ABSTRACT
Introduction: The posterior condylar canal opens at the base of the skull just behind the occipital condyles.Posterior condylar canal is the largest emissary foramen of the posterior cranial fossa. The posterior condylarvein exits the skull through the posterior condylar (or condyloid) canal, which is a communication between thejugular foramen and the condylar fossa. The present study was taken to notethe normal anatomic pattern andvariations of posterior condylar canal.Aims and objectives: To note the presence of bilateral or unilateral and absence of posterior condylar canal(foramen).Materials and methods: The present study was performed on 50 dry adult human skulls of unknown sex collectedfrom the department of anatomy, Mysore medical college and research institute, Mysore. Skulls were examinedby direct observation for bilateral and unilateral presence or absence of posterior condylar canal.Results: Of the 50 human dry skulls, we observed presence of bilateral posterior condylar canal (foramina) in 18skulls, unilateral (right) in 10 skulls and unilateral (left) in 12 skulls. The absence of posterior condylar canal(foramina) in 10 skulls.Conclusion: Anatomical variations of posterior condylar canal are important for Neurosurgeons and ENT Surgeons,which gives them a comprehensive knowledge to operate in the vicinity of occipital condylar regions.
ABSTRACT
Background: Emissary sphenoidal foramen also named as foramen Vesalius is a rare opening found near the scaphoid fossa and located exteriorly on the base of skull, antero-medial to foramen ovale, spinosum and carotid canal whereas postero-medial to the foramen rotundum. Methods: A total 28 dry adult human skulls were observed & studied for the presence of emissary sphenoidal foramen (ESF) in the department of anatomy at Desh Bhagat Dental College & Hospital, Sri Muktsar Sahib, Punjab.Unilateral and bilateral presence of ESF were noted. Results: Total 56 sides of 28 skulls were studied and it was found that 08 ESF were observed on right side and 02 on left side with an incidence of 28.5% and 7.1% respectively. Conclusion: Present study highlights the incidence of ESF and describes its neuro-anatomic importance.
ABSTRACT
Background: Foramen Vesalius a small inconsistent foramen in the base of skull for passage of emissary vein from pterygoid plexus of veins to cavernous sinus. Variations in incidence and morphology are reported in literature. The objective of this study as to estimate its incidence in south Indian population and to evaluate the morphometric variations. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two dry skulls belonging to department of anatomy, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Kollam was studied with respect to base of the skull foramens. Wherever the foramen Vesalius was noted, the specimens were photographed and incidence, laterality was noted. Maximum, minimum and perimeter were noted. Any difference between male and female skulls and differences in right and left side were studied for statistical significance. P<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: We found foramen Vesalius in 40.9% of 44 sides examined. Six skulls had this foramen bilaterally. Three specimens had foramen Vesalius unilaterally and six specimens had it bilaterally. Average diameter of foramen was 1.35 (±0.56) mm from extra cranial aspect. The average diameter and perimeter of foramen in males were significantly lower than females. The average distance between foramen Vesalius and foramen ovale was significantly more in females than in males. Conclusion: Foramen ovale is an inconsistent and asymmetrical foramen in base of skull near foramen ovale. Forty percent of the skulls studied had foramen Vesalius. There is significant difference measurements of right and left side foramens. Considering these variations in infratemporal fossa decreases complications while approaching mandibular nerve and trigeminal ganglion.