego reutilizado. A otimização de parâmetros para tratamento do efluente foi realizada por meio das análises de pH, detergente, cor, turbidez, demanda química de oxigênio, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, óleos e graxas, e sólidos suspensos. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos em pH 3,5, com 90 mg L−1 de peróxido de hidrogênio e um prego de ferro (2,7g) tanto para o processo Fenton como para o Fenton com ultrassom. Nessas condições, os valores de remoção de detergente foram de 99,4%. Em pH 2,5, 4,5 e 5,5, os valores obtidos para remoção de detergente foram menores, 75,2, 89,5, 68,4%, respectivamente. Resultados semelhantes foram obtidos para cor, turbidez, demanda química de oxigênio e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio. A reutilização dos pregos mostrou que a eficiência média na remoção de detergente até o quarto ciclo foi acima de 90%, e, a partir do quinto ciclo, observou-se uma diminuição gradativa, sendo a diferença entre o primeiro e o sexto ciclo em torno de 10%.

ABSTRACT Different methodologies are described in the literature for the industrial effluents treatment. However, most processes are not fully efficient when the effluent has low suspended colloidal particle content and high concentration of organic matter and detergents. Among the methods that are studied to eliminate detergent and organic matter from industrial effluents, the Fenton process is an attractive strategy. In the present study, a more sustainable methodology was applied to remove detergent and organic matter from liquid effluents using Fenton process with ultrasound and recycled nail. The optimization of parameters for effluent treatment was carried out through the analysis of pH, detergents, color, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, oils and greases, and suspended solids. The best results were obtained at pH 3.5, with 90 mg L−1 of hydrogen peroxide and an iron nail (2.7 g) both for the Fenton process and Fenton with ultrasound. Under these conditions, detergent removal values were 99.4%. At pH 2.5, 4.5, and 5.5, the values obtained for detergent removal were lower, 75.2, 89.5, and 68.4%, respectively. Similar results were obtained for color, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, and biochemical oxygen demand. The reuse of the nails showed that the average detergent removal efficiency up to the fourth cycle was above 90%, and, from the fifth cycle, a gradual decrease was observed, with the difference between the first and sixth cycles being around 10%.

Panorama das indústrias galvânicas de Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará: com ênfase nos teores de metais-traço nos efluentes e resíduos sólidos / Overview of galvanic industries in Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil: emphasis on trace metal content in effluents and solid waste

RESUMO Os efluentes e resíduos industriais galvânicos são uma preocupação mundial, por terem em sua composição metais-traço altamente tóxicos, prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Neste artigo, é apresentado um panorama da indústria de semijoias folheadas de Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, considerando-se os processos de produção e a concentração de metais-traço nos efluentes, bem como o resíduo sólido galvânico, gerados pelo setor. Dados primários de produção foram obtidos em 11 empresas por meio de questionário técnico. As concentrações de metais-traço foram obtidas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica de chama. Os resultados demonstraram ineficiência no tratamento dos efluentes para cobre, níquel, cromo, chumbo e zinco. As concentrações médias de metais no resíduo sólido galvânico foram de 239 g Cu kg-1, 99 g Zn kg-1, 23,8 g Ni kg-1, 6,6 g Pb kg-1, 0,2 g Cr kg-1, 1,7 g Cd kg-1, 1,0 g Mn kg-1 e 8,2 g Fe kg-1. Os resultados evidenciaram a necessidade da adoção de medidas para o controle de qualidade dos processos de tratamento dos efluentes, com vistas à sustentabilidade do setor.

ABSTRACT Galvanic industrial effluents and wastes are a worldwide concern, as they contain highly toxic trace metals that are harmful to the environment and human health. This article presents an overview of the clad semi jewelry industry in Juazeiro do Norte, state of Ceará, Brazil, considering the production processes and the concentration of trace metals in the effluents and galvanic sludge waste generated by the sector. Primary production data were obtained from 11 companies by a technical questionnaire. Trace metal concentrations were obtained by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed inefficiency in the treatment of effluents for copper, nickel, chrome, lead, and zinc. The average metal concentrations in the galvanic sludge waste were 239 g Cu kg-1, 99 g Zn kg-1, 23.8 g Ni kg-1, 6.6 g Pb kg-1, 0.2 g Cr kg-1, 1.7 g Cd kg-1, 1.0 g Mn kg-1, and 8.2 g Fe kg-1. The results evidenced the need for adopting measures concerning quality control of the effluent treatment processes aiming at the sustainability of the sector.

