Clinical application of acupuncture-moxibustion for the treatment of spirit based on approximate entropy of electrooculogram signal / 中国针灸

According to the theory of acupuncture-moxibustion for the treatment of spirit, starting from the relationship between eye movement and spirit, the application of electrooculogram (EOG) signal acquisition and analysis technology for the clinical treatment of spirit by acupuncture-moxibustion is discussed. Based on the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of EOG signals, it is proposed to apply the approximate entropy algorithm to extract the EOG signal characteristics in autism spectrum disorder children under different behavior states, which could realize the preliminary exploration of the correlation between EOG signals and cognitive activities. This could provide a possibility to objectively reflect the patient' s current mental state, and could be used as a potential method to grasp spirit in clinical acupuncture- moxibustion treatment. Furthermore, considering the characteristics of acupoint stimulation on the body surface, the EOG signal acquisition and analysis technology could further be combined with biofeedback technology, and a new idea for clinical acupuncture-moxibustion to treat spirit guided by biofeedback of EOG is proposed.

Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation based on electro-oculogram signal regulation for children with mental retardation: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical efficacy of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) at Changqiang (GV 1) based on the modulation of electro-oculogram (EOG) signal for children with mental retardation, and explore the evaluation effect of the goal attainment scale (GAS) in children with mental retardation.@*METHODS@#Sixty children with mental retardation were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group, with 30 cases in each one. The children in the control group were treated with conventional rehabilitation, 5 times a week. On the basis of the control group, TEAS at Changqiang (GV 1) under the modulation of EOG signal was adopted in the treatment group. When the similarity between the collected EOG signal and the template was within the range of EOG threshold, one electric stimulation was triggered at Changqiang (GV 1) for 20 s (continuous wave, 70-100 Hz in frequency, 0.1-0.2 ms in pulse width), lasting 30 min in each treatment, the intervention was given twice a week. One course of treatment was composed of 4 weeks, and 3 courses were required in total in the two groups. The infant-junior high school student's social living ability scale (S-M) and GAS were scored and compared before and after treatment in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the scores of self-living ability in the treatment group and communication ability in the control group were higher than those before treatment (P<0.01, P<0.05). The scores of collective activity and motor ability in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). After treatment, GAS scores were higher than before treatment in both groups (P<0.001), and the score in the treatment group was higher than the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#TEAS under the modulation of EOG signal is conductive to improving the collective, motor and self-living abilities of the children with mental retardation and promoting children's individual goals. Compared with the standard score of S-M, the T value of GAS can better reflect the subtle progress of individual.

Clinical and visual electrophysiological characteristics of vitelliform macular dystrophies in the first decade of life

Purpose: To evaluate patterns of pediatric vitelliform macular dystrophy (PVMD). Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of Indian children with vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD) presenting within the first decade of life. Records were evaluated for clinical findings, family screening, and investigative findings including optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), full?field electroretinogram (ERG) and electrooculogram (EOG). Electrophysiology was scrutinized and audited for acquisition and interpretation errors. Findings on follow?up were also recorded. Results: 46 eyes of 24 patients were included. Mean age at presentation was 7.17 ± 2.17 years. Mean follow?up duration was 1.55 ± 1.69 years. Best disease was the commonest type of VMD detected (21 patients), while autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy was seen in three cases. Mean logMAR BCVA was 0.364 which decreased to 0.402 on follow?up. Hyperopia was noted in 29 out of 46 eyes (mean being +3.87 D, range ebing +0.75 to +8.75 D). Four eyes of four children had choroidal neovascular membrane at presentation, while another child developed while in follow?up. Solid type subretinal deposit was the commonest OCT finding (n = 29/38) and central hyper FAF was the commonest pattern (n = 18/32). EOG was available for review in 32 eyes, but was unreliable in 11 eyes. Seven eyes demonstrated complete absence of light rise on EOG. Conclusion: PVMD can present in advanced forms. Progression to complications with loss of visual acuity can happen within the first decade of life. EOG shows grossly suppressed waveforms in the light phase in a large number of such children

Research on automatic removal of ocular artifacts from single channel electroencephalogram signals based on wavelet transform and ensemble empirical mode decomposition / 生物医学工程学杂志

The brain-computer interface (BCI) systems used in practical applications require as few electroencephalogram (EEG) acquisition channels as possible. However, when it is reduced to one channel, it is difficult to remove the electrooculogram (EOG) artifacts. Therefore, this paper proposed an EOG artifact removal algorithm based on wavelet transform and ensemble empirical mode decomposition. Firstly, the single channel EEG signal is subjected to wavelet transform, and the wavelet components which involve EOG artifact are decomposed by ensemble empirical mode decomposition. Then the predefined autocorrelation coefficient threshold is used to automatically select and remove the intrinsic modal functions which mainly composed of EOG components. And finally the 'clean' EEG signal is reconstructed. The comparative experiments on the simulation data and the real data show that the algorithm proposed in this paper solves the problem of automatic removal of EOG artifacts in single-channel EEG signals. It can effectively remove the EOG artifacts when causes less EEG distortion and has less algorithm complexity at the same time. It helps to promote the BCI technology out of the laboratory and toward commercial application.

Physiology of Normal Sleep: From Young to Old.

Human sleep, defined on the basis of electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG) and electrooculogram (EOG), is divided into rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and four stages of non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Collective monitoring and recording of physiological data during sleep is called polysomnography. Sleep which normally starts with a period of NREM alternates with REM, about 4-5 times, every night. Sleep pattern changes with increasing age. Newborns sleep for about 14-16 hours in a day of 24 hours. Although there is a wide variation among individuals, sleep of 7-8.5 hours is considered fully restorative in adults. Apart from restorative and recovery function, energy conservation could be one of the functions of sleep. The role of sleep in neurogenesis, memory consolidation and brain growth has been suggested. Though progress in medical science has vastly improved our understanding of sleep physiology, we still do not know all the functions of sleep.