Sewage static system influence on the concentrations of nitrogen compounds in unconfined aquifers / Influência de sistemas estáticos de esgotamento sanitário nas concentrações de compostos nitrogenados em aquíferos livres

ABSTRACT This research aimed to investigate the relation between sanitary situation and groundwater quality, using the concentration of nitrogenous compounds. The aquifer studied is unconfined and situated in the periurban zone of Fortaleza (NE Brazil). Through the Geographic Information System (GIS), a relational database was created using data from the IBGE demographic census (2011), to analyze numbers of households linked to septic tanks or rudimentary cesspit. The groundwater quality was evaluated based on nitrogen compounds (N-NH3 +; NO2 -; N-NO3 -), pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS). The highest concentrations of nitrates are found in areas with a higher density of septic tanks and rudimentary cesspit. Furthermore, nitrate was more present in water table above 6.6 m, mainly in the interfluvial zones, which have a high oxidation potential. The results contribute to the loss of contamination, based on the number of households with septic tanks and rudimentary cesspit, in unconfined aquifers, which were more vulnerable to contamination, mainly in peripheric expansions areas in the cities, where the deficit in sewage services tends to be high.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre a situação sanitária e a qualidade da água subterrânea, usando concentrações de compostos nitrogenados. O aquífero estudado é do tipo livre e se encontra situado na zona periurbana da cidade de Fortaleza (NE Brasil). Através do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), foi criado um banco de geodados relacional utilizando dados do censo demográfico do IBGE (2011), analisando o número de domicílios vinculados a fossas sépticas e fossas rudimentares. A qualidade da água subterrânea foi avaliada com base em compostos nitrogenados (N-NH3 +; NO2 -; N-NO3 -), pH e sólidos totais dissolvidos (STD). As altas concentrações de nitrato estão associadas a maior ocorrência de fossas sépticas e rudimentares, principalmente. Além disso, a ocorrência do nitrato ocorre em áreas de níveis estáticos acima de 6,6 m, principalmente nos setores interfluviais, que apresenta alto potencial de oxidação. Os resultados contribuem para predição da contaminação, tendo em vista a quantidade de domicílios com fossas sépticas e rudimentares, sobre aquíferos livres, que são mais vulneráveis à contaminação, sobretudo em áreas de expansão periférica da cidade, onde o déficit de esgotamento sanitário tende a ser maior.

Avaliação da influência da estação de tratamento de efluente de Catanduva (SP) na qualidade da água do rio São Domingos / Evaluation of influence of the Catanduva (SP) Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in São Domingos river water quality

RESUMO O efluente sanitário bruto é um dos responsáveis pela poluição de rios urbanos, e a instalação de estações de tratamento de efluentes (ETE) exige uma avaliação comparativa do comportamento desses rios antes e depois da ETE. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade da água do rio São Domingos (RSD) após o início da operação da ETE Catanduva (SP), cujas eficiências médias de remoção foram: demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (93,71%), nitrogênio amoniacal (73,12%), fósforo total (25,70%), turbidez (85,16%) e ST (31,75%). Foram utilizados 768 dados coletados pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo a montante e a jusante de Catanduva (SP). Obras de dragagem realizadas durante o período avaliado foram responsáveis por um significativo decréscimo temporário na qualidade da água do RSD em Catanduva. Após dois anos do início da operação da ETE, houve significativa melhoria na qualidade do RSD, com redução das concentrações médias de DBO (de 20,97 para 5,73 mg.L−1), nitrogênio amoniacal (de 3,84 para 0,99 mg.L−1) e Escherichia coli (de 105 para 104 UFC.100 mL−1) e aumento da concentração de oxigênio dissolvido (de 0,90 para 3,12 mg.L−1). A análise de componentes principais indicou que a qualidade do rio a jusante de Catanduva está-se aproximando da boa qualidade verificada a montante da cidade. Esses dados sugerem que o RSD pode futuramente ser classificado como Classe 3 (Resolução do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente — CONAMA n° 357/05) e até ser utilizado para abastecimento humano, reduzindo a elevada demanda de água subterrânea na região.

ABSTRACT Non-treated wastewater is responsible for the pollution of urban rivers, and it is mandatory to evaluate the behavior of these rivers before and after the construction of a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality of São Domingos River (SDR) after the start of the Catanduva/SP WWTP operation, whose average removal efficiencies were: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD; 93.71%), ammonia nitrogen (73.12%), total phosphorus (25.70%), turbidity (85.16%), and total solids (31.75%). We used 768 data collected upstream and downstream of the city of Catanduva/SP, previously analyzed by CETESB (state environmental agency). Dredging works carried out during the evaluated period were responsible for a significant temporary worsening in the water quality of the SDR in Catanduva. Two years after the beginning of the Catanduva WWTP, there was a significant improvement in SDR water quality, with a reduction in the average concentrations of BOD (20.97 to 5.73 mg.L−1), ammonia nitrogen (3.84 for 0.99 mg.L−1), and Escherichia coli (105 to 104 CFU.100 mL−1) were reduced; and DO concentration (0.90 to 3.12 mg.L−1) increased. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated that the water quality of the river downstream of Catanduva is approaching the same quality verified upstream of the city. These data suggest that SDR may be considered a Class 3 river (Resolution CONAMA 357/05) in the future and may even be used for human supply, reducing the high demand for groundwater in the region.

Occurrence and Antibiotics Resistance Signatures of Burkholderia Pseudomallei Isolated from Selected Hospital Final Effluents in Akoko Metropolis within Ondo State Nigeria

@#Introduction Burkholderia pseudomallei are the causative agent for melioidosis, a disease which affects both humans and animals. This study investigated the occurrence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the final effluent of some hospitals in Akoko metropolis, Ondo State, Nigeria. Methods Culture based approach using the Inositol Brilliant Green Bile agar for isolation Burkholderia Pseudomallei was employed. A preliminary oxidase strip test was carried out on all the isolates and they were found to be oxidase positive. Presumptive isolates were purified and confirmed using Microbact™ 24E Identification kit. Antibiotics susceptibility of the confirmed isolates was also determined using the CLSI recommended first line antibiotics for Burkholderia Pseudomallei. Results A total number of 155 presumptive Burkholderia species were recovered from thirty six different samples over a period of three months from effluent of three selected hospitals. Moreover, 67% of the recovered isolates were confirmed to be Burkholderia pseudomallei. Most isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime and ofloxacin but exhibited resistance against tetracycline and meropenem. Conclusions The persistence of Burkholderia pseudomallei in the hospital environment throughout the sampling regime requires intervention strategies to eradicate the prevalence of this notable pathogen in all possible reservoirs within the hospital environment. Besides, the emergence of resistance particularly to tetracycline and carbapenems points at potential public health implications. Furthermore, surveillance of Burkholderia species with its antibiogram profiles in clinical environments and adequate treatment of hospital effluents before disposal is very important to avert potential outbreak of melioidosis because the main reservoir for B. pseudomallei is contaminated environments. Keywords

Assessment of cadmium tolerance and biosorptive potential of Bacillus Cereus GCFSD01 isolated from cadmium contaminated soil / Avaliação da tolerância ao cádmio e do potencial biossorptivo de Bacillus Cereus GCFSD01 isolado de solo contaminado com cádmio

Continuous occurrence of heavy metals is a major cause of environmental pollution due to its toxic effects. At minimum concentrations, these metals are highly reactive and can gather in the food chains and food web, causing major dangers to public health concerns. Soil samples were collected from Paharang drain, Faisalabad. Cadmium tolerant bacteria were isolated and evaluated for their MIC against Cd. The isolated bacterial strain GCFSD01 showed MIC value upto 30 mM/L. The bacterial strain with the highest resistance against Cd was selected for further study. Molecular characterization of bacterial isolate GCFSD01 was performed by 16S rRNA which confirmed it as Bacillus cereus. Optimum growth conditions of bacterial strain were also evaluated. Strain GCFSD01 showed optimum growth at pH 7 and 37 °C temperature. Our result revealed that B. cereus strain GCFSD01 reduced 61.3% Cd after 48 hrs. Multiple metal tolerance and Cd reduction by B. cereus indicate its potential for further use for decontamination of polluted soil.

A ocorrência contínua de metais pesados é uma das principais causas de poluição ambiental devido aos seus efeitos tóxicos. A contaminação por metais pesados representa um grande risco para todas as formas de vida encontradas no meio ambiente. Em concentrações mínimas, esses metais são altamente reativos e podem se acumular nas cadeias alimentares e na cadeia alimentar, causando grandes perigos às preocupações com a saúde pública. Amostras de solo foram coletadas no esgoto de Paharang, Faisalabad. Bactérias tolerantes ao cádmio foram isoladas da amostra coletada pelo método da placa de ágar. As colônias separadas individuais selecionadas foram avaliadas quanto às suas concentrações inibitórias mínimas contra Cd. A cepa bacteriana isolada GCFSD01 apresentou valores de CIM de 30 mM/L. A colônia bacteriana que apresentou maior resistência contra o Cd foi selecionada para identificação. Após seleção da maior colônia bacteriana resistente ao Cd, coloração de Gram e diferentes testes bioquímicos foram realizados para a caracterização da bactéria isolada. A caracterização molecular do isolado bacteriano GCFSD01 foi realizada por PCR 16S rRNA confirmando a presença de Bacillus cereus. Após a identificação molecular, as condições ótimas de crescimento da cepa bacteriana também foram verificadas. A cepa GCFSD01 apresentou crescimento ótimo em pH 7 e temperatura de 37 °C. Nosso resultado revelou que a cepa de B. cereus GCFSD01 reduziu 61,3% de Cd após 48 horas. A tolerância a múltiplos metais e a redução de Cd por B. cereus indicam seu potencial para uso posterior na descontaminação do solo poluído.

Murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) meal as an additive to elephant grass silage / Torta de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) como aditivo en el ensilado de pasto elefante / Torta de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) como aditivo em silagens de capim elefante

Abstract Background: Tropical grasses, such as elephant grass, have high moisture content during its ideal phenological state for silage. High moisture content hinders proper preservation and reduces the nutritive value of silage due to secondary fermentation and production of effluents. Adding feed materials with high dry matter content, such as murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) meal, is a potential alternative to improve silage yield. Objective: To determine the effects of including murumuru meal (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28%) on the fermentative characteristics, microbiological activity, aerobic stability, and chemical composition of elephant grass silages. Methods: A completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates was used. Elephant grass was collected at 60 d of age, minced, and homogenized with murumuru meal. The mass was placed in experimental 15-L silos. The silos were collected and analyzed 45 d later. Results: Effluent production decreased (p<0.05) as the proportions of murumuru meal in silage increased. A quadratic effect (p<0.05) was observed on dry matter recovery. An increase (p<0.05) was observed in dry matter content, a decrease (p<0.05) in the neutral detergent fiber content, and an increase (p<0.05) in the non-fibrous carbohydrate content with the inclusion of murumuru meal. Conclusions: Addition of murumuru meal improves chemical composition and does not affect the fermentative characteristics of elephant grass silage, while it reduces effluent losses. Nevertheless, the inclusion of murumuru meal in the elephant grass silage decreased the time of aerobic stability.

Resumen Antecedentes: los pastos tropicales, tales como el pasto elefante, tienen alto contenido de humedad cuando están en su estado fenológico ideal para ensilar. Esto dificulta su adecuada preservación en el silo, reduciendo el valor nutritivo del ensilaje debido a fermentaciones secundarias y generación de efluentes. Una posible solución sería incluir materiales con alto contenido de materia seca, tales como la torta de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru). Objetivo: determinar el efecto de la inclusión de torta de murumuru (0; 7; 14; 21 y 28%) sobre las características fermentativas, microbiológicas, estabilidad aeróbica y composición química de los ensilajes de pasto elefante. Métodos: se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, con cinco tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. El pasto elefante fue colectado a los 60 días de edad, luego picado y homogeneizado con la torta de murumuru. La masa fue colocada en silos experimentales con capacidad de 15 L. Luego de 45 días de ensilado, los silos fueron abiertos y las muestras fueron colectadas para su posterior análisis. Resultados: hubo reducción (p<0,05) en la producción de efluentes a medida que se incrementó la proporción de torta de murumuru en el ensilado. Se observó un efecto cuadrático (p<0,05) en la recuperación de materia seca. Hubo aumento (p<0,05) en los contenidos de materia seca con la adición de torta de murumuru. Se observó disminución (p<0,05) en el contenido de fibra detergente neutra y aumento (p<0,05) de carbohidratos no fibrosos. Conclusión: La adición de torta de murumuru mejora la composición química, reduce las perdidas por efluentes y no afecta las características fermentativas de ensilado de pasto elefante. Sin embargo, la inclusión de la torta de murumuru en el ensilado de pasto elefante disminuye el tiempo en estabilidad aeróbica.

Resumo Antecedentes: capins tropicais, como por exemplo o capim-elefante apresentam alto teor de umidade quando possuem produtividade compatível e estão no estádio fenológico adequado para ensilagem. Isso dificulta a adequada preservação no silo, ocasionando a redução do valor nutritivo da silagem devido a fermentações secundárias e a produção de efluentes. Uma possível solução seria o uso de aditivos com alto teor de matéria seca, como bolo de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru). Objetivo: determinar o efeito da inclusão da torta de murumuru (0; 7; 14; 21 e 28%) na ensilagem de capim-elefante sobre as características fermentativas, microbiológicas, estabilidade aeróbia e a composição química das silagens. Métodos: utilizou- se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. O capim-elefante foi colhido aos 60 dias de idade, o mesmo foi picado e homogeneizado à torta de murumuru. A massa foi ensilada em silos experimentais com capacidade de 15 L. Após 45 dias de ensilagem, os silos foram abertos e amostras foram coletadas para posteriores análises laboratoriais. Resultados: houve redução (p<0,05) na produção de efluentes à medida que se elevaram as proporções da torta de murumuru na ensilagem. Observou-se efeito quadrático (p<0,05) na recuperação de matéria seca. Houve aumento (p<0,05) nos teores de matéria seca com a adição da torta murumuru. Observou-se diminuição (p<0,05) nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro e aumento (p<0,05) nos teores de carboidratos não fibrosos. Conclusão: torta de murumuru como aditivo melhora a composição química, reduz perdas principalmente por efluente e não afeta as características fermentativas de silagens de capim- elefante. Entretanto, a inclusão da torta de murumuru na ensilagem de capim-elefante diminui o tempo em estabilidade aeróbia.