Valores de referencia del electrooculograma / Reference values for electrooculography

Objetivo: obtener los valores de referencia del electrooculograma según los patrones normados por el Comité de Estandarización de la Sociedad Internacional para la Electrofisiología Clínica de la Visión (ISCEV). Métodos: se seleccionaron al azar 27 individuos sanos entre los trabajadores del Centro Internacional de Retinosis Pigmentaria Camilo Cienfuegos. Se les realizó el electrooculograma según los parámetros planteados por el Comité de Estandarización de la ISCEV. Se midieron los valores de los principales indicadores de importancia clínica del electrooculograma (índice de Arden, la amplitud de pico de oscuridad y el tiempo de aparición del pico de luz en la fase de claridad). Resultados: los valores más bajos de amplitud del potencial estuvieron entre 388 y 882 Áv en la fase de oscuridad. El pico de luz se obtuvo entre los 9 y los 10 min y durante esta fase el potencial alcanzó una amplitud entre 808 y 1 963 Áv; esta variabilidad de las amplitudes puede estar relacionada con que la prueba se realizó sin midriasis pupilar. El valor de referencia del índice de Arden obtenido fue de 1,55 a 2,87. Conclusiones: se obtuvieron los valores de referencia de nuestro laboratorio para los principales indicadores de utilidad clínica del electrooculograma siguiendo metodologías estandarizadas

Objective: obtain electrooculographic reference values based on the patterns set by the Standardization Committee of the International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV). Methods: twenty-seven healthy individuals were selected at random among employees at Camilo Cienfuegos International Center for Retinitis Pigmentosa. An electrooculogram was performed on them following the parameters set by ISCEV Standardization Committee. A measurement was made of the main clinically important electrooculographic indicators (Arden index, dark peak amplitude and light peak emergence time in the light phase). Results: the lowest amplitude values of the potential ranged between 388 and 882 Áv in the dark phase. The light peak was obtained between 9 and 10 minutes, and during this phase the potential reached an amplitude ranging between 808 and 1 963 Áv. This amplitude variability may be related to the fact that the test was conducted without pupillary mydriasis. The reference value obtained for Arden index was 1,55 to 2,87. Conclusions: following standardized methodologies, reference values were obtained for the main clinically useful electrooculographic indicators. These indicators will be of use in our laboratory

Characteristics of electrooculogram in normal subjects / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: Test the character of Electrooculogram (EOG) in normal subjects so as to obtain reference values.METHODS: By using Vision Monitor visual evoked response imaging system, the EOG was recorded on 60 normal subjects (73 eyes).RESULTS: EOG under the condition of normal pupil was recorded in normal subjects according to ISCVE standard. The dark trough potential was (701.8±265.1)μV, the light peak potential was (1255.0±447.7)μV, the Arden ratio (light peak /dark trough ratio)was 180%±21%.CONCLUSION: Our study reflected the spatial characteristics of electrooculogram in normal subjects,provided reliable normal reference values for clinical research.

The Effect of Wearing Prism in Infantile Nystagmus

In infantile nystagmus, we evaluated the changes in visual acuity, nystagmus intensity and face turning between with prism and without prism. 4 patients chosen in our study had a fusional ability examined by Worth-4Dot test and were not accompanied with strabismus. It was confirmed by the inspection of eyes and electro-oculogram that visual acuity at near fixation was better than that at distant fixation and the nystagmus intensity was decreased by convergence. The age distribution of the patients was between 6 and 20 years old. The period of wearing prism ranged from 2.5 to 8.5 months. Improvement in binocular visual acuity at distant fixation with prism was noted relatively from 4 lines to 1 line, the nystagmus intensity (Amplitude x Frequency) calculated by analyzing eletro-oculogram records resulted in the decrease with prism in comparison with that without prism (p<0.05). And the main cause of decrease in nystagmus intensity was determined by that in amplitude rather than frequency. The ranges of correction of face turning at distant fixation wer between 10 degrees and 20 degrees. As the result of this study, in case that nystagmus intensity can be decreaed by convergence and prism is worn succeedingly without any trouble, we assume that the use of bilateral base-out prism will be one of the effective methods for decrease in nystagmus intensity, improvement in visual acuity and face turning.

Periodic Alternating Nystagmus

Periodic alternating nystagmus is a horizontal jerk nystagmus that periodically changes in amplitude and directions every 3 or 4 minutes. Usually the eyes beat in one direction for approximately 90 seconds and then go into a null phase for 10 to 20 seconds before beginning to move in the opposite direction and continued about 90 seconds. The exact mechanism is unknown but the rhythmic alteration of the null zone of horizontal jerk nystagmus is taken as a possible mechanism. These patients periodically show alternating head turning. The authors report 6 cases of congenital periodic alternating nystagmus which show horizontal jerk nystagmus of rhythmic direction change and confirmed by electro-oculogram.

Clinical Analysis of Vogt- Koyanagi-Harada Disease

Clinical records of 41 patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH disease) who had visited Seoul National University Hospital from 1986 to 1990 were reviewed. Twenty one patients were men and twenty patients were women. Extraocular manifestations included headache (64%), alopecia (34%), poliosis (24%), vitligo (12%), tinnitus (14%), and dysacousia (14%). Arden ratios in electro-oculogram (EOG) were low in the early stages of disease, and became improved with regaining vision. The amplitudes of electroretinogram (ERG), which were low in the early stage, recovered during medication in many cases. Visual prognosis was better if patients were treated with systemic steroid from the beginning. Factors contributing to recurrent or persistent inflammation despite of treatment included numerous extraocular manifestations and delayed treatment.