Biodégradation of cyanide via recombinant cyanide dehydratase from Bacillus pumilus expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli / Biodegradación de cianuro por la enzima cianuro dihidratasa de Bacillus pumilus expresada heterologamente en Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT Despite its high toxicity, cyanide is used in several industrial processes, and as a result, large volumes of cyanide wastewater need to be treated prior to discharge. Enzymatic degradation of industrial cyanide wastewater by cyanide dihydratase, which is capable of converting cyanide to ammonia and formate, is an attractive alternative to conventional chemical methods of cyanide decontamination. However, the main impediment to the use of this enzyme for the biodegradation of cyanide is its intolerance to the alkaline pH at which cyanide waste is kept and its low thermoresistance. In the present study, the catalytic properties of whole Escherichia coli cells overexpressing a cyanide dihydratase gene from Bacillus pumilus were compared to those of the purified enzyme under conditions similar to those found in industrial cyanide wastewater. In addition, the capacity of whole cells to degrade free cyanide in contaminated wastewater resulting from the gold mining process was also determined. The characteristics of intracellular enzyme, relative to purified enzyme, included increased thermostability (>60% activity at 50°C), as well as greater tolerance to heavy metals, and to a lesser extent pH (20% activity remaining at pH 9.0) On the other hand, enzymatic degradation of 70% of free cyanide (initial concentration 528 mM) in the industrial sample was achieved only after dilution. Nevertheless, the increased thermostability observed for intracellular CynD suggest that whole cells of E. coli overexpressing CynD are suited for process that operate at elevated temperatures (50°C), a limitation observed for the purified enzyme.

RESUMEN A pesar de su alta toxicidad, el cianuro es usado en diversos procesos industriales, y como resultado, grandes volúmenes de aguas residuales de cianuro deben ser tratados antes de su descarga. Una alternativa atractiva a los métodos químicos convencionales de descontaminación es la degradación enzimática por la enzima cianuro dihidratasa, la cual es capaz de convertir cianuro en amonio y ácido fórmico. No obstante, la inactivación de esta enzima a pH superior a 8.5 y su poca termoestabilidad han sido el principal impedimento para la implementación exitosa de esta alternativa de biorremediación. En el presente estudio, las propiedades catalíticas de células completas de Escherichia coli que sobre expresan el gen de cianuro dihidratasa de Bacillus pumilus se estudian bajo condiciones similares a las encontradas en aguas residuales industriales de cianuro y los resultados se discuten en comparación con las de la enzima purificada. Además, se determinó la capacidad de las células completas para degradar el cianuro libre en aguas residuales resultantes del proceso de extracción de oro. Las características de la enzima intracelular, relativa a la enzima purificada, incluyeron un incremento en la termoestabilidad (>60% actividad a 50°C), así como mayor tolerancia a metales pesados y en menor medida al pH (20% actividad residual a pH 9.0). Por otra parte, la degradación enzimática del 70% del cianuro libre en la muestra industrial (concentración inicial 528 mM) se logró solo después de la dilución de la muestra. Sin embargo, el incremento en la termoestabilidad observado para CynD intracelular sugiere que las células completas de E. coli que sobre expresan CynD son adecuadas para procesos que operan a temperaturas elevadas (50°C), una limitación observada para la enzima purificada.

Uso de microrganismos de efluente industrial no controle biológico de vetores / Use of industrial effluent microorganisms in biological vector control / Uso de microorganismos de efluentes industriales en el control biológico de vectores

Justificativa e Objetivos: a utilização de microrganismos como controle biológico de vetores sanitários pode ser considerada uma prática menos agressiva ao ambiente, em comparação com os produtos químicos utilizados. O presente estudo avaliou a eficiência de suspensões celulares de fungos e bactérias isolados de efluentes industriais têxteis no controle sanitário dos vetores naturais Aedes aegypti e Dermacentor nitens como alternativa sustentável de controle biológico. Métodos: foram avaliadas sete linhagens de fungos e seis de bactérias. Os isolados foram cultivados em caldo nutriente e caldo de batata, para bactérias e fungos, respectivamente. Alíquotas de 2 mL de cada suspensão microbiana foram adicionadas diretamente nas larvas dos mosquitos e nos carrapatos adultos. Foram analisadas alterações de movimentação e paralisação dos vetores em diferentes tempos de exposição entre zero e 20 minutos e três e 24 horas. Resultados: duas bactérias e um fungo promoveram uma desaceleração dos movimentos e/ou um aumento da movimentação dos ectoparasitas logo após a administração. Dois isolados bacterianos promoveram a paralisação dos movimentos de uma larva do mosquito Aedes aegypti em seu primeiro estágio de desenvolvimento, enquanto que um fungo provocou aumento da movimentação das larvas em seu estágio de desenvolvimento mais avançado. Conclusão: os microrganismos mostraram potencial uso no controle de vetores sanitários. Testes subsequentes de atividade dos possíveis metabólitos secundários produzidos e das formas de administração das culturas microbianas serão executados. Os resultados encontrados encorajam futuros estudos de otimização e caracterização dos extratos celulares, os quais poderão ser utilizados como ferramenta sustentável no controle biológico.(AU)

Background and Objectives: the use of microorganisms as biological control of health vectors can be considered a less aggressive practice to the environment, in comparison with the chemicals used. The present study evaluated the efficiency of cell suspensions of fungi and bacteria isolated from industrial textile effluents in the sanitary control of the natural vectors Aedes aegypti and Dermacentor nitens as a sustainable alternative for biological control. Methods: seven fungi and six bacteria strains were evaluated. The isolates were grown in nutrient broth and potato broth, for bacteria and fungi, respectively. 2 mL aliquots of each microbial suspension were added directly to mosquito larvae and adult ticks. Changes in movement and paralysis of vectors at different exposure times between zero and 20 minutes and three and 24 hours were analyzed. Results: two bacteria and a fungus promoted a slowdown in movement and / or an increase in the movement of ectoparasites shortly after administration. Two bacterial isolates caused the movement of a larva of the Aedes aegypti mosquito to stop in its first stage of development, while a fungus caused increased movement of the larvae in their most advanced stage of development. Conclusion: the microorganisms showed potential use in the control of health vectors. Subsequent activity tests of the possible secondary metabolites produced and the ways of administering the microbial cultures will be performed. The results found encourage future studies of optimization and characterization of cell extracts, which can be used as a sustainable tool in biological control.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: el uso de microorganismos como control biológico de vectores sanitarios puede considerarse una práctica menos agresiva para el medio ambiente en comparación con los productos químicos utilizados. El presente estudio evaluó la eficiencia de las suspensiones de células fúngicas y bacterianas de efluentes industriales textiles en el control sanitario de los vectores Aedes aegypti y Dermacentor nitens como una alternativa sostenible para el control biológico. Métodos: evaluaron siete hongos y seis de bacterias. Los aislamientos se cultivaron en medio de cultivo, caldo nutrientes y de papa para bacterias y hongos, respectivamente. Se agregaron alícuotas de 2 mL de cada suspensión microbiana directamente a las larvas de mosquito y las garrapatas adultas. Analizaron los cambios en el movimiento y la parálisis de los vectores a diferentes tiempos de exposición entre cero y 20 minutos y tres y 24 horas. Resultados: dos bacterias y un hongo causaron una reducido el movimiento y/o aumentó el movimiento del ectoparásito poco después de la administración. Dos bacterias paralizaron los movimientos de las larvas de un mosquito en su primera etapa de desarrollo y un hongo causó un mayor movimiento de las larvas en su etapa posterior de desarrollo. Conclusión: los microorganismos mostraron uso potencial como control de vectores sanitarios. Se realizarán pruebas de actividad de los posibles metabolitos secundarios producidos y las formas de administración de los cultivos microbianos. Los resultados fomentan más estudios de optimización y caracterización de extractos celulares, que pueden utilizarse como herramienta sostenible en el control biológico.(AU)

Determination of Heavy Metals in Waters of Lower River Kuywa

Heavy metals are required by the biological organisms as nutrients but their availability above certain limits leads to adverse conditions such as bone, nerve and internal body organs damage like liver, high blood pressure, acute poisoning and death in animals and human beings and reduction of photosynthesis production, inhibition of seed germination and decreased crop yield in plants. River Kuywa being in a rich inorganic farming of sugarcane and maize area aswell as industrial and urban environment, it is exposed to pollution. The objective was to determine the levels of heavy metal concentration using an Atomic absorption spectrometer and the effects of physicochemical parameters to the metal ions concentration which could arise from pollution. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were found to be (22.9, 23.3 C̊), (7.19, 4.34), (312.43, 318.45 μS) and (201, 204 mg/L) for upstream and downstream side of pollutants entry point respectively. Chromium, Copper and Zinc ions had relatively high concentrations compared to Cadmium ions. Lead ions were below the detection limit. Chromium, Copper and Zinc had (0.2660 ppm, 0.4276 ppm), (0.1306 ppm, 0.085 ppm) and (0.1369 ppm, 0.1395 ppm) while Cadmium had (0.0684 ppm, 0.0513 ppm) for upstream and downstream respectively. All physicochemical parameters were within WHO limits except pH. Chromium and Cadmium concentrations were above WHO limits while Copper and Zinc were below. Chromium had elevated concentration compared to other metals. There should be continuous and close monitoring of Chromium levels by reducing the factors leading to high rate of rock weathering and leaching.The water having Chromium and Cadmium concentrations above recommended limits, it should be treated first for Quality Assurance before it is consumed. Agencies like NEMA and WARMA should increase water quality surveillance operations for surface water.

Effect of different industrial and domestic effluents on growth, yield, and heavy metal accumulation in Turnip (Brassica rapa L.)

In the suburbs of big cities, the vegetables are commonly irrigated with effluents due to paucity of good qualitywater. These effluents are loaded with toxic or heavy metals which may cause environmental or health hazard.The present study was performed in pot experiments to investigate the impacts of different effluents on thegrowth, yield, and heavy metals concentration of turnip (Brassica rapa). Pots were arranged in a completelyrandomized design with six treatments replicated four times. The treatments included 10% effluents ofsugar mill, sewage water, soap factory, ghee mill, slaughterhouse, and control. Data on the weight of rootplant−1 (g), root length, root diameter, yield ha−1, and heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) concentrationsin roots were recorded and analyzed statistically. Results revealed that higher yield and related traits wererecorded with sewage water followed by slaughterhouse wastage and sugar mill effluent. Application of sewagewater enhanced 11.2% yield while the increment with slaughterhouse wastage and sugar mill effluent was 7.8%and 2.3%, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations were increased with all types of effluents. The transferfactors showed that accumulation of metals was in the order of Pb > Cd > Zn > Fe > Ni.

Procedimentos para análise e validação de atributos da qualidade da água / Procedures for analysis and validation of attributes of water quality

RESUMO O tratamento incorreto de efluentes líquidos, assim como o seu lançamento inadequado, caracterizam algumas das maiores problemáticas ambientais e pode contribuir para a deterioração dos ecossistemas aquáticos. Nesse contexto, a utilização de modelos de predição possibilita, especialmente no caso de volumes, a observação do comportamento dos atributos em estudo, identificando setores em que possíveis problemas de poluição hídrica estão mais presentes. Assim, o objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi a obtenção de volume dos atributos da água para a alcalinidade, a condutividade e a turbidez, o que possibilitou a análise espacial deles. A área de estudo, o Lago das Cinco Fontes, está localizado no Parque Zoobotânico Arruda Câmara, em João Pessoa, Paraíba, que resulta de nascentes e do aporte de efluentes provenientes da população do entorno. Foram estabelecidos 18 pontos para a coleta de amostras, 9 na superfície e 9 em profundidade, e para a obtenção de volumes e representação voxel, utilizou-se o algoritmo Spline regularizado com tensão implementado no SIG GRASS e o software Vis5D. Também foram elaborados gráficos com variações das concentrações de acordo com a profundidade e os pontos de coleta. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram validados com o auxílio das estatísticas Critério de Informação de Akaike (AIC), Erro Quadrático Médio (EQM) e Coeficiente de Determinação (R2), e toda a metodologia desenvolvida apresentou-se como ferramenta estratégica para o monitoramento daquele corpo hídrico.

ABSTRACT Inadequate treatment of liquid effluents, as well as inadequate treatment, characterizes some of the major environmental problems and may contribute to the deterioration of aquatic ecosystems. In this context, the use of prediction models allows, particularly in the case of volumes, the observation of the behavior of the attributes under study, identifying sectors where possible problems of water pollution are more present. Thus, the main objective of the present work was to obtain volume of water attributes for the alkalinity, conductivity and turbidity, which made possible the spatial analysis of the same. The study area, Lago das Cinco Fontes is in the Arruda Câmara Zoobotanical Park, in João Pessoa, Paraíba, and results from springs and effluents from the surrounding population. In order to obtain volumes and voxel representation, 18 points were established for sample collection, 9 on the surface and 9 in depth. The standardized Spline algorithm with voltage implemented in SIG GRASS and Vis5D software was used. Graphs with concentration variations were also drawn according to depth and collection points. The methodological procedures were validated with the aid of AIC, EQM and R2 statistics and any developed methodology was presented as a strategic tool for the water body's monitoring.

Reducing Cr6+ in electroplating wastewater with Bacillus cereus strain B1 / Reducción de Cr6+ en aguas residuales de galvanoplastia con una cepa de Bacillus cereus B1 / Redução do Cr6+ em águas residuais de galvanoplastia com cepa de Bacillus cereus B1

Abstract In this study Bacillus cereus was used to evaluate the Cr6+ reducing capacity in electroplating effluents. The Cr6+ bioreduction assays were carried out using real wastewater (RWW) from an electroplating plant and artificial wastewater (AWW), with and without added glucose. The AWW was prepared using Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cr salts, simulating RWW concentrations. The Cr6+ concentration and bacterial growth were monitored three times a day for the duration of five days. Also, were evaluated the effects of wastewater on B. cereus B1 morphology using scanning electron microscopy. Cr6+ reduction percentage of 100 % was reached for AWW containing glucose, of 71 % for AWW without glucose, of 75.6 % for RWW with glucose, and of 31.7 % for RWW without glucose. Despite the low reduction percentage obtained for RWW without glucose, concentrations of ± 0.14 mg/L of Cr6+ were reached, which were within allowed limits (0.5 mg/L of Cr6+ ). Electron Microscopy showed alterations in the bacterial cell wall and a decrease in size, mainly in the bacteria exposed to RWW. The results allow us to propose B. cereus B1 as a promising microorganism for use in the bioremediation of effluents containing Cr6+.

Resumen En este estudio se utilizó Bacillus cereus para evaluar la capacidad de reducción de Cr6+ en efluentes de galvanoplastia. Los ensayos de biorreducción de Cr6+ se llevaron a cabo usando agua residual real (RWW) proveniente de una planta de galvanoplastia, y agua residual artificial (AWW), con y sin adición de glucosa. El AWW se preparó usando sales de Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb y Cr, simulando concentraciones de RWW. La concentración de Cr6+ y el crecimiento bacteriano se monitorearon 3 veces al día durante 5 días. También se evaluaron los efectos del agua residual en la morfología de B. cereus B1, usando microscopía electrónica de barrido. Se alcanzó una reducción del 100 % en AWW con glucosa, de 71 % en AWW sin glucosa, de 75.6 % en RWW con glucosa y de 31.7 % en RWW sin glucosa. A pesar del bajo porcentaje de reducción obtenido en RWW con glucosa, se alcanzaron concentraciones de ± 0.14 mg/L of Cr6+, que están dentro de los límites permitidos (0.5 mg/L de Cr6+). La microscopía electrónica mostró alteraciones en la pared de la célula bacteriana y una disminución en tamaño, principalmente en las bacterias expuestas a RWW. Los resultados nos permiten proponer a B. cereus B1 como un microorganismo promisorio para uso en biorremediación de efluentes que contengan Cr6+.

Resumo Neste estudo se utilizou Bacillus cereus para avaliar a capacidade de redução do Cr6+ em efluentes de galvanoplastia. Os ensaios de biorredução de Cr6+ se realizaram usando água residual real (RWW) proveniente de uma planta de galvanoplastia, e água residual artificial (AWW), com e sem adição de glicose. A AWW se preparou usando sais de Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb y Cr, simulando concentrações de RWW. As concentrações de Cr6+ e o crescimento bacteriano se monitoram 3 vezes ao dia durante 5 dias. Também se avaliaram os efeitos da água residual na morfologia de B. cereus B1, usando microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Obteve- se uma redução de 100 % em AWW com glicose, de 71 % em AWW sem glicose, de 75.6 % em RWW com glicose e de 31.7 % em RWW sem glicose. A pesar do baixo percentual de redução obtido em RWW sem glicose, alcançaram-se concentrações de ± 0.14 mg/L de Cr6+, que estão dentro dos limites permitidos (0.5 mg/L de Cr6+). A microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou alterações na parede da célula bacteriana e uma diminuição no tamanho, principalmente nas bactérias expostas a RWW. Os resultados nos permitiram propor a B. cereus B1 como um microrganismo promissório para o uso em biorremediação de efluentes que contenham Cr6+.

A Review on Abiotic Stress Caused by Industrial Effluents on Seed Quality

India is one of the top ten industrialized countries of global importance. But industries release waste products, which exert negative influences by causing toxicity to biotic organisms and environment. Liquid wastes of industries termed as effluents are characterized with possession of organic and inorganic compounds that evolve with varying levels of toxicity based on the type of industry and its bi-product. Recycling of treated effluent serves as an alternative to tie over water scarcity in sustainable agriculture. On the other hand, dilutions of industrial effluents serves as growth stimulants at an optimal concentration and influences the seed and seedling quality characters and aids in improving the productivity of crops. The safe levels of dilutions expressing the seed invigourative effect are reviewed hereunder, which could serve as a solution for disposal of effluent in agriculture in an effective manner.